Getting Started in Pentesting the Cloud: Azure
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The document provides a comprehensive guide on penetration testing in the Azure cloud environment, detailing the framework for identifying and exploiting vulnerabilities. It covers key topics such as attack surface identification, authentication methods, and post-compromise strategies, as well as various tools available for cloud security assessments. The presentation emphasizes reconnaissance, understanding Azure's structure, and the importance of configuration security to mitigate risks effectively.
![© Black Hills Information Security
@BHInfoSecurity
Azure AD User Attributes
• User attributes and sensitive information
• Very often find credentials in description or comment fields
• Use this one-liner to search every Azure AD user field for
passwords
PS> $users = Get-MsolUser; foreach($user in $users){$props =
@();$user | Get-Member | foreach-object{$props+=$_.Name};
foreach($prop in $props){if($user.$prop -like "*password*"){Write-
Output ("[*]" + $user.UserPrincipalName + "[" + $prop + "]" + " : " +
$user.$prop)}}}
44](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/gettingstartedinpentestingthecloud-azure-210531124113/85/Getting-Started-in-Pentesting-the-Cloud-Azure-44-320.jpg)
Getting Started in Pentesting the Cloud: Azure
- 1. © Black Hills Information Security @BHInfoSecurity Getting Started in Pentesting the Cloud: Azure
- 2. © Black Hills Information Security @BHInfoSecurity Beau Bullock @dafthack • Pentester / Red Team at Black Hills Information Security • Author / Instructor of Breaching the Cloud Training • Certs: OSCP , OSWP , GXPN, GPEN, GWAPT, GCIH, GCIA, GCFA, GSEC • Speaker: WWHF, DerbyCon, Black Hat Arsenal, BSides, Hack Miami, RVASec • Tool Developer: MailSniper, PowerMeta, DomainPasswordSpray, MSOLSpray, HostRecon, Check- LocalAdminHash, MFASweep • Cyberpunk Synthwave Metal Producer (NOBANDWIDTH) 2 © Black Hills Information Security @BHInfoSecurity
- 3. © Black Hills Information Security @BHInfoSecurity Roadmap • Identifying Attack Surface • Recon & External Attacks • Authentication • Post-Compromise • Azure Subscription Hierarchy • Resource-Specific Issues • Leveraging Scanning Tools 3 © Black Hills Information Security @BHInfoSecurity
- 4. © Black Hills Information Security @BHInfoSecurity Why Azure? • Extremely popular for productivity and compute resources • Hybrid environments make cloud to on-prem pivoting possible • Publicly accessible authentication • More SharePoint usage facilitates accessibility to sensitive data • Azure Pentesting techniques apply to multiple different types of engagements (Red Team, External, Assumed Compromise, WebApps, etc.)
- 5. © Black Hills Information Security @BHInfoSecurity Identifying Attack Surface 5
- 6. © Black Hills Information Security @BHInfoSecurity Identifying Attack Surface • External • Unauthenticated • Attacking public resources • Internal (Resource access) • Testing internal cloud resources from another resource such as a VM • Internal (API access) • Authenticated • Identify vulnerabilities via API calls & configuration analysis
- 7. © Black Hills Information Security @BHInfoSecurity Azure RM vs Microsoft 365 • Azure Resource Manager • Subscriptions and Resources • VMs • Databases • Storage • Serverless • Many more… • Microsoft 365 • Productivity • Outlook • SharePoint • Teams
- 8. © Black Hills Information Security @BHInfoSecurity Recon & External Attacks 8
- 9. © Black Hills Information Security @BHInfoSecurity Recon: Cloud Asset Discovery • Identify Microsoft 365 Usage • https://login.microsoftonline.com/getuserrealm.srf?login=username@a cmecomputercompany.com&xml=1 • https://login.microsoftonline.com/<target domain>/v2.0/.well- known/openid-configuration 9
- 10. © Black Hills Information Security @BHInfoSecurity Recon: User Enumeration • User enumeration on Azure can be performed at https://login.Microsoft.com/common/oauth2/token • This endpoint tells you if a user exists or not • Detect invalid users while password spraying with: • https://github.com/dafthack/MSOLSpray • May be able to enumerate users via OneDrive • https://github.com/nyxgeek/onedrive_user_enum 10
- 11. © Black Hills Information Security @BHInfoSecurity Data in Public Azure Blobs • Microsoft Azure Storage is like Amazon S3 • Blob storage is for unstructured data • Containers and blobs can be publicly accessible via access policies • Predictable URL’s at core.windows.net • storage-acct-name.blob.core.windows.net • storage-acct-name.file.core.windows.net • storage-acct-name.table.core.windows.net • storage-acct-name.queue.core.windows.net 11
