Fuzzy Logic Controller based Bridgeless (BL) Isolated Interleaved Zeta Converter for LED Lamp Driver Application

International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive System (IJPEDS)
Vol. 7, No. 2, June 2016, pp. 509~520
ISSN: 2088-8694  509
Journal homepage: http://iaesjournal.com/online/index.php/IJPEDS
Fuzzy Logic Controller based Bridgeless (BL) Isolated
Interleaved Zeta Converter for LED Lamp Driver Application
Thenmozhi R1
, Sharmeela C2
, Natarajan P3
, Velraj R4
1,2
Dept of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Anna University, Chennai, India
3
Principal, Priyadarshini Engineering College, India
4
Department of Mechanical Engineering, CEG, Anna University, Chennai, India
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received Aug 1, 2015
Revised Dec 26, 2015
Accepted Jan 20, 2016
In recent times, high-brightness light emitting diodes (HB-LEDs) are
developing rapidly and it is confirmed to be the future development in
lighting not only because of their high efficiency and high reliability,
however also because of their other exceptional features: chromatic variety,
shock and vibration resistance, etc. In this paper, a bridgeless (BL) Isolated
Interleaved Zeta Converter is proposed for the purpose of reducing the diode
failures or losses; the value of output ripples also gets decreased. The
proposed BL isolated interleaved zeta converter operating in discontinuous
conduction mode (DCM) is used for controlling the brightness of LED
Driver with inherent PFC at ac mains using single voltage sensor. The fuzzy
logic controller (FLC) is used to adjust the Modulation Index of the voltage
controller in order to improve the dynamic response of LED Lamp driver.
Based on the error of converter output voltage, FLC is designed to select the
optimum Modulation Index of the voltage controller. The proposed LED
driver is simulated to achieve a unity power factor at ac mains for a wide
range of voltage control and supply voltage fluctuations.
Keyword:
Diode bridge rectifier
Discontinuous conduction
High-brightness light emitting
Power factor correction
LED lamp
Zeta converter
Copyright © 2016 Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science.
All rights reserved.
Corresponding Author:
Thenmozhi R,
Dept of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Anna University
Sarder Patel Road, Old Highways Building, Guindy, Chennai, India
Email: thenmozhirresearch@gmail.com
1. INTRODUCTION
High-brightness (HB) LEDs are extremely smart light sources because of their exceptional features
(high efficiency and prolonged existence, and low-maintenance conditions) [11]. Since they are driven from a
DC source, several categories of power switching converter can be employed to adapt primary energy
sources to the constraints of HB LEDs [13]. Several researchers have formulated different DC–DC converter
topologies in accordance with the conventional DC–DC switching power converters [9, 15 and 16].
In contrast, when the primary energy source is the AC line, subsequently certain category of AC–
DC converter must be positioned between the line and the HB LEDs [10, 12]. It is found that, when the total
power managed by these converters is above 25 W, at that time the low-frequency harmonic content of the
line current have to satisfy particular rules. For the purpose of lighting equipment, the most extensively
employed standard is EN 61000-3-2, Class C [18] [23, 24].
The bridge rectifiers contribute to high total harmonic distortion (THD), small PF, and low
efficiency to the power system. These harmonic currents source for numerous complications are like voltage
distortion, noises, heating results in diminished efficiency of the power system. Due to this fact, there is a
need for power supplies that obtain current with low harmonic content and have PF close to unity [9]. The
traditional boost topology is the most extensively employed topology for the purpose of PFC applications. It
includes a front-end full-bridge diode rectifier next to the boost converter. The diode bridge rectifier is
employed for the purpose of rectifying the AC input voltage to DC, which is subsequently provided to the

