Global Software Development Handbook 1st Edition Raghvinder Sangwan (Author)

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ISBN(s): 9781420013856, 1420013858
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Year: 2006
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Global Software Development Handbook
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v
Contents
Foreword by Manfred Broy.....................................................xiii
Foreword by James D. Herbsleb............................................ xvii
Preface....................................................................................... xix
Acknowledgments ..................................................................xxiii
About the Authors................................................................... xxv
Glossary..................................................................................xxvii
Abbreviations List...................................................................xxix
SECTION I: INTRODUCTION
1 Motivation .....................................................................................3
1.1 What is Global Software Development (GSD)?....................................3
1.2 Challenges to Global Software Development.......................................4
1.3 Managing Global Software Development .............................................6
1.6 Summary and Conclusions .....................................................................7
1.7 Discussion Questions..............................................................................7
References..........................................................................................................7
2 Critical Success Factors for Global Software Development.....9
2.1 Issues......................................................................................................10
2.2 Critical Success Factors .........................................................................10
2.2.1 Reduce Ambiguity .....................................................................10
2.2.2 Maximize Stability .....................................................................11
2.2.3 Understand Dependencies........................................................12
2.2.4 Facilitate Coordination ..............................................................13
2.2.5 Balance Flexibility and Rigidity ...............................................13
2.3 A Process Framework ...........................................................................14
2.4 Development Phases and Decision Points..........................................16
2.5 Summary and Conclusions ...................................................................19
2.6 Discussion Questions............................................................................19
References........................................................................................................20
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SECTION II: PLANNING
3 Requirements Engineering........................................................23
3.1 Background............................................................................................24
3.1.1 Change Management.................................................................24
3.1.2 Quality Assurance (QA)............................................................25
3.1.3 Impact on Related Processes ...................................................25
3.2 Requirements Engineering Process......................................................25
3.2.1 Elicitation ...................................................................................26
3.2.1.1 Participants ..................................................................27
3.2.2 Modeling ....................................................................................27
3.2.2.1 Participants ..................................................................31
3.2.3 Requirements Review................................................................32
3.2.3.1 Participants ..................................................................33
3.3 Tooling ...................................................................................................33
3.4 Phasing...................................................................................................34
References........................................................................................................36
4 Requirements for the Architecture ..........................................37
4.1 Background............................................................................................38
4.1.1 How Does an Architecture Relate to the Business Goals?....38
4.1.2 What Influences an Architecture? ............................................40
4.1.3 What Information Does an Architect Need? ...........................40
4.1.4 What is the Influence of GSD on the Architecture? ..............41
4.2 Architecturally Significant Requirements .............................................42
4.2.1 Elicitation ...................................................................................42
4.2.1.1 ASR Workshop ............................................................43
4.2.1.2 Participants ..................................................................47
4.2.2 Follow-On Activities..................................................................48
4.2.3 Documentation ..........................................................................49
References........................................................................................................50
5 Architecture ................................................................................51
5.1 Background............................................................................................52
5.1.1 Accounting for Quality Attribute Requirements .....................52
5.1.2 Accounting for the Organizational Structure ..........................53
5.1.3 Making Architectural Trade-Offs ..............................................53
5.2 Designing the System............................................................................54
5.2.1 Define Work Units ....................................................................55
5.2.1.1 Participants ..................................................................56
5.2.2 Identify Module Responsibilities ..............................................56
5.2.2.1 Participants ..................................................................58
5.2.3 Analyze Dependencies..............................................................58
5.2.3.1 Participants ..................................................................60
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5.2.4 Identify Critical Paths................................................................60
5.2.4.1 Participants ..................................................................61
5.2.5 Document the Architecture ......................................................61
5.2.5.1 Execution Views .........................................................61
5.2.5.2 Implementation Views................................................62
5.2.5.3 Traceability between the Various Views...................63
5.2.6 Review the Architecture............................................................63
References........................................................................................................65
6 Risk Analysis...............................................................................67
6.1 Background............................................................................................68
6.1.1 What is a Risk? ..........................................................................68
6.1.2 The Risk Life Cycle...................................................................69
6.1.3 Risks in a GSD Context............................................................69
6.1.3.1 Coordination................................................................69
6.1.3.2 Architectural Alignment..............................................71
6.1.3.3 Uncertainty and Change.............................................72
6.2 Managing Risk in GSD Projects ...........................................................73
6.2.1 Risk Identification......................................................................73
6.2.1.1 Determining the Coordination Capability.................74
6.2.1.2 Participants ..................................................................74
6.2.1.3 Inputs...........................................................................75
6.2.1.4 Outputs........................................................................75
6.2.2 Mitigating Risks..........................................................................75
6.2.2.1 Increasing Organizational Capabilities......................75
6.2.2.2 Contingency Planning ................................................76
6.2.3 Monitoring Risks........................................................................76
6.4 Summary ................................................................................................77
References........................................................................................................78
7 Project Planning Process...........................................................79
7.1 Project Planning: An Overview............................................................79
7.2 Feature Release Planning......................................................................81
7.2.1 Participants.................................................................................82
7.3 Development Planning..........................................................................83
7.3.1 Participants.................................................................................85
7.4 Cost Estimation......................................................................................85
7.5 Phasing of the Planning Effort.............................................................86
7.5.1 Planning during the Inception Phase......................................86
7.5.2 Planning during the Elaboration Phase...................................89
7.5.3 Planning during the Construction Phase.................................89
References........................................................................................................91
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8 Project Estimation ......................................................................93
8.1 Top-Down Estimation Approach..........................................................94
8.1.1 Who is Involved in This Activity?............................................95
8.1.2 What are the Inputs and Outputs? ..........................................95
8.1.3 Global Development Assertion ................................................96
8.1.4 Size .............................................................................................98
8.1.5 Effort...........................................................................................99
8.1.6 Schedule...................................................................................100
8.1.7 Top-Down Estimation Steps...................................................100
8.2 Bottom-Up Estimate ............................................................................103
8.3 Estimation Tools ..................................................................................106
8.4 Summary and Conclusions .................................................................106
8.5 Discussion Questions..........................................................................107
References......................................................................................................107
SECTION III: ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE
9 Software Development Teams.................................................111
9.1 Structure of a GSD Project .................................................................112
9.1.1 Roles and Responsibilities ......................................................117
9.2 Size .......................................................................................................120
References......................................................................................................121
10 Supplier Manager .....................................................................123
10.1 Roles and Responsibilities ..................................................................124
10.2 Desired Skills .......................................................................................126
