[GE207] Session01: Introduction to Digital Technology

Introduction to Digital Technology
GE207 DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY
BY SUKANYA BENJAVANICH

Digital Technology
Contents
◦Digital Technology
◦Digital Technology Infrastructure
◦ Internet Technology
◦ Mobile Broadband
◦ Cybersecurity
◦Digital Technology Evolution
◦Digital 4.0
ajGoong ajarnSukanya Goong Ben © 2019 Digital Technology

Digital Technology: Definition
Definition of Digital Technology
◦ the branch of scientific or engineering knowledge that deals with the cr
eation and practical use of digital or computerized
devices, methods, systems, etc. (dictionary.com)
◦ An umbrella term for computer-based products and solutions.
Considering that nearly everything designed and developed these days
uses computers, it is a rather vague term. Digital technology may refer
to using new algorithms or applications to solve a problem even if
computers were used to develop solutions in the past.
(pcmag.com/encyclopedia)

History of Early Computers

History of Computers

History of Personal Computer (PC)

History of Apple Computer

Timeline of Processors

Timeline of Processors
The Core 2 Series:
• Core 2 Duo
• Core 2 Quad
• Core 2 Extreme
The Core i Series:
• Core i3
• Core i5
• Core i7
• Core i7 Extreme
• Core i9

1725 1846 1950s 1960s 1970s
1946 1963 1969 1979 1995 2000
2000s
2000s
Punch card Punched Tape
Selectron Tubes Cassette Floppy Disk Compact Disk DVD Blue-Ray Cloud
Magnetic Tape
Magnetle Drum
Hard Disk Drive Flash Drive
Timeline of Data Storage Devices

Timeline of
Influential
Digital
Technology

Internet Technology
Definition of Internet
◦ The Internet (contraction of interconnected network) is the
global system of interconnected computer networks that use
the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to link devices worldwide.
It is a network of networks that consists of private, public,
academic, business, and government networks of local to
global scope, linked by a broad array of electronic, wireless,
and optical networking technologies. The Internet carries a
vast range of information resources and services, such as the
inter-linked hypertext documents and applications of
the World Wide Web (WWW), electronic mail, telephony,
and file sharing. [wikipedia.org]
◦ A global computer network providing a variety of information
and communication facilities, consisting of interconnected
networks using standardized communication protocols.
[oxforddictionaries.com]

Internet History Timeline:
ARPANET to the World Wide Web
1965
• Two computers at MIT Lincoln Lab communicate with one another using packet-switching
technology
1968
• Beranek and Newman, Inc. (BBN) unveils the final version of the Interface Message
Processor (IMP) specifications. BBN wins ARPANET contract.
1972
• BBN’s Ray Tomlinson introduces network email. The Internetworking Working Group (INWG)
forms to address need for establishing standard protocols.
1973
• Global networking becomes a reality as the University College of London (England) and
Royal Radar Establishment (Norway) connect to ARPANET. The term Internet is born.
1974
• The first Internet Service Provider (ISP) is born with the introduction of a commercial
version of ARPANET, known as Telenet.
www.livescience.comajGoong ajarnSukanya Goong Ben

1974
• Vinton Cerf and Bob Kahn (the duo said by many to be the Fathers of the Internet) publish "A Protocol for Packet Network
Interconnection," which details the design of TCP.
1979
• USENET forms to host news and discussion groups.
1981
• The National Science Foundation (NSF) provided a grant to establish the Computer Science Network (CSNET) to provide networking
services to university computer scientists.
1982
• Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP), as the protocol suite, commonly known as TCP/IP, emerge as the protocol
for ARPANET. This results in the fledgling definition of the Internet as connected TCP/IP internets. TCP/IP remains the standard protocol
for the Internet.
1983
• The Domain Name System (DNS) establishes the familiar .edu, .gov, .com, .mil, .org, .net, and .int system for naming websites. This is
easier to remember than the previous designation for websites, such as 123.456.789.10.

