Glomerulonephritis1,2
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This document provides an overview of glomerulonephritis (GN), including its classification, pathology, clinical features, investigations, and management. GN can be classified as primary or secondary and pathologically. It causes nephritic or nephrotic syndrome clinically. Investigations include urine analysis, serum tests, and renal biopsy. Management depends on the type and severity of GN but may include medications, diet modifications, dialysis, or transplant. Prognosis varies between types of GN.
Glomerulonephritis1,2
- 1. Glomerulonephritis Salwa Ibrahim, MD MRCP (UK) Professor of Nephrology
- 2. Objectives • Classification of Glomerulopathies • Pathology • Clinical features • Investigations • Management
- 3. Glomerulus
- 4. Pathological CLASSIFICATION ► PRIMARY • Minimal Change Disease • Membranous GN • Membranoproliferative GN • Diffuse Proliferative GN • Focal Segmental GS • Rapidly Progressive GN (Anti GBM GN, ANCA associated GN) • IgA Nephropathy
- 5. • SECONDARY Diabetes Mellitus Hypertensive Nephrosclerosis SLE, Lymphoma, Solid tumors Amyloidosis, MM Malaria, Endocarditis
- 6. Clinical Classification of glomerular disease • Nephrotic syndrome • Acute glomerulonephritis (acute nephritic syndrome) • Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis • Asymptomatic urinary abnormality (Haematuria, proteinuria or both)
- 8. Acute nephritic syndrome Diseases commonly associated with acute GN • Post streptococcal GN • Non- streptococcal post-infectious GN • Infective endocarditis • Visceral abscess • SLE • IgA nephropathy • Henoch-schonlein syndrome • Cryoglobulinemia
- 9. Etiology Antigen antibody complex formation Complement-leukocyte- mediated mechanism Recruitment of neutrophils and monocytes Neutrophils Protease GBM degradation O₂ free readicals cell damage AA metabolites ↓ GFR (+) epithelial & mesangial cells to secrete damaging chemical mediators
- 10. Pathology of Acute Glomerulonephritis Diffuse proliferative GN (PGN) Proliferation of cells within typical features of immune complex the glomeruli, accompanied disease : by leukocyte filtrate - hypocomplimentemia - granular deposits of IgG & complement on GBM
- 13. CLINICAL FEATURES Abrupt onset of Glomerular haematuria (RBC casts or dysmorphic RBC) Non- nephrotic range proteinuria ( < 2 g in 24 hrs) Oedema (periorbital, sacral) Hypertension Transient renal impairment (oliguria, uraemia)
- 14. INVESTIGATIONS Base line measurements • ↑ Urea • ↑ Creatinine Red cell Cast • Urinalysis (MSU) : a) Urine microscopy (red cell cast) b) proteinuria
- 15. Diagnostically useful tests : Culture (swab from throat or infected skin) Serum anti-streptolysin-O titre Hepatitis B surface antigen Hepatitis C antibody anti DNA , ANCA ↓C3,4 Renal biopsy
- 16. Management & Prognosis • It has a good prognosis in children • Supportive measures until spontaneous recovery • Control HTN • Fluid balance, salt restriction, diuretic • Antibiotic to eradicate infection • Steroid has no benefit
- 17. IgA Nephropathy ► IgA deposits in mesangium ► Cause Unknown, exaggerated immune response to viral or bacterial infection (surface infection like tonsillar) Assoc. Liver cirrhosis, celiac disease, seronegative arthritis
- 18. Epidemiology Asia Children….young……..Male Features 1. Upper respiratory tract infection followed by gross haematuria 2. Microscopic haematuria 3. Nephrotic syndrome
- 19. Light microscopy Mesangial cell proliferation, mesangial matrix expansion Patent capillary loops
- 20. Immunoflouresence Mesangial matrix expansion IgA deposits
- 21. ► MANAGEMENT ROTEINURIA> 1G/DAY ACEI/ARB PROTEINURIA 2-3.5G/DAY ACEI/ARB + CORTICOSTEROIDS MP 1G/DAY IV fore 3 days prednisone 0.5 mg/kg alternate day for 6 months FISH OIL 2-5G/DAY TRANSPLANT good but 30% recurrence
- 22. Henoch–Schönlein purpura Vascuilitis affecting 1. Skin 2. Joint 3. Gut 4. Kidney • Mesangial IgA deposits • Recovery is the role • Steroids are avoided unless Renal functions deteriorates
- 23. Nephrotic syndrome 1. Hypoalbuminemia 2. Proteinuria > 3.5 g /day 3. Hyperlipidemia 4. edema