 ISSN: 2088-8694
IJPEDS Vol. 7, No. 2, June 2016 : 509 – 520
510
boost segment. This scheme is excellent for a low to medium power range applications. During upper power
levels, the diode bridge is a significant part of the application and it is essential to cope with the complication
of heat dissipation in limited surface area [1, 14].
The selection of the type of operation of a PFC converter is a significant subject since it directly has
an effect on the cost and rating of the elements employed in the PFC converter. The Continuous Conduction
Mode (CCM) and Discontinuous Conduction Mode (DCM) are the two types of operation wherein a PFC
converter is intended to function [14, 1]. In case of CCM, the current in the inductor or the voltage in the
intermediary capacitor remains continuous; however, it needs the sensing of two voltages (DC link voltage
and supply voltage) and input side current for the purpose of PFC operation, which is not cost-effective. In
contrast, DCM needs a single voltage sensor for DC link voltage control, and intrinsic PFC is accomplished
at the AC mains, however, at the cost of higher stresses on the PFC converter switch; for this reason, DCM is
chosen for the purpose of low-power applications [6, 17 and 19].
In order to further enhance the efficiency, bridgeless (BL) converters are employed which permit the
exclusion of DBR in the front end [5, 6, and 17]. A buck–boost converter arrangement is well-matched
among several BL converter topologies for applications need an extensive range of DC link voltage control.
[3, 4, and 8] have formulated BL buck and boost converters, respectively. These converters can offer the
voltage buck [3] which restricts the operating range of DC link voltage controlA new family of BL SEPIC
[25] and Cuk converters has been described in the literature [5, 6] however needs a huge number of elements
and has losses connected with it. In this work, a conventional DBR based isolated zeta converter has been
considered for simulation analysis which is shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1. Conventional DBR based Isolated Zeta Coverter
In this paper, a PFC Zeta converter based power supply is proposed for HB-LED lamp with
universal input voltage. In proposed LED driver, PFC AC-DC converter assists in enhancing the input PF and
also helps in reducing THD of AC mains current to the required level in accordance with the limits provided
by various international standards. The circuit maintains stable lamp voltage to accomplish stable operation
of lamp for the purpose of retrofit applications. The fact that PFC converter is controlled at high switching
frequency of 60 kHz, it diminishes the size and weight of passive constituents like inductor and capacitor.
2. PROPOSED BRIDGELESS (BL) ISOLATED INTERLEAVED ZETA CONVERTER-FED LED
LAMP
Figure 2 illustrates the proposed BL isolated interleaved zeta converter-fed LED lamp. Here, a
single-phase supply is employed to provide a DBR followed by a filter and a BL isolated interleaved zeta
converter. The filter is intended to keep away from any switching ripple in the DBR and the supply system. A
BL isolated interleaved zeta converter is intended to function in DCM to take action as an inherent PFC. This
arrangement of DBR and PFC converter is employed to feed a LED lamp as illustrated in Figure 2. The
output voltage of the converter is managed by means of changing the duty ratio of the PWM pulses of PFC
converter switch. In the mean time, a single voltage sensor is employed for controlling the converter output
voltage. This arrangement is designed and its effectiveness is validated using simulation results for enhanced
power quality at AC mains for an extensive range of voltage control. Requirements of the LED lamp chosen
for simulation investigations are provided in Table 1.
Diode
Bridge
Rectifier
(DBR) LC Filter
LED Lamp
Driver
Isolated
Zeta
Converter
Single phase AC
Supply

IJPEDS ISSN: 2088-8694 
Fuzzy Logic Controller based Bridgeless (BL) Isolated Interleaved Zeta Converter for … (Thenmozhi R)
511
Figure 2. Overall Proposed BL Isolated Interleaved Zeta Converter
Table 1. The Performance of Fuzzy Rules
e
de
NL NS ZE PS PL
NL NL NL NM NS ZE
NS NL NM NS ZE PS
ZE NM NS ZE PS PM
PS NS ZE PS PM PL
PL ZE PS PM PL PL
2.1. Operation of BL Isolated Interleaved Zeta Converter
The operation of the BL isolated interleaved zeta converter is categorized into two components
which comprise the operation at some point in the positive and negative half cycles of supply voltage.
Operation during Positive Half Cycles Of Supply Voltage
The operation of the proposed BL isolated interleaved zeta converter is further categorized into three
modes, they are, switch turn-ON, switch turn-OFF and DCM. Three modes are illustrated in Figure 3(a)–(c)
and their related waveforms are provided in Figure 3. These modes are briefly discussed as follows.
Conduction Modes of Switch
Mode 0:
When switch(S )is in “ON” condition, a current in magnetizing inductance (L ) of high frequency
transformer (T ) boosts as illustrated in Figure 3(a). The intermediary capacitor (C ) provides energy to an
output inductor (L ) and the output filter capacitor (C ). Consequently, voltage across intermediary capacitor
(C ) decreases and the current in output inductor (L ) and output capacitor voltage (C ) are increased.
PWM Generator
Voltage Controller
+
-
Carrier Signal
Generator
S
S
D
D
Bidirectional Switch &
gate

