Globalization
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This document discusses globalization and international business. It defines key terms like international business, imports, exports, and e-business. It explores the forces driving globalization like falling trade barriers, technological innovation, and how measures like GDP are used. Debate topics around globalization's impact on jobs, wages, the environment and inequality are summarized. The roles of multinational corporations, small companies, and "born global" firms in international business are outlined.
Globalization
- 1. Globalization Eka Darmadi Lim – 3094802 Levina Rolanda Tjia – 3094804 May Eka Saputri – 3094814 Cornelis Pieter de Waard - 3112718
- 2. INTRODUCTION • Globalization is reshaping our lives and leading us into uncharted territory • New technologies drive down the cost of global communication and travel • In barriers to trade and investment force the industries to grow more competitive • Competitive intensifies seek out customers on a global scale
- 3. INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS • Commercial transaction that crosses the borders of two or more nations • Import: goods and services purchased abroad and brought into a country • Export: goods and services sold abroad and sent out of a country
- 4. TECHNOLOGY MAKES IT POSSIBLE • Technology perhaps the most remarkable facilitator of societal and commercial changes today • When businesses or consumers use technology to conduct transactions, they engage in e-business (e- commerce) • E-business: use of computer network to purchase, sell, or exchange products; service customers; and collaborate with partners
- 5. GLOBALIZATION • Globalization of markets refers to convergence in buyer preferences in markets around the world The benefits: – Reduce marketing costs – Creates new market opportunities – Levels uneven income streams – Yet local needs are important
- 6. GLOBALIZATION • Globalization of production refers to the dispersal of production activities to locations that help a company achieve its cost-minimization or quality-maximization objectives for a good or service The benefits: – Access lower-cost workers – Access technical expertise – Access production inputs
- 7. FORCES DRIVING GLOBALIZATION • Two main forces underlie the globalization of markets and productions: 1.Falling the barriers to trade and investment 2.Technological innovation
- 8. Falling barriers to trade investment • General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade: Treaty designed to promote free trade by reducing both tariffs and nontariff barriers to international trade
- 9. • World Trade Organization: International organization that enforces the rules of international trade – Regional trade investment : Smaller groups of nations are integrating their economies as never before by fostering trade and boosting cross-border investment. (Example: NAFTA,APEC) – Trade and national outputs: With WTO agreements and regional pacts have boosted world trade and cross-border investment significantly.
- 10. • GDP(Gross domestic product): Value off all goods and services produced by a domestic economy over a one-year period • GNP(Gross National product):Value of all goods and services produced by a country’s domestic and international activities over a one-year period • GDP or GNP per capita: Nation’s GDP or GNP dividend by its population
- 11. Technological innovation • E-mail and videoconferencing : Operating across borders and time zone complicates the job of coordinating and controlling business activities. • Internet and world wide web : Companies use the internet quickly and cheaply contact managers in distant locations. • Company intranets and extranets – Intranets: web sites and information networks give employees access to company data using personal computers.
- 12. • Extranets: give distributors and suppliers access to a company’s database to place orders or restock inventories electronically and automatically. • Advancement in transportation technologies : Innovation in the shipping industry is helping globalize markets and production by making shipping more efficient and dependable
- 13. Measuring Globalization • 4 Variables – Economic integration . Trade, foreign direct investment, portfolio capital flows, and investment income – Personal contact . International travel and tourism telephone traffic, remittances. And personal transfers(including compensation to employees) – Technological connectivity . Internet users , internet hosts, and secure servers – Political engagement . Memberships in international organizations, personnel and financial contribution ton U.N . Security council missions, international treaties tratified, and governmental transfers.
- 14. Today’s globalization in context • Global economy had finally been reborn • Today’s globalization are lowering the cost of telecommunications and binding our world more tightly together are the drivers of this second age of globalization-communication satellites, fiber optics, microchips, and the internet .
- 15. Introduction to debate • World bank is an agency created to provide financing for national economic development efforts • International monetary funds (IMF) is an agency created to regulate fixed exchange rates and enforce the rules of the international monetary systems.
- 16. Globalization’s impact on job and wages • Against globalization – Eliminates jobs in developed nations – Lowers wages in developed nations – Exploit workers in developing nations
- 17. • For globalization – Increases wealth and efficiency in all nations – Generates labor marketing flexibility in developed nations – Advanced economies of developing nations – Summary of the jobs and wages debate
- 18. Globalization’s impact on labor the environment, and markets • Labor standards Trade unions claim globalization reduces labor’s bargaining power and lowers global standards when international firms are permitted to continually move to nations with lower labor standards. • Environmental protection . Globalization causes a “race to the bottom” • Future markets . International firms exploit local labor markets and the environmental to produce goods that are then exported back to the home country
- 19. Globalization and Income inequality • Inequality within nations . Focus on three main branches of the debate, inequality within nations , inequality between nations, and global inequity – Inequality within nations . Is increasing income quality among people within nations – Global quality . Inequality debate is whether globalization is increasing inequality, widening income inequality between all the people of the world, no matter they live – Inequality between nations . Globalization is widening the gap in average incomes between rich and poor nations
- 20. Globalization and National Sovereignty • National sovereignty generally involves the idea that a nation state: – Is autonomous – Can freely select its government – Cannot intervene in the affairs of other nations – Can control movements across its borders – Can enter into binding international agreements
- 21. Globalization : Menace to Democracy ? • Against globalization is that it empowers supranational institutions at the expense of national governments
- 22. Globalization : Guardian of Democracy? • Supporters argue that an amazing consequence of globalization has been the spread of democracy worldwide
- 23. Globalization’s influences on cultures • National culture is a strong shaper of people’s value, attitudes, customs, beliefs, and communication. • Globalization eradicates cultural differences between groups of people or reinforces cultural uniqueness is a hotly debated topic.
- 24. KEY PLAYERS IN INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS • Multinational Corporations (MNC) is a business that has direct investments (in the form of marketing or manufacturing subsidiaries) abroad in multiple countries • Small companies are increasingly active in international trade and investment • The born global firm: a company that adopts a global perspective and engages in international business from or near its inception • Key characteristics of born global firms are an innovative culture and knowledge-based organizational capabilities
- 25. WHY INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS IS SPECIAL • Because it occurs within a dynamic, integrated system that weaves together four distinct elements: – The forces of globalization – The international business environment – Many national business environments – International firm management • Globalization is a potent force transforming our societies and commercial activities in countless ways
- 26. WHY INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS IS SPECIAL • The international business environment influences how firms conduct their operations in both subtle and not-so-subtle ways • Each national business environment is composed of unique cultural, political, legal, and economic characteristics that define business activity within that nation’s borders • International firm management is vastly different from managing a purely domestic business
- 27. THE ROAD AHEAD FOR INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS • Globalization is transforming our world and how elements of the global business environment are becoming increasingly intertwined