10.3 Organizational Models ........................................................................129
10.4 Intercultural Issues ..............................................................................131
References......................................................................................................133
SECTION IV: MONITORING AND CONTROL
11 Quality Assurance.....................................................................137
11.1 Background..........................................................................................137
11.1.1 QA in a Global Context .........................................................138
11.2 Measuring Process Quality .................................................................140
11.2.1 Defining Processes..................................................................140
11.2.2 Defining Measures...................................................................140
11.2.3 Improving Processes ...............................................................142
11.3 Measuring Product Quality.................................................................142
11.3.1 Defect Types............................................................................142
11.3.2 Issues with Product Quality in a GSD Context....................143
11.3.3 Strategies for Maintaining Quality in a GSD Context ..........143
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ix
11.4 Product Maintenance...........................................................................144
11.4.1 Product Maintenance in a Global Context............................145
11.4.1.1 Need for Long-Term Relationship...........................145
11.4.1.2 Strategies for Fostering Cordial Relations...............146
11.4.1.3 Affiliation of Suppliers to the Central Organization..148
References......................................................................................................149
12 Infrastructure Support for Global Software Development ....151
12.1 Criteria for Selecting the Infrastructure .............................................152
12.1.1 Accessibility..............................................................................152
12.1.2 Collaboration and Concurrency .............................................152
12.1.3 Processes..................................................................................153
12.1.4 Awareness and Integration.....................................................153
12.2 Communication and Coordination.....................................................154
12.2.1 Communication and Collaboration Strategy..........................154
12.2.2 Communication and Collaboration Infrastructure ................155
12.2.2.1 Mailing Lists for E-Mails...........................................155
12.2.2.2 Infrastructure for Weekly Meetings .........................155
12.2.2.3 Discussion Forums for Interactive Discussions
and Queries...............................................................156
12.2.2.4 Defect Tracking and Change Management ............157
12.3 Knowledge Management: Software Design, Models,
and Documentation.............................................................................157
12.3.1 Selecting the Knowledge Management Infrastructure..........159
12.3.2 Knowledge Management Infrastructure.................................160
12.4 Software Configuration Management.................................................162
12.4.1 Selecting the Software Configuration Management
Infrastructure............................................................................163
12.4.2 The Software Configuration Management Infrastructure .....163
12.4.2.1 Integration and Build Management ........................163
12.4.3 SCM Processes to Facilitate Global Software Development...164
12.4.3.1 Well-Defined Tasks...................................................165
12.4.3.2 Exclusive Areas of Responsibility............................165
References......................................................................................................168
13 Communication ........................................................................169
13.1 Communication Drivers ......................................................................170
13.2 Communication Barriers .....................................................................171
13.3 Communication and Coordination.....................................................173
13.4 Communication and Control ..............................................................175
13.4.1 Social Network Analysis .........................................................176
References......................................................................................................180
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x
Section V: Case Studies
14 GSP 2005....................................................................................183
14.1 The MSLite Project ..............................................................................184
14.2 Challenges Faced during First Year of MSLite’s Development........185
14.3 Approach for the Second Year of MSLite’s Development...............187
14.3.1 Process .....................................................................................187
14.3.2 Collaboration, Communication, and Knowledge
Management.............................................................................190
14.3.3 Requirements ...........................................................................192
14.3.4 Architecture and Design .........................................................194
14.3.5 Technical..................................................................................194
14.3.6 Strategic Issues: Planning and Control..................................195
14.3.6.1 Work Allocation ........................................................195
14.3.6.2 Project Planning and Control ..................................197
14.3.7 Quality Assurance ...................................................................199
14.3.8 Training ....................................................................................200
14.4 Current Status of the MSLite Development Effort ............................201
14.5 Next Steps for MSLite..........................................................................201
References......................................................................................................202
15 DPS2000.....................................................................................203
15.1 Background..........................................................................................203
15.2 Global Analysis....................................................................................204
15.3 Design Strategies .................................................................................205
15.4 DPS2000 Architecture..........................................................................205
15.5 Project Planning...................................................................................205
15.6 Project Management............................................................................206
15.7 Lessons Learned ..................................................................................207
15.8 Summary ..............................................................................................209
References......................................................................................................210
16 FS2000........................................................................................211
16.1 Requirements for the New Enterprise ...............................................211
16.2 Scaling the Development Process......................................................212
16.3 The Architecture..................................................................................214
16.4 Restructuring the Organization...........................................................214
16.5 Achieving Integration..........................................................................215
16.6 Lessons Learned ..................................................................................216
16.7 Summary ..............................................................................................217
17 BAS.............................................................................................219
17.1 Background..........................................................................................219
17.2 Global Analysis....................................................................................220
17.3 BAS Architecture..................................................................................221
17.4 Project Planning...................................................................................222
17.5 Project Management............................................................................222
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xi
17.6 Lessons Learned ..................................................................................223
17.7 Summary ..............................................................................................226
References......................................................................................................226
Section VI: Concluding Remarks
18 Conclusions...............................................................................229
18.1 Issues in Globally Distributed Development ....................................229
18.2 Recipe for Success...............................................................................231
18.3 Sharing Best Practices .........................................................................233
References......................................................................................................235
Index..................................................................................................239
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xiii
Foreword by Manfred Broy
Development of large software systems has been and will continue to be
a challenging engineering task, in particular as projects become more
interdisciplinary and distributed. Fritz Bauer coined the term software
engineering in a conference in Garmisch in the late sixties. In the 40 years
since then we have seen much progress in making software engineering
tasks more systematic, better manageable, and more predictable. This was
achieved by enormous advances in software life cycle models, better
techniques to plan and control projects, sophisticated architectures, more
adequate methodologies, superior modeling techniques, and improved
tooling. Today we have gained a better understanding and deeper insights
into the rules, principles, and success factors of software development. But
still, we find numerous challenges in engineering large software systems.
At a time when companies and networks of companies are becoming
distributed and are cooperating all over the world, off-shoring is one of
the most popular ideas in management but is controversial in software
engineering. The development of software in internationally distributed
projects, where software is developed in many distant places, is one of
today’s big challenges. We still must face and master the challenges of
global software development (GSD). Although many ambitious industrial
projects are ongoing using global software development approaches, so
far not enough experiences have been systematically collected, properly
analyzed, and published about the heuristics, principles, and rules of
distributed global software development.
Software engineering is a difficult task in any case. However, in global
software development we have to deal with additional challenges. Some
are obvious and well known like different time zones or difficulties in
the communications among team members with different cultural back-
grounds. Others are subtler such as building up trust between the teams
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xiv
and taking care of the general key success factors of software development,
many of which are not so easy to achieve in global software development.
So far, our systematic know-how in GSD is relatively poor. Questions
to be answered for GSD comprise among others the following themes:
Software life cycle models
Project planning, estimation, and risk management
Implications of GSD on the phases of software development such
as requirements engineering, design, implementation, integration,
and testing
Quality assurance
Team organization
Team skills and special training
Division of labor and responsibilities
