Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO's)
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This document provides an overview of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) including a definition, history, current uses, potential future applications, benefits, and concerns. It defines a GMO as an organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering. The document then discusses the history and development of GMOs from the 1970s to present day, providing examples such as the first GMO created in 1973 and Monsanto introducing a bovine growth hormone in 1982. It also summarizes current major GMO crops grown today like soybeans, corn, and cotton. Both potential advantages including reduced pesticide use and improved nutrition as well as disadvantages such as allergic reactions and threats to biodiversity are outlined.
Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO's)
- 1. Name M Saeed TOPIC Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO’s) Presented To Dr.Tariq Government College University,Faisalabad
- 2. GMO (Genetically Modified Organism)GMO (Genetically Modified Organism)
- 3. What is a GMO?What is a GMO? A genetically modified organism is oneA genetically modified organism is one whose genetic material has beenwhose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering.altered using genetic engineering. Genetically modified organisms, orGenetically modified organisms, or GMOs, are commonly used in foodsGMOs, are commonly used in foods and medicines. This has led to concernand medicines. This has led to concern about the dangers they might cause toabout the dangers they might cause to the environment and to human healththe environment and to human health
- 4. GMOs HistoryGMOs History First GMO created in 1973First GMO created in 1973 After years of testing andAfter years of testing and research, GMOs wereresearch, GMOs were introduced to farmersintroduced to farmers In the 1990s, geneticallyIn the 1990s, genetically modified foods becamemodified foods became available in storesavailable in stores
- 5. 19781978 GenentechGenentech Becomes the first toBecomes the first to synthesize insulin, later theysynthesize insulin, later they create a human growthcreate a human growth hormone which was used tohormone which was used to enable dwarf children to growenable dwarf children to grow to a normal size.to a normal size. Genentech’s Humulin is theGenentech’s Humulin is the first consumer productfirst consumer product developed through moderndeveloped through modern bioengineering.bioengineering.
- 6. 19821982 MonsantoMonsanto Introduced a bovineIntroduced a bovine growth hormone usedgrowth hormone used in cows to increasein cows to increase milk production.milk production. They were among theThey were among the first to geneticallyfirst to genetically modify a plant cell inmodify a plant cell in 1983.1983.
- 7. 19921992 Calgene’s Favr SavrCalgene’s Favr Savr Tomato is approved forTomato is approved for commercial production by thecommercial production by the US department of agriculture.US department of agriculture. This was geneticallyThis was genetically engineered to remain firm forengineered to remain firm for a longer period of time. Thea longer period of time. The FDA declares that geneticallyFDA declares that genetically engineered foods are notengineered foods are not dangerous and do not requiredangerous and do not require special regulation (History ofspecial regulation (History of genetic engineering, 2012genetic engineering, 2012).).
- 8. How The GMO’s are Produced ? By eliminating,modifying or adding copies of specific genes often from other organisms through modern molecular biology techniques. Other names: Recombinant DNA (rDNA) Genetic engineering Gene splicing
- 9. The two most common types ofThe two most common types of GMO’s areGMO’s are Foods – canola , soya bean , golden riceFoods – canola , soya bean , golden rice corn and aspartamecorn and aspartame Medicines - Insulin, hormones andMedicines - Insulin, hormones and vaccinevaccine
- 10. Food GMO’sFood GMO’s Crops are modified so when farmer killCrops are modified so when farmer kill weeds with herbicides the crops can withweeds with herbicides the crops can with stand the exposure to the herbicide – killingstand the exposure to the herbicide – killing the weeds and not the cropthe weeds and not the crop Although it is not as common, some types ofAlthough it is not as common, some types of GMOs are modified to increase theirGMOs are modified to increase their nutrient content. Corn and soybeans are twonutrient content. Corn and soybeans are two examples of crops that have higher-nutrientexamples of crops that have higher-nutrient GMO versions available.GMO versions available.
