Geo2630 fall2013 session4
- 1. Session 4: The Landscape school: Details, challenges, and transitions September 17, 2013 Tablelands, South Africa Norton, W. (2005). Cultural Geography: Environments, Landscapes, Identities, and Inequalities. Oxford University Press, Don Mills. Readings: Chapter 2 of Norton – The Landscape School; Towards Holistic Emphasis; Chapter 3 – Spatial Analysis 1) Humans use of nature: Parks 2) Lecture: The Landscape school of human geography 1) Holistic emphasis 2) Intro to concepts of spatial analysis
- 2. Concept: “Wicked problems” ‘wicked problems’: contentious, highly complex, and characterized by indeterminacy (Rittel and Webber, 1973). Such problems are not easily resolved through conventional methods of inquiry. ‘Wicked problems’ require researchers to bring together disciplines to develop transdisciplinary understandings and work creatively to understand ‘real-world’ multi-dimensional problems (Buchanan, 1992; Coyne, 2005). References: Buchanan, R. (1992). Wicked problems in design thinking. Design issues, 8(2), 5-21. Coyne, R. (2005). Wicked problems revisited. Design studies, 26(1), 5-17. Rittel, H. W., & Webber, M. M. (1973). Dilemmas in general theory of planning. Policy Science, 4, 155-169.
- 3. Human Use of Nature “Use” – is a concept, social construct, and loaded term “dominion” over “nature” and “others” has deeply affected the Example: the concept of conservation and protected areas significant shifts in policy and the way “protection” is modeled however much of the same continues Images: National Geographic
- 4. Long history of colonization by the British – deemed them incompatible with nature separation of humans and nature Parks established without the prior consent of the Maasai The International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) played a major role in this. “It is we Maasai who have preserved this priceless heritage in our land. We were sharing it with the wild animals long before the arrival of those who use game only as a means of making money. So please do not tell us that we must be pushed off our land for the financial convenience of commercial hunters and hotel-keepers. Nor tell us that we must live only by the rules and regulations of zoologists…If Uhuru (independence) means anything at all, it means that we are to be treated like humans, not animals" (Amin, 181). Source: Julie Narimatsu, http://www.umich.edu/~snre492/Jones/maasai.htm#Problem
- 5. *Language can be very telling in determining the ‘nature’ – human relationship worldview *compare to previous quote
- 6. World conservation paradigm Shifting towards acknowledging that people are part of nature in policy and the passing of motions through specialized commissions CEESP: Commission for Environmental, Economic and Social Policy WCPA: World Commission on Protected Areas Promote the TILCEPA working group: Theme on Indigenous Peoples, Local Communities, Equity and Protected Areas “...concerned with the social aspects of Protected Areas. Particular attention is given to the participation, rights, values, livelihoods and contributions of indigenous peoples and local communities living in or affected by Protected Areas"
- 7. Ways of including communities in ‘resource’ management Different models for co-management CS S C S: State; C: Community Source: Carlsson& Berkes, 2005 1. Co-management as an exchange system i.e. exchange of information, goods and service; separate spheres of dominance 2. Co-management as a joint organization i.e. joint decision making, boarders between sectors are blurred
- 8. Ways of including communities in ‘resource’ management Different models for co-management S C C S S: State; C: Community Source: Carlsson& Berkes, 2005 3. Co-management as State-nested system e.g. Provincial forests in Canada 4. Co-management as a community-nested system e.g. privately owned grazing lands *3 & 4 are mostly what we see in Canada
- 9. New item / thought provoking item of the day https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=05eIN02x26Q Sharing Our Histories: The Keeseekoowenin Ojibway. Riding Mountain Produced by: Parks Canada in association with Riding Mountain National Park of Canada and Keeseekoowenin Ojibway First Nation Sharing Lodge / Interpretive Centre