Communication organization
Implications on the software product, especially the architecture
Infrastructure and tool support.
In addition to these more detailed technical and methodological issues,
from a management point of view we are interested in questions like:
What are overall success factors and principles?
What is the economical impact?
Which kinds of projects are best suited for GSD?
Therefore it is highly appreciated and a value in itself that Siemens
Corporate Research in Princeton started experiments in global software
development in 2003 within the Global Studio Project (GSP). Two one-
year experiments have been carried out since then. Several universities
around the world were involved in this first experiment in the academic
years 2004/05 and the second experiment was undertaken one year later.
The goals of these experiments were clear. The project was aimed at
the collection of empirical data in global software development as well
as to find appropriate processes, tools, and forms of collaboration. It
supports increasing our understanding of how one has to organize global
software development projects to be sure that they are successful. The
ways to plan and run the experiments were less clear during its initial
planning in 2003.
In fact, it is important that such experimentation can be done without
running into enormous economic risks for companies when they take the
first steps in global software development on real-life projects. Therefore,
the value of a project experiment of this kind cannot be estimated high
enough. It is particularly important that in a project like this, all the data
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xv
can be made publicly available — in contrast to real-life software devel-
opment projects where there are problems with keeping failures secret
and not talking about confidential details.
Being involved in GSP in many ways and seeing my research group
at the Technical University of Munich taking part in the experiment for
two years, I can only say that it was a highly interesting and valuable
experience. It was also very encouraging to see how the researchers and
students involved in the projects learned much about GSD and finally
understood much better many of the issues of software development.
This book presents a good collection of the findings and conclusions
of two years of the GSP. It provides a first data basis for GSD. However,
this book not only reports on the GSP. Perhaps even more important, it
gives several hints and tips on how to organize GSD projects, what to do
and keep in mind to be able to do successful GSD. This advice is based
both on experience from the GSP and on the deep analysis and background
knowledge of the researchers involved. Here the expertise and long-term
training of the project team and the researchers at Siemens Corporate
Research at Princeton in business aspects, requirements engineering, archi-
tecture, methodology, and tool support proved to be essential.
What I like about this book is its lightweight presentation of a number of
complicated and intricate themes. It is of value for one interested in software
development as such, but it is, in particular, of high value to researchers,
developers, and project managers interested and involved in GSD.
It is a pleasure to thank especially the team at Siemens Corporate
Research for their efforts in making the experiments available to the
research community, making sure that their interesting results are pub-
lished, and seeing this as a contribution to the body of knowledge of
software engineering. Being involved myself in the experiments with a
team at the Technical University of Munich, it is a pleasure for me to see
this book coming out. It is a valuable document and contribution on
topics of growing interest and general importance for our world’s economy
and our engineering skills.
Manfred Broy
Chair of Software Systems Engineering
Fakultät für Informatik
Technische Universität München
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xvii
Foreword
by James D. Herbsleb
Particle physicists invest an awful lot of time, energy, and money in
blasting particles into each other. They have good reason, of course — it’s
generally not possible to observe all the behaviors of interest when
particles are in their natural habitat, so tightly are they bound to each
other. Violent collisions serve to scatter these bits of matter and energy
in all directions, and by observing them in this highly dispersed and kinetic
state, one is actually in a much better position to infer the unobserved
forces that were at work all along.
Geographically distributed projects serve an analogous — if
unintended — function in software development. As practitioners and
researchers, we are continuing to learn about the surprisingly critical and
diverse functions served by physical co-location, the opportunities for
communication and collaboration it affords, and the shared context it
provides. Until we all began observing the trajectories of distributed teams
as they flew off in unexpected directions, we weren’t fully aware of how
much “coordination work” a project requires, and how invisibly much of
it is handled when people simply occupy the same space.
All of this is not just to provide the reader with a grandiose and possibly
entertaining metaphor, but it is to say that there are at least two ways of
reading this excellent new book. One is to read it as the authors intended,
as a guide to managing the particular difficulties of distributed projects,
based on extensive experience, and combining many sound, well-estab-
lished techniques, and innovating when there are no existing tools already
on hand. They describe a way — not the way, as they are at pains to point
out — a way of approaching distributed projects, with particular attention
to the difficult early stages. It combines elements from methodologies that
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xviii
one would not expect to peacefully coexist, such as the Rational Unified
Process (ROP) and Scrum. It calls for moving in directions that appear at
first contradictory — be more agile and more rigid? But as you dig into
the material, and as you see the ideas applied in the well-documented
case studies, you begin to realize that the wisdom in the book is deeper
than “be agile” or “define your process.” It engages the reader in thinking
about when to be agile about what, and which processes require discipline
and why. While many readers will no doubt be tempted to apply it in
cookbook fashion, it is not intended as a recipe to be followed by rote,
but it’s rather more like the suggestion of a path that has worked for
them, along with thoughtful descriptions of the lay of the land and the
locations of nasty traps along the way. Whether you follow that particular
path or not, you will benefit from the geography lesson.
Which leads me to the second way of reading this book: as a source
of insights about the forces at work in software development more
generally. As one of the group of researchers participating in the Global
Studio Project (GSP), I have come to believe that many of the ideas we
have developed and tried out in this “laboratory” could benefit co-located
teams nearly as much as geographically dispersed teams. Our experiments
with social network analysis, for example, have shown this to be a valuable
and practical tool for monitoring coordination problems, which can occur
in any project of significant size, co-located or otherwise. Techniques for
achieving clarity in work assignments are critical for dispersed teams, but
are likely to be very helpful in other cases as well. This project has helped
me come around to the view that coordination is the central problem,
and co-location is just one — albeit a very powerful one — of the many
solutions. When co-location is not possible, the authors describe how to
substitute the other solutions to manage a project effectively.
This book represents a well-thought-out synthesis of the authors’
experiences, the published literature, and the research performed by the
GSP research team. The reader will find it to be a highly useful, practical,
and well-informed guide to the current state of the art. There are still
many problems to solve in this area, but reading this book makes me
realize how far we have come.
James D. Herbsleb
Institute for Software Research
International School of Computer Science
Carnegie Mellon University
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xix
Preface
The idea for this book started with the involvement of Siemens Corporate
Research (SCR) with many global software development (GSD) projects
at Siemens, a multinational organization employing more than 30,000
software engineers with offices in most countries around the globe.
Working on these projects, we found that, collectively, Siemens companies
around the world had gems of information on GSD that would be of
tremendous benefit if synthesized into a structured body of knowledge.
We wanted to, however, first validate and vet this body of knowledge
and broaden our base with the research community. Consequently, SCR
launched a research program on GSD in 2003 in close collaboration with
Carnegie Mellon University, Harvard Business School, International Insti-
tute of Information Technology Bangalore, Monmouth University, Penn
State University, Technical University of Munich, Pontifical Catholic Uni-
versity of Rio Grande de Sul, and the University of Limerick. This book
is a result of the collective wisdom harnessed from the many GSD projects
from Siemens and the experiments conducted by this research community
from eight schools in five nations across four continents. The wisdom has
three main pillars: (1) the best practices of project experience that made
this book concrete, (2) an intensive literature analysis that broadened the
base of the experience, and (3) the experimental research that was never
done before in global software development and which gave us extraor-
dinary insights.
Based on this collective wisdom, we have identified a number of factors
critical to the success of GSD projects. While these factors are useful for
all projects, the business case and necessity is much greater when projects
are geographically distributed across several time zones, with many remote
teams having no history of ever working together and compounded by
language and culture differences. For each of these factors we have
codified best practices and defined a process framework that leverages
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PSYCHOLOGY OF OCCULT PHENOMENA 25 character was
all the more startling. She imparted with unconcealed pleasure all
the little childish experiences, the flirtations and love-secrets, all the
rudeness and lack of education of her parents and contemporaries.
To every one who did not know her secret she was a girl of fifteen
and a half, in no respect unlike a thousand other such girls. So much
the greater was people's astonishment when they got to know her
from her other aspect. Her near relatives could not at first grasp this
change : to some extent they never altogether understood it, so
there was often bitter strife in the family, some of them taking sides
for and others against S. W., either with enthusiastic over- valuation
or with contemptuous censure of superstition. Thus did S. W.,
during the time I watched her closely, lead a curious, contradictory
life, a real double life with two personalities existing side by side
or closely following upon one another and contending for the
mastery. I now give some of the most interesting details of the
sittings in chronological order. First and second sittings, August,
1899. S. W. at once undertook to lead the communications. The
psychograph, for which an upturned glass tumbler was used, on
which two fingers of the right hand were laid, moved quick as
lightning from letter to letter. (Slips of paper, marked with letter and
numbers, had been arranged in a circle round the glass.) It was
communicated that the medium's grandfather was present and
would speak to us. There then followed many communications in
quick sequence, of a most religious, edifying nature, in part in
properly made words, partly in words with the letters transposed,
and partly in a series of reversed letters. The last words and
sentences were produced so quickly that it was not possible to
follow without first inverting the letters. The communications were
once interrupted in abrupt fashion by a new communication, which
announced the presence of the writer's grandfather. On this occasion
the jesting observation was made : Evidently the two 'spirits' get
on very badly together. During this attempt darkness came on.

