genomics, types, applications and importance
- 1. GENOMICS Dr.R. SARAVANAN Faculty of Pharmacy, BIHER, Chennai-73
- 2. What is a Chromosome? • It is a single piece of coiled DNA containing many genes, regulatory elements and other nucleotide sequence • Chromosomes vary widely between different organisms .
- 3. What is Gene • Basic unit of Hereditary in living organism. • It is a segment of DNA, Located at specific points of the Chromosome. • Genes contains instructions for making PROTEINS.
- 4. What is Genome • It is the complete set of chromosomes of an organism. • Every organism has a specific Genome. i.e: The number of chromosomal pairs is specific for every organism. • Human genome has 23pairs of chromosomes.
- 5. GENOMICS • The term genomics was first used by Thomas Roderick in 1986 • GENOMICS is the Study of entire Genomes, Sequences, Gene organization & Mutations at the DNA level. • It is the study of Information Flow within a cell & Functional Analysis.
- 6. PHARMACOGENOMICS • It is the study of the inherited variations in genes that control the body’s response to drugs. • The ways these variations can be used to predict whether a patient will have a good or bad response to a drug, or no response at all.
- 7. Importance • Adverse drug reactions. Patients with different genetic variations may require different amounts of a drug to achieve the same effect. • Drugs may be toxic in patients of one genotype and helpful to patients of another.
- 8. • The route to a new medicine is a long. one Idea to Market new Drug need11- 15 Years. • Exploratory Development of Full Development on Phase I, Phase II, Phase III &Phase IV • Development on Choosing the Best Targets, Better Understanding of Our Targets, Improving Early Decision Making, Predicting, Efficacy and Safety. Importance
- 9. Development on Genomics • Now Genomics is being developed as a sub-discipline of genetics which is devoted to the mapping, sequencing and functional analysis of genomes. • It is a computer aided study of structure and function of entire genome of an organism.
- 10. Development on Genomics • It deals with mapping of genes on the chromosomes, functioning of genes and metabolic pathways in an organism. • It deals with sequencing of genes in an organism. • It is a rapid and accurate method of gene mapping.
- 11. • The genomic techniques are highly powerful, efficient and effective in solving complex genetic problems. • Now the use of genomic techniques has become indispensable in plant breeding and genetics. Development on Genomics
- 12. Tool Used in Genomics • Molecular Marker Technology • Microarray Chip Technology • Comparative Genomics
- 13. Impact of GENOMICS on MEDICINE • How to characterize new diseases? • What are the new treatments can be discovered? • How do we treat individual patients?
- 14. Main Applications 1. Structural genomics: Finding out the sequences of genomes. 2. Functional genomics: Probing the pattern of gene expression in a given cell type at a given time. 3. Positional cloning: Finding genes involved in genetic traits, especially genetic diseases.
- 15. Structural Genomics It deals with the study of the structure of entire genome of an organism. It deals with the study of the genetic structure of the each chromosome of the genome. It determines size of the genome of a species in Megabases (Mb) and also the number of genes present in the entire genome of a species.
- 16. • It involves High resolution genetic and physical maps. • Sequencing Complete set of proteins in an organism Often, three- dimensional structure of the concerned protein. Structural Genomics
- 17. Maize genome
- 18. Human genome
- 20. Functional Genomics • It deals with the study of function of all genes found in the entire genome of a living organism. • It deals with transcriptome and proteome. • The transcriptome refers to complete set of RNAs transcribed from a genome and proteome refers to complete set of proteins encoded by a genome.
- 21. • Functional genomics assigns functions to each and every gene identified through structural genomics. • Thus functional genomics is more complicated that structural genomics Functional Genomics
- 22. Transcriptome
- 24. Implications for Biomedicine • Physicians will use genetic information to diagnose and treat various disease. • Faster drug development research • Pharmacogenomics- Individualized drugs All Biologists / Doctors will use gene sequence information in their daily work.
- 25. THANK YOU