- 12. © Black Hills Information Security @BHInfoSecurity Data in Public Azure Blobs • The “Blob” access policy means anyone can anonymously read blobs, but can’t list the blobs in the container • The “Container” access policy allows for listing containers and blobs 12
- 13. © Black Hills Information Security @BHInfoSecurity Cloud_enum • Cloud_enum from Chris Moberly (@initstring) • https://github.com/initstring/cloud_enum • Awesome tool for scanning Azure, AWS, & GCP for buckets and more • Enumerates: • GCP open and protected buckets as well as Google App Engine sites • Azure storage accounts, blob containers, hosted DBs, VMs, and WebApps • AWS open and protected buckets 13
- 14. © Black Hills Information Security @BHInfoSecurity Password Attacks • Password Spraying • Trying one password for every user at an org to avoid account lockouts • Most systems have some sort of lockout policy • Example: 5 attempts in 30 mins = lockout • If we attempt to auth as each individual username one time every 30 mins we lockout nobody 14
- 15. © Black Hills Information Security @BHInfoSecurity Password Attacks • Can use MSOLSpray to spray Azure users • The script logs: • If a user cred is valid • If MFA is enabled on the account • If a tenant doesn't exist • If a user doesn't exist • If the account is locked • If the account is disabled • If the password is expired 15
- 16. © Black Hills Information Security @BHInfoSecurity Password Protection & Smart Lockout • Azure Password Protection • Prevents users from picking passwords with certain words like seasons, company name, etc. • Azure Smart Lockout • Locks out auth attempts whenever brute force or spray attempts are detected • Can be bypassed with FireProx + MSOLSpray • https://github.com/ustayready/fireprox 16
- 17. © Black Hills Information Security @BHInfoSecurity Authentication 17
- 18. © Black Hills Information Security @BHInfoSecurity Azure Authentication • More ways to authenticate to cloud providers than just username and password • API's, certificates, and more • Multi-Factor settings might differ for things like service accounts or those that authenticate with certs • Sometimes keys get posted publicly with code to repos • Finding authentication points is a key first step
- 19. © Black Hills Information Security @BHInfoSecurity Cloud Authentication Methods • Forms of authentication to consider… • Password Hash Synchronization • Pass Through Authentication • Active Directory Federation Services (ADFS) • Certificate-based auth • Conditional access policies • Long-term access tokens • Legacy authentication portals 19
- 20. © Black Hills Information Security @BHInfoSecurity Password Hash Synchronization • Azure AD Connect • On-prem service synchronizes hashed user credentials to Azure • User can authenticate directly to Azure services like O365 with their internal domain credential 20
- 21. © Black Hills Information Security @BHInfoSecurity Pass-Through Authentication • Credentials stored only on-prem • On-prem agent validates authentication requests to Azure AD • Allows SSO to other Azure apps without creds stored in cloud 21
- 22. © Black Hills Information Security @BHInfoSecurity Active Directory Federation Services • Credentials stored only on-prem • Federated trust is setup between Azure and on- prem AD to validate auth requests to the cloud • For password attacks you would have to auth to the on-prem ADFS portal instead of Azure endpoints 22
- 23. © Black Hills Information Security @BHInfoSecurity Conditional Access Policies & MFA 23
- 24. © Black Hills Information Security @BHInfoSecurity Microsoft MFA • Microsoft 365 and Azure have built-in MFA options • Free Microsoft accounts can use the MFA features • Microsoft MFA verification options: • Microsoft Authenticator app • OAUTH Hardware token • SMS • Voice call
- 25. © Black Hills Information Security @BHInfoSecurity Security Defaults • Security Defaults is an Azure AD setting that helps protect accounts by: • Requires all users register for MFA • Blocks legacy auth protocols (EWS, IMAP , etc.) • Requires MFA during auth when necessary • Protects privileged activities like access to Azure portal • These are great settings to have but sometimes more granular options are necessary. • Conditional Access Policies are more advanced, but Security Defaults must be disabled to use them. 25
