Globalisation of technology
- 1. GLOBALISATION OF TECHNOLOGY Sunitha . B.K Jain University Sunitha.B.K
- 2. Definition Archibugi and Michie (1995, 1997) identified three separate processes that are generally subsumed under the catch-all expression “globalization of technology”. According to them the term has three connotations: Sunitha.B.K
- 3. Definition International exploitation of national technological capabilities; International technology alliances; and Globalization of innovation across countries Sunitha.B.K
- 4. Globalization of Technology Means The global exploitation of technologies through patents and licenses. The global sourcing of research and development (R&D) through alliances and joint ventures with foreign companies or universities. The global production of R&D through overseas subsidiaries. Sunitha.B.K
- 5. The Three Definitions of Globalization of Technology Category Manifestation Indicator 1. International exploitation of national technological capabilities • Domestic enterprises • Exports of high technology products • Relocation of production abroad • Exports of disembodied technology through the medium of licensing agreements between foreign and domestic firms • International trade in high tech products • Quantum of FDI inflows and outflows • Number of licensing agreements Sunitha.B.K
- 6. The Three Definitions of Globalization of Technology Category Manifestation Indicator 2. International technology alliances (collaboration across borders among both public and business institutions to exchange and develop know-how) •Firms expand their non- equity agreements to share costs and risks of industrial R&D •Number and form of scientific and technical agreements on strategic technology partnering Sunitha.B.K
- 7. The Three Definitions of Globalization of Technology Category Manifestation Indicator 3. Generation of Innovation across more than one country •MNCs establish their R&D units abroad •Degree of R&D financed from abroad •Patenting activities of MNCs attributable to research in foreign locations Sunitha.B.K
- 8. International Technology Alliances Industrial firms increasingly have sought global research partnerships as a means of strengthening their core competencies and expanding into technology fields considered critical for maintaining market share. Technological complementarily and reduction of the innovation period are primary catalysts for entering into a core technology alliance; market entry and production-related factors are more relevant in technologically less advanced or mature markets. Sunitha.B.K
- 9. International Technology Alliances Though difficult to define in very precise terms, there is widespread consensus that: strategic alliances are not primarily direct investments but not arm’s-length relationships either and; the notion of alliances assumes the existence of distinctive or relatively independent agents. Their growth of alliances was very fast during the 1980s but involved predominantly companies from the US, Western Europe and Japan. These new forms of agreements are not replacing but actually complementing and expanding traditional foreign direct investment (FDI). Sunitha.B.K
- 10. Globalization of Innovation is on the Increase: Share of foreign affiliates in domestic manufacturing R&D Share of domestic industrial R&D financed from foreign sources Cross-border ownership of innovations Sunitha.B.K
- 11. Cross-border Ownership of Innovations Cross-border ownership of patents reflects the inventive activity of foreign affiliates of MNCs. On average, 8% of inventions made were owned by a foreign resident in the mid-1990s, against 6% in the mid- 1980s. For almost all countries, both ownership of invention abroad and foreign control of domestic inventions have increased. Ownership of inventions made abroad is high in small open countries such as the Netherlands and Switzerland. These two countries and the United States are the largest owners of patents covering foreign inventions Sunitha.B.K
- 12. MARKETS FOR TECHNOLOGY Implicit in the "globalization” argument is another one, namely that markets for technologies exist and that with globalization the barriers to entry into this market are being lowered, leading to increased competition among the so- called technology suppliers. Sunitha.B.K
- 13. MARKETS FOR TECHNOLOGY This state of affairs of increased competition is said to be beneficial to developing countries as they are supposed to be able not only to benefit from increased access to, say, state-of-the-art technology but also to obtain it in terms of better terms and conditions Sunitha.B.K
- 14. Technology Transactions "technology transactions can take different forms, from pure licensing of well defined intellectual property, to complicated collaborative agreements which may well include the further development of the technology, or its realization from scratch". Though transactions in technology can also occur through mergers and acquisitions and through the mobility of people. Sunitha.B.K
- 15. Technology Transactions It is seen that non-market forms of technology transfer are on the increase. This means that increasingly technologies are being transferred through the intra-firm route. To illustrate, parent companies are selling technologies more to their affiliates and conversely less to unaffiliated firms. Recent data clearly substantiates this point Sunitha.B.K
- 16. Technology Transactions . Both Korea and India have traditionally used the medium of purchasing technology through the market by means of licensing agreements. Of late the number of cases of licensing agreements that are approved has come down in both of these countries while the relative share of technical collaboration agreements involving equity participation by the collaborator (no-market forms) is clearly on the increase in both countries. Sunitha.B.K
- 17. Technology Transactions United States is the world's largest net seller of technologies to the rest of the world (as indicated by its consistent positive technology Sunitha.B.K