- 10. ‘The cultural landscape is fashioned from a natural landscape by a culture group. Culture is the agent, the natural area is the medium, the cultural landscape the result. Under the influence of a given culture, itself changing through time, the landscape undergoes development, passing through phases, and probably reaching ultimately the end of its cycle of development.’ – Carl Sauer The Landscape school
- 11. Factors Geological Climatic Vegetational Weather Land Surface Soil Drainage Minerals Sea and Coast Plants Natural Landscape Forms TIME Morphology of the landscape
- 12. Sauer’s key ideas leading to 3 major themes 1) Ecological component: Cultural landscapes result from occupance of a physical landscape 2) Evolutionary component: Cultural landscapes change through time 3) Regional or cultural component: Cultural activities result in the creation of a relatively distinct cultural landscape
- 13. Factors TIME Natural Landscape Culture Population Density Mobility Housing Structure Production Communication Cultural Landscape Forms The Landscape school *evolutionary component *ecological component *regional or cultural component
- 14. Environmental determinism Weather Land Surface Soil Drainage Minerals Sea and Coast Plants Natural Landscape Forms TIME Population Density Mobility Housing Structure Production Communication Cultural Landscape Forms TIME
- 15. *Imagining landscapes through art maps – the work of Miriam Rudolph superorganic - mechanist and determinist way of thinking independent from individuals of a society Comte & Spencer - society as an integrated entity , comparable to a physical system and entirely determining the behaviour of the people within it (Norton, 2005, p.60) Understanding the superorganic through art Kroeber – non-organic human product of societies, cultural institutions, modes of production, and levels of technology (Norton, 2005, p.60) More scholarly interpretations pgs. 60-61
- 16. Manitoba I – Highway 75 (29X49 cm), by Miriam Rudolph
- 17. Manitoba II – Flax and Canola Fields (29X49 cm), by Miriam Rudolph
- 18. Manitoba III – Pembina Hills and Hay Bales (29X49 cm), by Miriam Rudolph
- 19. “The map-like structure of my paintings allows me to build up a narrative of different experiences simultaneously.” - Miriam Rudolph
- 20. Photo: Montana Department of Environment Revisions of the landscape approach Subtle revisions prior to the 1970s: 1) decreased emphasis on the evolution component 2) diminishing emphasis on maintaining the regional focus & increased emphasis on the visible landscape 3) close integration of historical and cultural analysis 4) decreasing emphasis on culture as cause *rejection of superorganic(cultural elements independent of individual members of society) – maintained a focus on the physical landscape
- 21. Towards holistic emphasis Greek and Christian notions of holism: included notions of both ranking of living things and unity of all living things Geographical thought (Renaissance to 1800): Leading scholars (Hutton & Lamarck) conceived of humans as being a part of nature 19th Century, Humbolt and Ritter made the greatest contributions * Earth as an organic whole: “land affects the inhabitants and the inhabitants affect land” Ecological emphasis: “organisms in their homes” – rejected the separation of humans and nature & avoided the reductionist perspective *Things cannot be studied out of their context & interrelationships of all kinds are important
- 24. Evolutionary Naturalism Naturalism: cause and effect Pillars of science + Evolution: all things are connected Dualism2 currents of thought in the Western word: sacred & secular Encourages the study of human institutions using the procedures used in the sciences Based on:
- 25. Source: Norton 2005, Table 3.1, pg. 70 Spatial analysis – outside of the cultural geo sub-discipline (relating to scientific laws)(relating to individual regions) Running in parallel with the landscape school...
- 26. The influence of science in geography...spatial analysis Spatial analysis is based on generalizations Directed towards physical and economic geography Cultural geography is based on particularities of culture and space Quantitative and Qualitative differences in approaches to questions: Different kinds of questions require different kinds of approaches! Quantitative approaches can only answer the causality (“why”) of some questions. e.g. prevalence of lead poisoning, settlements, and migration related to watershed contamination due to mineral extraction
- 27. http://video.esri.com/watch/1637/lessons-in-spatial-analysis ESRI overview on the potential for spatial analysis