- 24. Nephrotic syndrome With normal sediments With active sediments • Minimal change disease • Membranoproliferative GN • Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis • Membranous nephropathy • Diabetic glomeruloscosis • Amyloidosis
- 26. Minimal Change Disease • Usually children • Nephrotic syndrome with highly selective proteinuria and generalised oedema
- 27. • By light microscopy, glomeruli appears normal • By E/M, fusion of the epithelial foot processes
- 28. Clinical presentation Pleural effusion
- 29. Management • Dietary salt restriction • Bed rest • Diuretic: thiazide, loop diuretic, potassium sparing diuretic • Normal protein diet • Albumin infusion • Statin therapy • ACEI/ARB
- 30. Specific therapy • High dose steroid therapy 1mg/kg/d for 4-6 weeks • 40 mg/EOD for another 4-6 weeks • Cyclophosphamide 1.5-2 mg/kg/d for 8-12 weeks with steroid 7.5-15 mg/day for frequent relapser or steroid resistant cases • Ciclosporin 3-5 mg/kg/day over 2-3 years to prevent relapse
- 32. Etiology • Idiopathic • Secondary to 1. Systemic Lupus Erythematosis (Lupus) 2. Hepatitis B and C 3. Cancers (especially of the lung or colon) 4. Secondary MN has also been associated with some drugs, such as penicillamine, gold, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. 5. Anyone who is found to have MN, especially those over 50 years old, should be tested for Hepatitis and undergo routine age-appropriate cancer screening
- 33. Pathogenesis Subepithelial deposits of IgG and C3
- 34. Light microscopy
- 35. In situ immune complex formation with sub-epithelial pattern
- 36. Light microscopy Diffuse thickening of GBM
- 37. E/M
- 38. • Proteinuria (often nephrotic) • Hypertension • Third improve; third stable; third progress • May be secondary to tumours etc • Immunosuppression if bad NS / progressive
- 39. Treatment • Steroid alone is ineffective • Cyclophosphamide is effective but reserved for persistent proteinuria, renal insufficiency • Cyclosporine and mycophenolate are alternatives • Anticoagulant if proteinuria heavy and persistent, risk of RVT is high
- 41. Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis Segmental sclerosis that spread globally
- 42. Collapsing FSGS Segmental sclerosis that spread globally causing collapse of capillary loops
- 43. Main features • Immune mediated • Circulating permeability factor in the serum • Massive selective proteinuria • Renal impairment • Resistance to steroid therapy • Recurrence after renal transplantation
- 44. Non immunological forms • Familial • Secondary: obesity, sickle cell anemia, reflux nephropathy Treatment 1. Steroid 0.5 mg/d for 6 months 2. Cyclosporine 3-5 mg/day/6 months 3. Cylophosphamide1-1.5 mg/day for 3-6 months
- 45. HIV Nephropathy • HIV associated FSGS is characterized by collapse of capillary loops • Coarse vaculations in the cytoplasm • Affects blacks • Progression to ESRD • HAART therapy stabilizes kidney function and proteinuria
- 47. Diabetic nephropathy • 15 years after onset of DM in type I and variable onset in type II • 25-35% of Diabetics will develop DN • Genetic basis, uncontrolled blood sugar, high blood pressure • 5 stages (hyperfiltration, micro, macroalbuminuria, NS, Progressive renal Kimmelstiel -Wilson syndrome failure) Nodular diabetic glomerulosclerosis
- 48. Diabetic glomerulosclerosis • Retinopathy • Hypertension • Microalbuminuria • Strict control of blood glucose and blood pressure stabilize and reverse structural changes • Renal failure – usually progressive • Poor prognosis on RRT
- 49. Amyloidosis
- 50. Amyloidosis • Amyloid proteins are abnormally deposited in organs and/or tissues • Over production of immunoglobulin light chains in MM ( AL amyloid) • Overproduction of acute phase proteins in chronic inflammation ( AA amyloid)
- 51. Primary Amyloidosis • Carpal tunnel syndrome • Cardiomyopathy leading to congestive heart failure • Intestinal malabsorption • Liver enlargement • Kidney failure • Nephrotic syndrome
- 52. By light microscopy, amyloid appears as an amorphic, eosinophilic, extracellular substance Its deposition is present not only in glomeruli, but also in the wall of arteries and arterioles