Suddenly S. W. became very disturbed, sprang up in terror, fell on
her knees and cried

accurate
26 ANALYTICAL PSYCHOLOGY There, there, do you not
see that light, that star there ? and pointed to a dark corner of the
room. She became more and more disturbed, and called for a light
in terror. She was pale, wept, it was all so strange she did not
know in the least what was the matter with her.*' When a candle
was brought she became calm again. The experiments were now
stopped. At the next sitting, which took place in the evening, two
days later, similar communications from S. W.'s grandfather were
obtained. When darkness fell S. W. suddenly leaned back on the
sofa, grew pale, almost shut her eyes, and lay there motionless. The
eyeballs were turned upwards, the lid-reflex was present as well as
tactile sensation. The breathing was gentle, almost imperceptible.
The pulse small and weak. This attack lasted about half an hour,
when S. W. suddenly sighed and got up. The extreme pallor, which
had lasted throughout the whole attack, now gave place to her usual
pale pink colour. She was somewhat confused and distraught,
indicated that she had seen all sorts of things, but would tell
nothing. Only after urgent questioning would she relate that in an
extraordinary waking condition she had seen her grandfather arm-in-
arm with the writer's grandfather. The two had gone rapidly by in an
open carriage, side by side. III. In the third seance, which took place
some days later, there was a similar attack of more than half an
hour's duration. S. W. afterwards told of many white, transfigured
forms who each gave her a flower of special symbolic significance.
Most of them were dead relatives. Concerning the exact content of
their talk she maintained an obstinate silence. IV. After S. W. had
entered into the somnambulic state she began to make curious
movements with her lips, and made swallowing gurgling noises.
Then she whispered very softly and unintelligibly. When this had
lasted some minutes she suddenly began to speak in an altered
deep voice. She spoke of herself in the third person. She is not
here, she has gone away. There followed several communications of
a religious kind. From the content and the