- 26. © Black Hills Information Security @BHInfoSecurity Conditional Access Policies • Fine-grained controls for access to resources and when/where MFA is applied • Can be built around different scenarios such as: • The user, location they are coming from, device they are using, their “real-time risk” level, and more 26
- 27. © Black Hills Information Security @BHInfoSecurity Legacy Auth • Legacy Authentication – SMTP , IMAP , EAS, EWS, POP3, etc. • Sometimes employees need access to legacy portals (ex. Outlook for Mac) • These can be completely blocked with conditional access policies • Note that Exchange ActiveSync has its own checkbox • Legacy auth End of Life pushed back to 2nd half of 2021 27
- 28. © Black Hills Information Security @BHInfoSecurity Device Platforms 28
- 29. © Black Hills Information Security @BHInfoSecurity Device Platforms • Authentication without a mobile user agent and with 29
- 30. © Black Hills Information Security @BHInfoSecurity MFASweep • Tool to help find inconsistencies in Microsoft MFA deployments • Microsoft Graph API • Azure Service Management API • Microsoft 365 Exchange Web Services • Microsoft 365 Web Portal • Microsoft 365 Web Portal Using a Mobile User Agent • Microsoft 365 Active Sync • ADFS • https://github.com/dafthack/MFASweep 30
- 31. © Black Hills Information Security @BHInfoSecurity MFASweep • To run MFASweep all you need is a set of credentials you want to test • WARNING: This script attempts to log in to the provided account SIX (6) different times (7 if you include ADFS). If you enter an incorrect password, this may lock the account out. • Import MFASweep into a PowerShell session Import-Module MFASweep.ps1 • Run the Invoke-MFASweep module with the credentials Invoke-MFASweep -Username targetuser@targetdomain.com -Password Winter2020 31
- 32. © Black Hills Information Security @BHInfoSecurity MFASweep • Can also check ADFS • For more information check out the blog post here: https://www.blackhillsinfosec.com/exploiting-mfa-inconsistencies-on-microsoft-services/ 32
- 33. © Black Hills Information Security @BHInfoSecurity Post Compromise 33
- 34. © Black Hills Information Security @BHInfoSecurity Post- Compromise Recon • Who do we have access as? • What roles do we have? • Is MFA enabled? • What can we access (webapps, storage, etc.?) • Who are the admins? • How are we going to escalate to admin? • Any security protections in place (ATP , GuardDuty, etc.)?
- 35. © Black Hills Information Security @BHInfoSecurity Azure Portal • Standard users can access Azure domain information and isn’t usually locked down • Authenticated users can go to portal.azure.com and click Azure Active Directory • O365 Global Address List has this info as well • Even if portal is locked down PowerShell cmdlets will still likely work • There is a company-wide setting that locks down the entire org from viewing Azure info via cmd line: • Set-MsolCompanySettings –UsersPermissionToReadOtherUsersEnabled $false 35
- 36. © Black Hills Information Security @BHInfoSecurity Command Line Access • PowerShell Modules • Az • AzureAD & MSOnline • Azure Cross-platform CLI Tools (az cli) • Linux and Windows clients • CloudPentestCheatsheets • https://github.com/dafthack/CloudPentes tCheatsheets
- 37. © Black Hills Information Security @BHInfoSecurity Azure Subscription Hierachy 37
- 38. © Black Hills Information Security @BHInfoSecurity Subscriptions • Organizations can have multiple subscriptions 38
- 39. © Black Hills Information Security @BHInfoSecurity Subscriptions • A good first step is to determine what subscription you are in • The subscription name is usually informative • It might have “Prod”, or “Dev” in the title • Multiple subscriptions can be under the same Azure AD directory (tenant) • Each subscription can have multiple resource groups 39
- 40. © Black Hills Information Security @BHInfoSecurity Roles • Built-In Azure Subscription Roles • Owner (full control over resource) • Contributor (All rights except the ability to change permissions) • Reader (can only read attributes) • User Access Administrator (manage user access to Azure resources) 40
- 41. © Black Hills Information Security @BHInfoSecurity Resource-Specific Issues 41
- 42. © Black Hills Information Security @BHInfoSecurity Serverless Environment Variables • Azure Functions – Serverless apps in Azure • Secrets should be called from Key Vaults • Sometimes plaintext values get added as environment vars or within source code as connection strings • Reader level access to Functions allows viewing