- 53. Congo Red staining A typical apple-green birefringence under polarized light
- 54. AL Amyloidosis Anti-immunoglobulin light chains ( e ) are useful for amyloid AL diagnosis
- 56. Membranoproliferative GN Thickening of capillary walls usually global and diffuse There is also hypercellularity Much of this hypercellularity is mesangial proliferation And some of the capillary wall thickening is caused by mesangial interposition into the subendothelial zone of the capillary loops
- 57. Etiology • Primary (idiopathic) vs. Secondary • Autoimmune disorders – SLE, Sjogren’s, Rheumatoid arthritis • Infections – chronic infections rather than acute; Hep B, Hep C, SBE, ventriculoatrial shunt infection, chronic visceral abscess, HIV, schistosomiasis, malaria, leprosy • Thrombotic microangiopathies – transplant glomerulopathy, antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, TTP/HUS, scleroderma
- 58. Light microscopy
- 60. E/M Type 2
- 61. Management • Idiopathic with normal kidney function and non-nephrotic proteinuria: non specific therapy • Children with nephrotic syndrome+ renal impairment: trial of steroid 40 mg/EOD for 6-12 months. If no response DC • Adults with nephrotic/nephritic syndromes: aspirin and treatment of underlying cause
- 63. Anti GBM disease • RPGN + Lung haemorrhage • Destructive process – medical emergency! • Antibody-mediated • High dose immunosuppression • Plasma exchange
- 64. Wegner’s granulomatosis Vasculitis affecting upper, lower respiratory Tracts and glomeruli Focal necrotizing lesions
- 65. Crescentic GN with necrosis ANCA Test Necrosis crescent Antibodies against neutrophil cytoplasm
- 66. Management • High dose corticosteroid IV (methylprednisolone 1 g/d/3days) • Cyclophosphamide 2 mg/kg/day • Plasma exchange if fulminate disease
- 67. Thrombotic microangiopathy • Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a rare disorder of the blood-coagulation system causing extensive microscopic thromboses to form in small blood vessels throughout the body (thrombotic microangiopathy) • Most cases of TTP arise from inhibition of the enzyme ADAMTS13, a metalloprotease responsible for cleaving large multimers of von Willebrand factor (vWF) into smaller units.
- 68. TMA Red blood cells passing the microscopic clots are subjected to shear stress which damages their membranes leading to intravascular hemolysis and schistocyte formation
- 69. C/P • Classically, the following five features ("pentad") are indicative of TTP 1. Neurologic symptoms 2. Fever Treatment with plasma exchanges 3. Hemolysis Immunosuppresion in refractory cases 4. Thrombocytopenia 5. Renal Failure
- 70. Hemolytic uremic syndrome A disease characterized by hemolytic anemia acute renal failure, low platelet count It predominantly affects children Most cases are preceded by an episode of diarrhea caused by E. coli O157:H7, which is acquired as a foodborne illness Shiga toxin
- 71. Hemolytic uremic syndrome Secondary causes in Adults HIV; antiphospholipid syndrome; postpartum renal failure malignant hypertension; scleroderma; and certain drugs including some chemotherapy drugs and other immunosuppressive agents (cyclosporine, cisplatin) Hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and acute renal failure Most cases recover spontaneously No role for immunosuppresion PE in adults
- 72. Hypertensive nephrosclerosis • As a result of benign arterial hypertension, hyaline (pink, amorphous, homogeneous material) accumulates in the wall of small arteries and arterioles, producing the thickening of their walls and the narrowing of the lumina — hyaline arteriolosclerosis •Consequent ischemia will produce tubular atrophy, interstitial fibrosis, glomerular alterations (smaller glomeruli with different degrees of hyalinization - from mild to sclerosis of glomeruli) and periglomerular fibrosis • In advanced stages, renal failure will occur
- 73. Paraproteinemia
- 74. Clinical presentation of MM BJ Myeloma is diagnosed with protein electrophoresis, Examination of the bone marrow (bone marrow biopsy) Radiographs of commonly involved bones