accurate
PSYCHOLOGY OF OCCULT PHENOMENA 27 way of speaking
it was easy to conclude that she was imitating her grandfather, who
had been a clergyman. The content of the talk did not rise above the
mental level of the communications. The tone of the voice was
somewhat forced, and only became natural when, in the course of
the talk, the voice approximated to the medium's own. (In later
sittings the voice was only altered for a few moments when a new
spirit manifested itself.) Afterwards there was amnesia for the
trance-conversation. She gave hints about a sojourn in the other
world, and she spoke of an undreamed-of blessedness which she
felt. It must be further observed that her conversation in the attack
followed quite spontaneously, and was not in response to any
suggestions. Directly after this seance S. W. became acquainted with
the book of Justinus Kerner, Die Seherin von Prevorst. She began
thereupon to magnetise herself towards the end of the attack, partly
by means of regular passes, partly by curious circles and figures of
eight, which she described symmetrically with both arms. She did
this, she said, to disperse the severe headaches which occurred after
the attacks. In the August seances, not detailed here, there were in
addition to the grandfather numerous spirits of other relatives who
did not produce anything very remarkable. Each time when a new
one came on the scene the movement of the glass was changed in a
striking way; it generally ran along the rows of letters, touching one
or other of them, but no sense could be made of it. The orthography
was very uncertain and arbitrary, and the first sentences were
frequently incomprehensible or broken up into a meaningless medley
of letters. Generally automatic writing suddenly began at this point.
Sometimes automatic writing was attempted during complete
darkness. The movements began with violent backward jerks of the
whole arm, so that the paper was pierced by the pencil. The first
attempt at writing consisted of numerous strokes and zigzag lines
about 8 cm. high. In later attempts there came first unreadable
words, in large handwriting, which

accurate
28 ANALYTICAL PSYCHOLOGY gradually became smaller
and clearer. It was not essentially different from the medium's own.
The grandfather was again the controlling spirit. V. Somnambulic
attacks in September, 1899. S. W. sits upon the sofa, leans back,
shuts her eyes, breathes lightly and regularly. She gradually became
cataleptic, the catalepsy disappeared after about two minutes, when
S. W. lay in an apparently quiet sleep with complete muscular
relaxation. She suddenly begins to speak in a subdued voice : No !
you take the red, I'll take the white, you can take the green, and you
the blue. Are you ready ? We will go now. (A pause of several
minutes during which her face assumes a corpselike pallor. Her
hands feel cold and are very bloodless.) She suddenly calls out with
a loud, solemn voice : Albert, Albert, Albert, then whispering:
Now you speak, followed by a longer pause, when the pallor of the
face attains the highest possible degree. Again, in a loud solemn
voice, Albert, Albert, do you not believe your father ? I tell you
many errors are contained in N.'s teaching. Think about it. Pause.
The pallor of the face decreases. He's very frightened. He could
not speak any more. (These words in her usual conversational
tone.) Pause. He will certainly think about it. S. W. now speaks
again in the same tone, in a strange idiom which sounds like French
or Italian, now recalling the former, now the latter. She speaks
fluently, rapidly, and with charm. It is possible to understand a few
words but not to remember the whole, because the language is so
strange. From time to time certain words recur, as wena, wenes,
wenai, wene, etc. The absolute naturalness of the proceedings is
bewildering. From time to time she pauses as if some one were
answering her. Suddenly she speaks in German, Is time already
up? (In a troubled voice.) Must I go already ? Goodbye, goodbye.
With the last words there passes over her face an indescribable
expression of ecstatic blessedness. She raises her arms, opens her
eyes, — hitherto closed, — looks radiantly upwards. She remains a

moment thus, then her arms sink slackly, her eyes shut, the
expression of her face

accurate
PSYCHOLOGY OF OCCULT PHENOMENA 29 is tired and
exhausted. After a short cataleptic stage she awakes with a sigh.
She looks around astonished: I've slept again, haven't I ? She is
told she has been talking during the sleep, whereupon she becomes
much annoyed, and this increases when she learns she has spoken
in a foreign tongue. But didn't I tell the spirits I don't want it ? It
mustn't be. It exhausts me too much. Begins to cry. Oh, God ! Oh,
God ! must then everything, everything, come back again like last
time ? Is nothing spared me ? The next day at the same time there
was another attack. When S. W. has fallen asleep Ulrich von
Gerbenstein suddenly announces himself. He is an entertaining
chatterer, speaks very fluently in high German with a North- German
accent. Asked what S. W. is now doing ; after much circumlocution
he explains that she is far away, and he is meanwhile here to look
after her body, the circulation of the blood, the respiration, etc. He
must take care that meanwhile no black person takes possession of
her and harms her. Upon urgent questioning he relates that S. W.
has gone with the others to Japan, to appear to a distant relative
and to restrain him from a stupid marriage. He then announces in a
whisper the exact moment when the manifestation takes place.
Forbidden any conversation for a few minutes, he points to the
sudden pallor occurring in S. W., remarking that materialisation at
such a great distance is at the cost of correspondingly great force.
He then orders cold bandages to the head to alleviate the severe
headache which would occur afterwards. As the colour of the face
gradually becomes more natural the conversation grows livelier. All
kinds of childish jokes and trivialities are uttered ; suddenly U. von
G. says, I see them coming, but they are still very far off; I see
them there like a star. S. W. points to the North. We are naturally
astonished, and ask why they do not come from the East, whereto
U. von G. laughingly retorts : Oh, but they come the direct way
over the North Pole. I am going now; farewell. Immediately after S.

W. sighs, wakes up, is ill-tempered, complains of extremely bad
headache. She saw U. von G. standing by her body ; what

accurate
30 ANALYTICAL PSYCHOLOGY had he told us ? She gets
angry about the silly chatter from which he cannot refrain. VI.
Begins in the usual way. Extreme pallor ; lies stretched out, scarcely
breathing. Speaks suddenly, with loud, solemn voice: Yes, be
frightened; I am ; I warn you against N.'s teaching. See, in hope is
everything that belongs to faith. You would like to know who I am.
God gives where one least expects it. Do you not know me ? Then
unintelligible whispering; after a few minutes, she awakes. VII. S. W.
soon falls asleep ; lies stretched out on the sofa. Is very pale. Says
nothing, sighs deeply from time to time. Casts up her eyes, rises,
sits on the sofa, bends forward, speaks softly : You have sinned
grievously, have fallen far. Bends forward still, as if speaking to
some one who kneels before her. She stands up, turns to the right,
stretches out her hands, and points to the spot over which she has
been bending. Will you forgive her ? she asks, loudly. Do not
forgive men, but their spirits. Not she, but her human body has
sinned. Then she kneels down, remains quite still for about ten
minutes in the attitude of prayer. Then she gets up suddenly, looks
to heaven with ecstatic expression, and then throws herself again on
her knees, with her face bowed on her hands, whispering
incomprehensible words. She remains rigid in this position several
minutes. Then she gets up, looks again upwards with a radiant
countenance, and lies down on the sofa ; and soon after wakes.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE SOMNAMBULIC PERSONALITIES. At the
beginning of many seances, the glass was allowed to move by itself,
when occasionally the advice followed in stereotyped fashion : You
must ask. Since convinced spiritualists took part in the seances, all
kinds of spiritualistic wonders were of course demanded, and
especially the protecting spirits. In reply, sometimes names of
well-known dead people were produced, sometimes