- 11. Medicine GMO’sMedicine GMO’s Genetically modified medicines can beGenetically modified medicines can be produced cheaper and easier.produced cheaper and easier. Some GMO's are : insulin, thyroidSome GMO's are : insulin, thyroid hormones and the hepatitis B vaccinehormones and the hepatitis B vaccine (insulin being the oldest)(insulin being the oldest)
- 12. Other Types of GMO’sOther Types of GMO’s • Plants and CropsPlants and Crops • MicrobesMicrobes • MammalsMammals • InsectsInsects • Aquatic LifeAquatic Life
- 13. TodayToday SoybeansSoybeans 93% of soybeans93% of soybeans planted in the U.S.planted in the U.S. are geneticallyare genetically modified. Soybeansmodified. Soybeans are used in productsare used in products such as animal feed,such as animal feed, prepackaged mealsprepackaged meals and the oil is used inand the oil is used in many industrialmany industrial applications.applications. CornCorn 86% of corn planted in the U.S86% of corn planted in the U.S falls under the category of afalls under the category of a GMO. Maize is the most widelyGMO. Maize is the most widely grown grain crop in thegrown grain crop in the Americas, it is used to makeAmericas, it is used to make sugar substitutes such as highsugar substitutes such as high fructose corn syrup, a largefructose corn syrup, a large quantity of processed foodsquantity of processed foods contain corn and is also used tocontain corn and is also used to make ethanol, a biofuel that ismake ethanol, a biofuel that is mixed with gasoline to decreasemixed with gasoline to decrease the amount of pollutants emittedthe amount of pollutants emitted by motor vehicles.by motor vehicles.
- 14. TomorrowTomorrow Still in DevelopmentStill in Development Various productsVarious products including vaccines,including vaccines, vitamin enrichments,vitamin enrichments, hormones that result inhormones that result in faster maturation andfaster maturation and disease resistance.disease resistance. Only time can tell if theOnly time can tell if the risks involved in usingrisks involved in using GMOs will outweigh theGMOs will outweigh the benefits.benefits.
- 15. Golden riceGolden rice Advantage: It contains Vitamin-A, so children in developing countries won’t become blind Disadvantage: Poor countries become depentent on rich countries which have the technics for engineering Examples of the potential benefits and risks of GM
- 16. Sweet cornSweet corn Advantages: - No longer use of insecticides - The farmer don’t need to deal with toxic Disadvantages: - Insects can become resistant to the poison - Endangered butterflies are in bigger threat
- 17. Long- lasting tomatoesLong- lasting tomatoes Advantages: - GM tomatoes can remain fresh longer - GM tomatoes can tolerate a lengthier transport time Disadvantage: - Tomatoes are resistant to antibiotics
- 18. Genetic Modification of ConventionalGenetic Modification of Conventional CropsCrops 61% of corn61% of corn 83% of cotton83% of cotton 80% of canola80% of canola 89% of soybeans89% of soybeans Other crops: rice, tomatoes, potatoes,Other crops: rice, tomatoes, potatoes, Hawaiian papaya , chicory , crook neckHawaiian papaya , chicory , crook neck squashsquash
- 19. Reduce use of pesticide and other Toxic chemicals Desired characteristics of food are achieved and in a shorter time Improves nutritional value. Many people rely on GM food for medicines. Gene technology is the best solution to the problem of world hunger. Advantages
- 20. • It is economically efficient • It adds more nutritional value to crops • It is known to decrease food prices
- 21. Disadvantages Unacceptable to some groups to copy genes. Interfiere in food chain Genetically engineered animals may suffer more health problems Allergic reactions Less immune to Defend “Genetic Pollution”
- 22. It causes unwanted residual effects It threatens crop diversity It can be dangerous to other insects that are important to our ecosystem
- 23. What are people’s concernsWhat are people’s concerns Is this food safe?Is this food safe? Should food be labeled?Should food be labeled? Are there adverse environmentalAre there adverse environmental effects?effects? Patenting of seedsPatenting of seeds All of these concerns apply to food and agriculture in general
- 24. Testing for GMO Safety Using Bioluminescent Signals Looking at Genes and Their Function in In The Envirnoment