- 75. Bone marrow Abnormal plasma cells Serum protein electrophoresis showing a paraprotein (peak in the gamma zone) in a patient with MM
- 76. Renal lesions • Light chain nephropathy • AL Amylodosis • Tubular defects (Fanconi’s syndrome) • Hypercalcaemia • Hyperuricaemia
- 77. Multiple Myeloma Cast Nephropathy (fractured casts of light chain and TH protein)
- 78. HCV Related GN
- 79. HCV Related GN • HCV RNA is found in the cryo-precipitates in HCV patients strongly suggesting a pathogenic role for HCV in cryoglobulin-related disease • HCV core antigens bound to specific IgG, which was in turn bound to rheumatoid factor (IgM) • Low complement, positive rheumatoid factor, positive cryoglobulin test
- 80. HCV Related GN CRYOGLOBULIN RASH Treatment by steroid, cytotoxic drugs, PE, Antiviral
- 81. LUPUS NEPHRITIS
- 82. Classification of Lupus Nephritis
- 83. Classification of Lupus Nephritis
- 84. Lupus nephritis class IV-V Mixed lesions (endocapillary proliferation and BM Thickening)
- 85. Immunoflourescence IgG, IgM and C3 deposition in a granular pattern
- 86. Treatment • Class I is minimal mesangial glomerulonephritis which is histologically normal on light microscopy but with mesangial deposits on electron microscopy. It constitutes about 5% of cases of lupus nephritis. Renal failure is very rare in this form • Class II is based on a finding of mesangial proliferative lupus nephritis. This form typically responds completely to treatment with corticosteroids. It constitutes about 20% of cases. Renal failure is rare in this form • Class III is focal proliferative nephritis and often successfully responds to treatment with high doses of corticosteroids. It constitutes about 25% of cases. Renal failure is uncommon in this form • Class IV is diffuse proliferative nephritis. This form is mainly treated with corticosteroids and immunosuppressant drugs. It constitutes about 40% of cases. Renal failure is common in this form • Class V is membranous nephritis and is characterized by extreme edema and protein loss. It constitutes about 10% of cases. Renal failure is uncommon in this form
- 87. Treatment of class III-IV • Steroid 1mg/kg/day for 4 weeks and taper slowly • IV solumedrol in RPGN • Cyclophosmaide monthly doses for 6 months • Mycophenolate mofetil (cellcept) maintenance dose of 1 gram BID for 2-3 years to maintain remission Side effects of cyclo: neutropenia, bladder toxicity Cellcept: bone marrow suppression, infections
- 88. Case history
- 89. Case -1 Clinical History – A 10 year old girl was brought by her parents to their family physician – History revealed that the child had a sore throat for about 10 days prior to the office visit. – Initial laboratory tests ordered by the family physician revealed an elevated BUN and creatinine – A urinalysis showed haematuria with dysmorphic RBC‘s – A renal biopsy was performed next
- 90. Renal Biopsy Endocapillary cellular proliferation granular IgG Deposits
- 91. Case- 2 Clinical History – A 25 year old male works in a military fuel depot – He began having respiratory difficulty along with red tinged sputum – He went to see the base physician. The patient then developed very rapid onset of renal failure with haematuria within three days
- 92. Light Microscopy Extracapillary cellular proliferation cellular cresents
- 93. Immunoflourescence Linear IgG deposits against basement membrane Crescent stained with fibrinogen
- 94. Case 3 • 5 year old male was admitted with bilateral ankle swelling and facial puffiness • Urine analysis shows no haematuria, ++++ protein
- 95. Light microscopy
- 96. E/M FUSION OF THE EPITHELIAL FOOT PROCESSES
- 97. Case 4 A 41 year old male is found to have proteinuria on urinalysis performed as part of a yearly checkup by his physician The dipstick urinalysis showed no blood, glucose Physical examination findings include 1+ pitting edema of the lower extremities to the knees. His blood pressure is 130/80
- 99. Case-5 Clinical History – A 34 year old male is found to have 1+ proteinuria on urinalysis performed as part of a pre-employment physical examination – The dipstick urinalysis showed glucose was 2+
- 100. Diabetic nephropathy