accurate
PSYCHOLOGY OF OCCULT PHENOMENA 31 unknown
names, e.g. Berthe de Valours, Elizabeth von Thierfelsenburg, Ulrich
von Gerbenstein, etc. The controlling spirit was almost without
exception the medium's grandfather, who once explained: he loved
her more than any one in this world because he had protected her
from childhood up, and knew all her thoughts. This personality
produced a flood of Biblical maxims, edifying observations, and
songbook verses ; the following is a specimen : — In true believing,
To faith in God cling ever nigh, Thy heavenly comfort never leaving,
Which having, man can never die. Refuge in God is peace for ever,
When earthly cares oppress the mind Who from the heart can pray
is never Bowed down by fate, howe'er unkind. Numerous similar
elaborations betrayed by their banal, unctuous contents their origin
in some tract or other. When S. W. had to speak in ecstasy, lively
dialogues developed between the circle-members and the
somnambulic personality. The content of the answers received is
essentially just the same commonplace edifying stuff as that of the
psychographic communications. The character of this personality is
distinguished by its dry and tedious solemnity, rigorous
conventionality and pietistic virtue (which is not consistent with the
historic reality). The grandfather is the medium's guide and
protector. During the ecstatic state he gives ail kinds of advice,
prophesies later attacks, and the visions she will see on waking, etc.
He orders cold bandages, gives directions concerning the medium's
lying down or the date of the seances. His relationship to the
medium is an extremely tender one. In liveliest contrast to this
heavy dreamperson stands a personality, appearing first sporadically,
in the psychographic communications of the first stance. It soon
disclosed itself as the dead brother of a Mr. E., who was then taking
part in the seance. This dead brother, Mr. P. R, was full of
commonplaces about brotherly love towards his living brother. He
evaded particular questions in all

accurate
32 ANALYTICAL PSYCHOLOGY manner of ways. But he
developed a quite astonishing eloquence towards the ladies of the
circle and in particular offered his allegiance to one whom Mr. P. E.
had never known when alive. He affirmed that he had already cared
very much for her in his lifetime, had often met her in the street
without knowing who she was, and was now uncommonly delighted
to become acquainted with her in this unusual manner. With such
insipid compliments, scornful remarks to the men, harmless childish
jokes, etc., he took up a large part of the seance. Several of the
members found fault with the frivolity and banality of this spirit,
whereupon he disappeared for one or two seances, but soon
reappeared, at first well-behaved, often indeed uttering Christian
maxims, but soon dropped back into the old tone. Besides these two
sharply differentiated personalities, others appeared who varied but
little from the grandfather's type ; they were mostly dead relatives of
the medium. The general atmosphere of the first two months*
seances was accordingly solemnly edifying, disturbed only from time
to time by Mr. P. K.'s trivial chatter. Some weeks after the beginning
of the seances, Mr. E. left our circle, whereupon a remarkable
change took place in Mr. P. E.'s conversation. He became
monosyllabic, came less often, and after a few seances vanished
altogether, and later on appeared with great infrequency, and for the
most part only when the medium was alone with the particular lady
mentioned. Then a new personality forced himself into the
foreground ; in contrast to Mr. P. E., who always spoke the Swiss
dialect, this gentleman adopted an affected North-German way of
speaking. In all else he was an exact copy of Mr. P. E. His eloquence
was somewhat remarkable, since S. W. had only a very scanty
knowledge of high German, whilst this new personality, who called
himself Ulrich von Gerbenstein, spoke an almost faultless German,
rich in charming phrases and compliments.1 Ulrich von Gerbenstein
is a witty chatterer, full of 1 It must be noted that a frequent guest
in S. W.'s home was a gentleman who spoke high German.

accurate
PSYCHOLOGY OP OCCULT PHENOMENA 33 repartee, an
idler, a great admirer of the ladies, frivolous, and most superficial.
During the winter of 1899-1900 he gradually came to dominate the
situation more and more, and took over one by one all the above-
mentioned functions of the grandfather, so that under his influence
the serious character of the seances disappeared. All suggestions to
the contrary proved unavailing, and at last the seances had on this
account to be suspended for longer and longer intervals. There is a
peculiarity common to all these somnambulic personalities which
must be noted. They have access to the medium's memory, even to
the unconscious portion, they are also au courant with the visions
which she has in the ecstatic state, but they have only the most
superficial knowledge of her phantasies during the ecstasy. Of the
somnambulic dreams they know only what they occasionally pick up
from the members of the circle. On doubtful points they can give no
information, or only such as contradicts the medium's explanations.
The stereotyped answer to these questions runs: Ask Ivenes.1
Ivenes knows. From the examples given of different ecstatic
moments it is clear that the medium's consciousness is by no means
idle during the trance, but develops a striking and multiplex
phantastic activity. For the reconstruction of S. W.'s somnambulic self
we have to depend altogether upon her several statements ; for in
the first place her spontaneous utterances connecting her with the
waking self are few, and often irrelevant, and in the second very
many of these ecstatic states go by without gesture, and without
speech, so that no conclusions as to the inner happenings can
afterwards be drawn from the external appearances. S. W. is almost
totally amnesic for the automatic phenomena during ecstasy as far
as they come within the territory of the new personalities of her ego.
Of all the other phenomena, such as loud talking, babbling, etc.,
which are directly connected with her own ego she usually has a
dear remembrance. But in every case there is complete amnesia

only during the first few minutes after the ecstasy. 1 Ivenes is the
mystical name of the medium's somnambulic self. 3