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512
(a). Mode 0 Operation
(b). Mode 1 Operation
(c). Mode 2 Operation
Figure 3. Conduction Modes of Switch S during Positive cycle
Mode 1:
When switch (S ) is turned “OFF,” the current in magnetizing inductance (L )of high frequency
transformer (T ) and output inductor (L ) starts reducing. This energy of high frequency transformer is

513
transferred to the intermediate capacitor (C ), and therefore voltage across it increases. Diode (D ) conducts
in this mode of operation and theoutput capacitor voltage (C ) increases as shown in Figure 3.
Mode 2:
This mode is DCM in order that the energy of high frequency transformer (T ) is fully released as
illustrated in Figure 3(c). The intermediary capacitor (C ) and the output capacitor (C ) provide the energy
to the output inductor (L ) and the load, correspondingly. Therefore, the output capacitor voltage (C ) and
intermediary capacitor’s voltage (C ), are decreased, and the output inductor current (L ), boosts in this mode
of operation as illustrated in Figure 3.
Conduction Modes of Switch
Mode 3:
When switch (S ) is “ON” condition, a current in magnetizing inductance (L ) of high frequency
transformer (T ) raises as illustrated in Figure 4 (a). The intermediary capacitor (C ) provides energy to an
output inductor (L ) and the output filter capacitor (C ). Consequently, voltage across intermediary capacitor
(C ) decreases and the current in output inductor (L ) and output capacitor voltage (C ) are raised as
illustrated in Figure 4(a).
Mode 4:
When switch (S ) is in “OFF” condition, the current in magnetizing inductance (L ) of high
frequency transformer (T ) and output inductor (L ) begins to drop. This energy of high frequency
transformer is transmitted to the intermediary capacitor (C ), and as a result voltage across it raises. Diode
(D ) conducts during this mode and the output capacitor voltage (C ) increases as illustrated in Figure 4(b).
Mode 5:
This mode is DCM in order that the energy of high frequency transformer (T ) is fully released in
Figure 4(c). The intermediary capacitor (C ) and the output capacitor (C ) provide the energy to the output
inductor (L ) and the load, correspondingly. Therefore, the output capacitor voltage (C ) and intermediary
capacitor’s voltage (C ), are diminished, and the output inductor current (L ), boosts during this mode.
2.2. Control Loop Operation of BL Isolated Interleaved Zeta Converter
In this research work, a Mamdani-type Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC) is built for the purpopse of
adjusting the Modulation Index of the output voltage controller with the intention of reducing the Peak Over
Shoot (POS), Peak Under Shoot (PUS), Settling Time (ST) and Starting Current (SC). Depending on the
distinction between actual and set converter voltage, FLC is devised to decide on the optimum Modulation
Index of the output voltage controller. The fuzzy systems are a kind of universal function approximators [21,
22]. The FLC is utilized as a nonlinear function approximator produce an appropriate transformation in the
Modulation Index of the output voltage controller with the intention of keeping the Peak Over Shoot (POS),
Peak Under Shoot (PUS), Settling Time (ST) and Starting Current (SC) minimum. Figure 5 demonstrates the
proposed converter based LED driver voltage control loop.
Fuzzy Based Voltage controller
In the process of fuzzy based voltage controller, two inputs are taken into account, specifically,
variation of actual and set converter voltage error(e) and delayed error (de).
There are five membership functions for both inputs (e) and (de) as shown in figure 6. By design,
there will be 25 rules. Triangular membership functions are taken into account for both inputs and output,
with the intention that the Modulation Index will be transformed easily.