1984
•William Gibson, author of "Neuromancer," is the first to use the term "cyberspace."
1985
•Symbolics.com, the website for Symbolics Computer Corp. in Massachusetts, becomes the first registered domain.
1986
•The National Science Foundation’s NSFNET goes online to connected supercomputer centers at 56,000 bits per second — the speed of a typical dial-up computer modem. Over
time the network speeds up and regional research and education networks, supported in part by NSF, are connected to the NSFNET backbone — effectively expanding the
Internet throughout the United States. The NSFNET was essentially a network of networks that connected academic users along with the ARPANET.
1987
•The number of hosts on the Internet exceeds 20,000. Cisco ships its first router.
1989
•World.std.com becomes the first commercial provider of dial-up access to the Internet

1990
•Tim Berners-Lee, a scientist at CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, develops HyperText Markup
Language (HTML). This technology continues to have a large impact on how we navigate and view the Internet today.
1991
•CERN introduces the World Wide Web to the public.
1992
•The first audio and video are distributed over the Internet. The phrase "surfing the Internet" is popularized.
1994
•Netscape Communications is born. Microsoft creates a Web browser for Windows 95.
•Yahoo! is created by Jerry Yang and David Filo, two electrical engineering graduate students at Stanford University. The site
was originally called "Jerry and David's Guide to the World Wide Web." The company was later incorporated in March 1995.

1995
•Compuserve, America Online and Prodigy begin to provide Internet access. Amazon.com, Craigslist and eBay go
live. The original NSFNET backbone is decommissioned as the Internet’s transformation to a commercial
enterprise is largely completed.
•The first online dating site, Match.com, launches.
1996
•The browser war, primarily between the two major players Microsoft and Netscape, heats up.
•A 3D animation dubbed "The Dancing Baby" becomes one of the first viral videos.
1997
•Netflix is founded by Reed Hastings and Marc Randolph as a company that sends users DVDs by mail.
•PC makers can remove or hide Microsoft’s Internet software on new versions of Windows 95, thanks to a
settlement with the Justice Department. Netscape announces that its browser will be free.

1998
• The Google search engine is born, changing the way users engage with the Internet.
• The Internet Protocol version 6 introduced, to allow for future growth of Internet Addresses. The current most widely used protocol is version 4.
IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses allowing for 4.3 billion unique addresses; IPv6, with 128-bit addresses, will allow 3.4 x 1038 unique addresses, or 340
trillion trillion trillion.
1999
• AOL buys Netscape. Peer-to-peer file sharing becomes a reality as Napster arrives on the Internet, much to the displeasure of the music industry.
2000
• The dot-com bubble bursts. Web sites such as Yahoo! and eBay are hit by a large-scale denial of service attack, highlighting the vulnerability of
the Internet. AOL merges with Time Warner
2001
• A federal judge shuts down Napster, ruling that it must find a way to stop users from sharing copyrighted material before it can go back online.

2003
•The SQL Slammer worm spread worldwide in just 10 minutes. Myspace, Skype and the Safari Web browser debut.
•The blog publishing platform WordPress is launched.
2004
•Facebook goes online and the era of social networking begins.
•Mozilla unveils the Mozilla Firefox browser.
2005
•YouTube.com launches. The social news site Reddit is also founded.
2006
•AOL changes its business model, offering most services for free and relying on advertising to generate revenue. The
Internet Governance Forum meets for the first time.
•Twitter launches. The company's founder, Jack Dorsey, sends out the very first tweet: "just setting up my twttr."

2009
• The Internet marks its 40th anniversary.
2010
• Facebook reaches 400 million active users.
• The social media sites Pinterest and Instagram are launched.
2011
• Twitter and Facebook play a large role in the Middle East revolts.
2012
• President Barack Obama's administration announces its opposition to major parts of the Stop Online Piracy Act and the Protect Intellectual
Property Act, which would have enacted broad new rules requiring internet service providers to police copyrighted content. The successful push
to stop the bill, involving technology companies such as Google and nonprofit organizations including Wikipedia and the Electronic Frontier
Foundation, is considered a victory for sites such as YouTube that depend on user-generated content, as well as "fair use" on the Internet.