accurate
34 ANALYTICAL PSYCHOLOGY Within the first half-hour,
during which there usually prevails a kind of semi-somnambulism
with a dream-like manner, hallucinations, etc., the amnesia gradually
disappears, whilst fragmentary memories emerge of what has
occurred, but in a quite irregular and arbitrary fashion. The later
seances were usually begun by our hands being joined and laid on
the table, whereon the table at once began to move. Meanwhile S.
W. gradually became somnambulic, took her hands from the table,
lay back on the sofa, and fell into the ecstatic sleep. She sometimes
related her experiences to us afterwards, but showed herself very
reticent if strangers were present. After the very first ecstasy she
indicated that she played a distinguished role among the spirits. She
had a special name, as had each of the spirits ; hers was Ivenes ;
her grandfather looked after her with particular care. In the ecstasy
with the flower-vision we learnt her special secret, hidden till then
beneath the deepest silence. During the seances in which her spirit
spoke, she made long journeys, mostly to relatives, to whom she
said she appeared, or she found herself on the Other Side, in That
space between the stars which people think is empty; but in which
there are really very many spirit-worlds. In the semi-somnambulic
state which frequently followed her attacks, she once described, in
peculiar poetic fashion, a landscape on the Other Side, a
wondrous, moon-lit valley, set aside for the races not yet born. She
represented her somnambulic ego as being almost completely
released from the body. It is a fully-grown but small blackhaired
woman, of pronounced Jewish type, clothed in white garments, her
head covered with a turban. She understands and speaks the
language of the spirits, for spirits still, from old human custom, do
speak to one another, although they do not really need to, since they
mutually understand one another's thoughts. She does not really
always talk with the spirits, but just looks at them, and so
understands their thoughts. She travels in the company of four or
five spirits, dead relatives, and visits her living relatives and

acquaintances in order to investigate their life and their * way of
thinking; she further visits all places which lie

accurate
PSYCHOLOGY OF OCCULT PHENOMENA 35 within the
radius of these spectral inhabitants. From her acquaintanceship with
Kerner's book, she discovered and improved upon the ideas of the
black spirits who are kept enchanted in certain places, or exist partly
beneath the earth's surface (compare the Seherin von Prevorst ).
This activity caused her much trouble and pain ; in and after the
ecstasy she complained of suffocating feelings, violent headache,
etc. But every fortnight, on Wednesdays, she could pass the whole
night in the garden on the Other Side in the company of holy spirits.
There she was taught everything concerning the forces of the world,
the endless complicated relationships and affinities of human beings,
and all besides about the laws of reincarnation, the inhabitants of
the stars, etc. Unfortunately only the system of the world forces and
reincarnation achieved any expression. As to the other matters she
only let fall disconnected observations. For example, once she
returned from a railway journey in an extremely disturbed state. It
was thought at first something unpleasant had happened, till she
managed to compose herself, and said, A star-inhabitant had sat
opposite to her in the train. From the description which she gave of
this being I recognised a well-known elderly merchant I happened to
know, who has a rather unsympathetic face. In connection with this
experience she related all kinds of peculiarities of these star-dwellers
; they have no god-like souls, as men have, they pursue no science,
no philosophy, but in technical arts they are far more advanced than
men. Thus on Mars a flying-machine has long been in existence ; the
whole of Mars is covered with canals, these canals are cleverly
excavated lakes and serve for irrigation. The canals are quite
superficial; the water in them is very shallow. The excavating caused
the inhabitants of Mars no particular trouble, for the soil there is
lighter than the earth's. The canals are nowhere bridged, but that
does not prevent communication, for everything travels by flying-
machine. Wars no longer occur on the stars, for no differences of

opinion exist. The star-dwellers have not human bodies, but the
most laughable ones possible,

accurate
36 ANALYTICAL PSYCHOLOGY such as one would never
imagine. Human spirits who are allowed to travel on the Other Side
may not set foot on the stars. Equally, wandering star-dwellers may
not come to the earth, but must remain at a distance of twenty-five
metres above the earth's surface. Should they transgress they
remain in the power of the earth, and must assume human bodies,
and are only set free again after their natural death. As men, they
are cold, hard-hearted, cruel. S. W. recognises them by a singular
expression in which the Spiritual is lacking, and by their hairless,
eyebrowless, sharply-cut faces. Napoleon was a star-dweller. In her
journeys she does not see the places through which she hastens.
She has a feeling of floating, and the spirits tell her when she is at
the right spot. Then, as a rule, she only sees the face and upper part
of the person to whom she is supposed to appear, or whom she
wishes to see. She can seldom say in what kind of surroundings she
sees this person. Occasionally she saw me, but only my head
without any surroundings. She occupied herself much with the
enchanting of spirits, and for this purpose she wrote oracular sayings
in a foreign tongue, on slips of paper which she concealed in all
sorts of queer places. An Italian murderer, presumably living in my
house, and whom she called Conventi, was specially displeasing to
her. She tried several times to cast a spell upon him, and without my
knowledge hid several papers about, on which messages were
written ; these were later found by chance. One such, written in red
ink, was as follows : Convent! Marche. 4 govi Ivenes. Conventi, go
orden, Astaf vent. Gen palus, vent allis ton prost afta ben genallis.

accurate
PSYCHOLOGY OF OCCULT PHENOMENA 37 Unfortunately, I
never obtained any translation of this. S. W. was quite inaccessible in
this matter. Occasionally the somnambulic Ivenes speaks directly to
the public. She does so in dignified fashion, rather precociously ; but
she is not wearisomely unctuous and impossibly twaddling as are her
two guides ; she is a serious, mature person, devout and pious, full
of womanly tenderness and great modesty, always yielding to the
judgments of others. This expression of plaintive emotion and
melancholy resignation is peculiar to her. She looks beyond this
world, and unwillingly returns to reality ; she bemoans her hard lot,
and her unsympathetic family surroundings. Associated with this
there is something elevated about her ; she commands her spirits,
despises the twaddling chatter of Gerbenstein, consoles others,
directs those in distress, warns and protects them from dangers to
body and soul. She is the intermediary for the entire intellectual
output of all manifestations, but she herself ascribes it to the
direction of the spirits. It is Ivenes who entirely controls S. W.'s
semi-somnambulic state. In semi- somnambulism S. W. gave some
of those taking part in the seances the opportunity to compare her
with the Seherin von Prevorst (Prophetess of Prevorst). This
suggestion was not without results. S. W. gave hints of earlier
existences which she had already lived through, and after a few
weeks she disclosed suddenly a whole system of reincarnations,
although she had never before mentioned anything of the kind.
Ivenes is a spiritual being who is something more than the spirits of
other human beings. Every human spirit must incorporate himself
twice in the course of the centuries. But Ivenes must incorporate
herself at least once every two hundred years ; besides herself only
two other persons have participated in this fate, namely,
Swedenborg and Miss Florence Cook (Crookes's famous medium). S.
W. calls these two personages her brother and sister. She gave no
information about their pre-existences. In the beginning of the
nineteenth century Ivenes was Frau Hauffe, the Prophetess of