- 43. © Black Hills Information Security @BHInfoSecurity Instance Metadata Service • Cloud servers need a way to orient themselves because of how dynamic they are • A “Metadata” endpoint was created and hosted on a non- routable IP address at 169.254.169.254 • Can contain access/secret keys to AWS and IAM credentials • This should only be reachable from the localhost • Server compromise or SSRF vulnerabilities might allow remote attackers to reach it 43 http://169.254.169.254/metadata/identity/oauth2/token?api-version=2018-02-01&resource=https://management.azure.com/
- 44. © Black Hills Information Security @BHInfoSecurity Azure AD User Attributes • User attributes and sensitive information • Very often find credentials in description or comment fields • Use this one-liner to search every Azure AD user field for passwords PS> $users = Get-MsolUser; foreach($user in $users){$props = @();$user | Get-Member | foreach-object{$props+=$_.Name}; foreach($prop in $props){if($user.$prop -like "*password*"){Write- Output ("[*]" + $user.UserPrincipalName + "[" + $prop + "]" + " : " + $user.$prop)}}} 44
- 45. © Black Hills Information Security @BHInfoSecurity Service Principal Hijacking • There are over 200 default service principals in an O365 tenant • None of them are listed in the Azure GUI portal • They all have varying levels of permissions through Microsoft Graph • An “Application Administrator” can change passwords or certificates for service principals… even the default ones 45
- 46. © Black Hills Information Security @BHInfoSecurity Key Vaults • Azure Key Vault • Vault for storing passwords and other secrets • Other cloud apps and services can use these • Easily store and manage SSL/TLS certs • By default only the owner of the key vault can access the keys • Contributors over key vault resources can give themselves access 46
- 47. © Black Hills Information Security @BHInfoSecurity Microsoft 365 Compliance Search • Microsoft 365 Compliance Search • https://protection.office.com • Must be a member of “eDiscovery Manager” role group in Security & Compliance Center (Administrator, compliance officer, or eDiscover manager) • Search and report across all Microsoft 365 services • Exchange Email • Skype for Business • Teams messages • SharePoint Sites • OneDrive Accounts • And more… 47
- 48. © Black Hills Information Security @BHInfoSecurity Leveraging Scanning Tools 48
- 49. © Black Hills Information Security @BHInfoSecurity Leveraging Scanning Tools • How can automation help? • Manual inspection of cloud resources is likely a good starting point to be less noisy but scanning can help expedite vulnerability discovery • Quickly assess cloud environments for common security issues • IAM permissions • Public accessibility of resources • VM/Instance storage encryption • Network ingress/egress rules • Serverless • VM metadata • …and more
- 50. © Black Hills Information Security @BHInfoSecurity Scanning with ScoutSuite • ScoutSuite by NCC Group - Multi-Cloud Auditing Tool • https://github.com/nccgroup/ScoutSuite • Support for the following cloud providers: • Amazon Web Services • Microsoft Azure • Google Cloud Platform • Alibaba Cloud (alpha) • Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (alpha) 50
- 51. © Black Hills Information Security @BHInfoSecurity Tools • Additional tools to help automate post- compromise • ROADTools • https://github.com/dirkjanm/ROADtools • PowerZure • https://github.com/hausec/PowerZure • MicroBurst • https://github.com/NetSPI/MicroBurst • Stormspotter • https://github.com/Azure/Stormspotter • AzureHound • https://github.com/BloodHoundAD/AzureHo und
- 52. © Black Hills Information Security @BHInfoSecurity Key Takeaways 1. Reconnaissance is key to understanding cloud asset usage 2. Cloud attack surface enables multiple ways to gain access 3. Configuration of cloud resources is a wild west and changes daily 4. Key methods for gaining a foothold include: 1. Key disclosure in repos 2. Password attacks 3. Phishing 4. Remote code execution 5. Situational awareness will help drive decisions post-compromise 52
- 53. © Black Hills Information Security @BHInfoSecurity The End • Follow me on Twitter • Beau Bullock - @dafthack • Breaching the Cloud Training • https://wildwesthackinfest.com/training /breaching-the-cloud-beau-bullock/ • Black Hills Information Security • https://www.blackhillsinfosec.com • @BHInfoSecurity 53