2013
•Edward Snowden, a former CIA employee and National Security Agency (NSA) contractor, reveals that the NSA had in
place a monitoring program capable of tapping the communications of thousands of people, including U.S. citizens.
•Fifty-one percent of U.S. adults report that they bank online, according to a survey conducted by the Pew Research
Center.
2015
•Instagram, the photo-sharing site, reaches 400 million users, outpacing Twitter, which would go on to reach 316 million
users by the middle of the same year.
2016
•Google unveils Google Assistant, a voice-activated personal assistant program, marking the entry of the Internet giant
into the "smart" computerized assistant marketplace. Google joins Amazon's Alexa, Siri from Apple, and Cortana from
Microsoft.

The Evolution of Internet
ajGoong ajarnSukanya Goong Ben

Cybersecurity
Cybersecurity is the practice of
protecting systems, networks,
and programs from digital
attacks. These cyberattacks are
usually aimed at accessing,
changing, or destroying sensitive
information; extorting money
from users; or interrupting
normal business processes
www.cisco.com

Cybersecurity
A successful cybersecurity
approach has multiple layers of
protection spread across the
computers, networks, programs,
or data that one intends to keep
safe. In an organization, the
people, processes, and
technology must all complement
one another to create an
effective defense from cyber
attacks.
www.cisco.com

Cybersecurity: Cyberattack
A cyberattack is a malicious and
deliberate attempt by an
individual or organization to
breach the information system of
another individual or
organization. Usually, the
attacker seeks some type of
benefit from disrupting the
victim’s network.
www.cisco.com

Cybersecurity: Cyberattack

Cybersecurity
Common types
of cyberattacks

Cybersecurity: Botnet
A botnet is a network of devices
that has been infected with
malicious software, such as
a virus. Attackers can control a
botnet as a group without the
owner’s knowledge with the goal
of increasing the magnitude of
their attacks. Often, a botnet is
used to overwhelm systems in
a distributed-denial-of-service
attack (DDoS) attack.
www.cisco.com

Cybersecurity: Why is cybersecurity important?
In today’s connected world, everyone benefits from
advanced cyberdefense programs.
• At an individual level, a cybersecurity attack can result in
everything from identity theft, to extortion attempts, to
the loss of important data like family photos.
• Everyone relies on critical infrastructure like power
plants, hospitals, and financial service companies.
• Securing these and other organizations is essential to
keeping our society functioning.
www.cisco.com

Cybersecurity: Firewall
www.cisco.com
A firewall is a network security device that
monitors incoming and outgoing network
traffic and decides whether to allow or block
specific traffic based on a defined set of
security rules.
Firewalls have been a first line of defense in
network security for over 25 years. They
establish a barrier between secured and
controlled internal networks that can be
trusted and untrusted outside networks, such
as the Internet.
A firewall can be hardware, software, or both.

Cybersecurity: VPN
www.cisco.com
A virtual private network, or VPN, is an
encrypted connection over the Internet
from a device to a network. The encrypted
connection helps ensure that sensitive
data is safely transmitted. It prevents
unauthorized people from eavesdropping
on the traffic and allows the user to
conduct work remotely. VPN technology
is widely used in corporate environments.
Types of VPNs
(1) Remote access
(2) Site-to-Site

Cybersecurity
Elements
of cyber
security
Application
security
Information
security
Network
Security
Business
continuity
planning
(BCP)
Operations
security
(OPSEC)
End-user
education
Leadership
commitment
Elements of
cyber security

Cybersecurity: The Most Important Cyber Security Tips
1. Realize that you are an attractive target to hackers. Don’t ever say “It won’t happen to me.”
2. Practice good password management.
3. Never leave your devices unattended.
4. Always be careful when clicking on attachments or links in email. If it’s unexpected or suspicious for any reason, don’t click on it.
5. Sensitive browsing, such as banking or shopping, should only be done on a device that belongs to you, on a network that you trust. Whether
it’s a friend’s phone, a public computer, or a cafe’s free WiFi—your data could be copied or stolen.
6. Back up your data regularly, and make sure your anti-virus software is always up to date.
7. Be conscientious of what you plug in to your computer. Malware can be spread through infected flash drives, external hard drives, and even
smartphones.
8. Watch what you’re sharing on social networks.
9. Offline, be wary of social engineering, where someone attempts to gain information from you through manipulation.
10. Be sure to monitor your accounts for any suspicious activity. If you see something unfamiliar, it could be a sign that you’ve been
compromised.
www.cisco.com

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[GE207] Session01: Introduction to Digital Technology

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