Prevorst; at the end of the eighteenth century, a clergyman's wife in
central Germany

accurate
38 ANALYTICAL PSYCHOLOGY (locality unknown). As the
latter she was seduced by Goethe and bore him a child. In the
fifteenth century she was a Saxon countess, and had the poetic
name of Thierfelsenburg. Ulrich von Gerbenstein is a relative from
that line. The interval of 300 years, and her adventure with Goethe,
must be atoned for by the sorrows of the Prophetess of Prevorst. In
the thirteenth century she was a noblewoman of Southern France,
called de Valours, and was burnt as a witch. From the thirteenth
century to the Christian persecution under Nero there were
numerous reincarnations of which S. W. could give no detailed
account. In the Christian persecution under Nero she played a
martyr's part. Then comes a period of obscurity till the time of
David, when Ivenes was an ordinary Jewess. After her death she
received from Astaf, an angel from a high heaven, the mandate for
her future wonderful career. In all her pre-existences she was a
medium and an intermediary in the intercourse between this side
and the other. Her brothers and sisters are equally old and have the
like vocation. In her various pre-existences she was sometimes
married, and in this way gradually founded a whole system of
relationships with whose endless complicated inter-relations she
occupied herself in many ecstasies. Thus, for example, about the
eighth century she was the mother of her earthly father and,
moreover, of her grandfather, and mine. Hence the striking
friendship of these two old gentlemen, otherwise strangers. As Mme.
de Valours she was the present writer's mother. When she was burnt
as a witch the writer took it much to heart, and went into a cloister
at Rouen, wore a grey habit, became Prior, wrote a work on Botany
and died at over eighty years of age. In the refectory of the cloister
there hung a picture of Mme. de Valours, in which she was depicted
in a half-reclining position. (S. W. in the semi-somnambulic state
often took this position on the sofa. It corresponds exactly to that of
Mme. Recamier in David's wellknown picture.) A gentleman who
often took part in the seances, and had some slight resemblance to

the writer, was also one of her sons from that period. Around this
core

accurate
PSYCHOLOGY OF OCCULT PHENOMENA 39 of relationship
there grouped themselves, more or less intimately connected, all
persons in any way related or known to her. One came from the
fifteenth century, another — a cousin — from the eighteenth
century, and so on. From the three great family stocks grew by far
the greater part of the present European peoples. She and her
brothers and sisters are descended from Adam, who arose by
materialisation ; the other then-existing families, from whom Cain
took his wife, were descended from apes. S. W. produced from this
circle of relationship an extensive familygossip, a very flood of
romantic stories, piquant adventures, etc. Sometimes the target of
her romances was a lady acquaintance of the writer's who for some
undiscoverable reason was peculiarly antipathetic to her. She
declared that this lady was the incarnation of a celebrated Parisian
poisoner, who had achieved great notoriety in the eighteenth
century. She maintained that this lady still continued her dangerous
work, but in a much more ingenious way than formerly ; through the
inspiration of the wicked spirits who accompany her she had
discovered a liquid which when merely exposed to the air attracted
tubercle bacilli and formed a splendid developing medium for them.
By means of this liquid, which she was wont to mix with the food,
the lady had brought about the death of her husband (who had
indeed died from tuberculosis) ; also one of her lovers, and her own
brother, for the sake of his inheritance. Her eldest son was an
illegitimate child by her lover. As a widow she had secretly borne to
another lover an illegitimate child, and finally she had had an
unnatural relationship with her own brother (who was later on
poisoned). In this way S. W. spun innumerable stories, in which she
believed quite implicitly. The persons of these stories appeared in
the drama of her visions, as did the lady before referred to, going
through the pantomime of making confession and receiving
absolution of sins. Everything interesting occurring in her
surroundings was incorporated in this system of romances, and

given an order in the network of relationships with a more or less
exact statement as to their pre-existences and

accurate
40 ANALYTICAL PSYCHOLOGY the spirits influencing them.
It fared thus with all who made S. W.'s acquaintance : they were
valued at a second or first incarnation, according as they possessed
a marked or indefinite character. They were generally described as
relatives, and always exactly in the same definite way. Only
subsequently, often several weeks later, after an ecstasy, there
would make its appearance a new complicated romance which
explained the striking relationship through pre-existences or through
illegitimate relations. Persons sympathetic to S. W. were usually very
near relatives. These family romances were all very carefully made
up, with the exception of those mentioned, so that to contradict
them was impossible. They were always carried out with quite
bewildering certainty, and surprised one by an extremely clever
valuation of certain details which she had noticed or taken from
somewhere. For the most part the romances had a ghastly character,
murder by poison and dagger, seduction and divorce, forgery of
wills, played the chief role. Mystic Science. — In reference to
scientific questions S. W. put forward numerous suggestions.
Generally towards the end of the seances there was talk and debate
about various objects of scientific and spiritistic nature. S. W. never
took part in the discussion, but generally sat dreamily in a corner in
a semi-somnambulic state. She listened to one and another, taking
hold of the talk in a half-dream, but she could never relate anything
connectedly; if asked about it only partial explanations were given.
.In the course of the winter hints emerged in various seances : The
spirits taught her about the world-forces, and the strange revelations
from the other side, yet she could not tell anything now. Once she
tried to give a description, but only said : On one side was the
light, on the other the power of attraction. Finally, in March, 1900,
when for some time nothing had been heard of these things at the
stances, she announced suddenly with a joyful face that she had
now received everything from the spirits. She drew out a long
narrow strip of paper upon which were numerous names.

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Global Software Development Handbook 1st Edition Raghvinder Sangwan (Author)

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