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(a). Mode 3 Operation of (S )
(b). Mode 4 Operation of (S )
(c). DCM configuration that the energy of high frequency transformer (T )
Figure 4. Conduction Modes of Switch S during Positive cycle

515
Figure 5. Proposed LED Driver Voltage Control Loop
Figure 6. Fuzzy Membership Functions
The non-linear mapping from the input to the output of FLC is done through the basis of trial and
error experience. Initially, the membership functions and fuzzy rules were formulated in simulation program
through trial-and-error method, in order that the converter output voltage can go after the command voltage
with enhanced dynamic performance. The error(e) and delayed error (de) during a sampling phase are
selected as inputs to the FLC which is given below:
e = setvoltage − actualvoltage
de = e(n) − e(n − 1)
Where e(n) and e (n −1) indicate the present and previous samples of converter output voltage,
correspondingly. Set voltage is kept as 90V.
The FLC is designed on the basis of observation of simulation results of the PI controller. Based on
the study of PI controller, the input and output range of the FLC is decided. The fuzzy rules are as follows.
FLC’s output (controlled error) is evaluated with the triangular carrier signal of frequency 5 KHz to generate
PWM pulse of switch S . The PWM pulse of switch S is totally out of phase of PWM pulse of switch S
which is clearly shown in Figure 5.
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Output
0
0.5
1
NL NS ZE PS PL
Degreeof
Membership
PMNM
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10
de
0
0.5
1 NL NS ZE PS PL
Degreeof
Membership
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10
e
0
-0.5
1 NL NS ZE PS PL
Degreeof
Membership
PWM ofFuzzy based Voltage
controller > Comparator
< Comparator
Carrier signal
generator
PWM of

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3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The performance of the Proposed BL Isolated Interleaved Zeta Converter is simulated in a
MATLAB / Simulink environment using the Sim Power-System Toolbox. The proposed system is evaluated
based on the steady state performance and the dynamic performance of BL Isolated Interleaved Zeta
Converter and the achieved power quality indices obtained at ac mains. Moreover, the performance of the BL
Isolated Interleaved Zeta Converter is compared with the conventional Bridged zeta converter.
Parameters such as supply voltage( ), supply current( ), Proposed Fuzzy based Converter
output voltage( − ), Fuzzy based Converter output Current ( − ), Fuzzy based Converter
output Power ( − ), of the BL Isolated Interleaved Zeta Converter are evaluated to demonstrate its
proper functioning. The evaluation is based on the voltage ripples of the conventional Bridged Zeta converter
termed as ‘Vout Ripple-Exist’ and the proposed BL Isolated Interleaved Zeta Converter which are termed as
‘ Ripple-Proposed’ in the simulated results.
Moreover, power quality indices such as power factor (PF), displacement power factor (DPF), and
Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) of supply current are analyzed for determining power quality at ac mains.
The specifications used for the simulations are given in Table 2.
Table 2. Specifications
Parameter Value
_ 113.12 V
_ 80 V
_ 1.682 A
_ 1.19 A
Input Power 94.75 watts
Rated Output Voltage ∗
90 V
Rated Output Current ∗ 1 A
Rated Output Power ∗ 90 watts
Efficiency
Power Factor (PF)
94.98%
0.9954
3.1. Steady-State Performance
The steady-state behaviour of the proposed BL Isolated Interleaved Zeta Converter fed LED driver
at rated condition is shown in Figure 7.
Supply voltage is considered as V _ 113.2V for the proposed LED lamp driver application. LED
lamp power and voltage are considered as 90 W and 90V respectively. So, the supply current attained is
I _ 1.682 A. The corresponding supply voltage and current waveforms are shown in Figure 7(a), (b).
Then, the proposed BL isolated interleaved zeta converter is used to control the output voltage. It is
a DCM type of converter. So, the converter output voltage is taken as feedback compared with rated output
voltage. Now, the pulse width will be adjusted based on the error value and the converter output voltage is
maintained constant. The converter output voltage and current waveforms are shown in Figure 7 (c) (d) (e).
The power factor of the proposed converter at rated condition is attained as 0.9954 which is near
unity. Now, the converter input power is measured by
V =
113.12 V
√2
= 80 V
I =
1.682 A
√2
= 1.19 I
The measured Input Power attained by the steady state analysis is 94.75 W.

517
(a). Supply Voltage
(b). Supply Current
(c). Converter output voltage
(d). Converter output current
(e). Converter output power
Figure 7. Steady State Performance
3.2. Evaluation of PI and Fuzzy Controller
Figure 8 shows the performance comparison of the PI and fuzzy controller for the converter output
voltage response. The impact and the demerits of POS, PUS, ST and starting current problem are clearly
discussed in section 1. The reference voltage considered here is 90 V. It is observed from the figure that,
converter output voltage tuned by PI controller settles at 90 V with high POS and PUS with poor ST.
However, converter output voltage tuned by FLC settles at 90 V with minimum POS, PUS and ST.

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Figure 8. PI and Fuzzy response of Converter Output Voltage
Figure 9. PI and Fuzzy response of Converter Output Voltage
The response of starting current is analysed in figure 9. The figure shows current response of PI and
FLC. It is clearly observed from the figure that, the current response tuned by the FLC produces less starting
current compared with the current response tuned by the PI controller. The above scenarios show the
improved efficiency of the FLC over the PI which is mainly due to proper tuning of modulation index.
3.3. Performance Evaluation under VDC Change (Brightness control)
The performance of the proposed BL isolated interleaved Zeta Converter is analyzed by varying dc
link voltage as shown in Figure 10. The voltage response of the proposed converter is analyzed by a sudden
change at 0.65 second from 90 V to 60 V. The actual voltage response (V ) of the proposed converter and
the rated output voltage are shown in the Figure 10 (a). Based on the voltage variation of the converter, the
output current response is in Figure 10 (b).
(a). Converter output voltage response when sudden change in rated output voltage
(b). Converter output current response when sudden change in rated output voltage
Figure 10. The performance of the proposed BL isolated interleaved Zeta Converter
The achieved power quality indices obtained at ac mains are tabulated in table 3 when the output
voltage is varied from 90 V to 60 V.

519
Table 3. Converter Output Voltage (Vout) Response at rated condition with PI and Fuzzy controllers
4. CONCLUSION
A new bridgeless ac-dc converter with a low input current ripple and lower conduction losses has
been proposed. This topology concentrates on the drawbacks of the conventional Zeta PFC converter through
the development of a new bridgeless topology. Bridgeless (BL) Isolated Interleaved Zeta Converter-Fed LED
Lamp is proposed and it operated in various modes which provide significant performance. The performance
of the proposed system is evaluated based on the steady state performance and the dynamic performance of
BL Isolated Interleaved Zeta Converter and the achieved power quality indices obtained at ac mains. The
converter voltage and current is maintained constant with varying dynamic response of LED Lamp driver. In
order to show the performance of the fuzzy controller, the proposed fuzzy based approach has been compared
with PI controller. The proposed system provides significant results in terms of settling time, peak overshoot
and peak under shoot for the fuzzy controller compared with PI controller.
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(V) PF (A)(Rms)
90 V 0.9963 0.9954 1.19
85 V 0.9961 0.9951 0.86
80V 0.9959 0.9948 0.81
75 V 0.9951 0.9943 0.76
70 V 0.9943 0.9936 0.71
65 V 0.9937 0.9930 0.66
60 V 0.9927 0.9921 0.61

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Fuzzy Logic Controller based Bridgeless (BL) Isolated Interleaved Zeta Converter for LED Lamp Driver Application

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