Glossary Translation

BABEL LINGUISTICS Inc. www.babel-linguistics.com
Glossary Contribution
Glossary of Translation & Interpreting
Terms & Definitions
ENGLISH-GERMAN
A
Accredited translator
Translator who has received accreditation from a
professional institute such as the ITI or the ATA.
Accreditation is a requirement for association
membership. It is usually issued on the basis of
examination and experience. A rough German equivalent
would be staatlich geprüfter Übersetzer (who has passed
a state examination) or staatlich anerkannter Übersetzer

(who has passed a state-recognized examination).
Ad hoc interpreting
Spoken translation between two languages in informal
conversations between two or more people. Used, for
example in business meetings, for phone calls, during site
visits and social events. The term is sometimes used
loosely to include consecutive interpreting.
Adaptation Adaption
Modifying a text to make it suitable for a different
purpose, target readership, region or country. Regional
adaptation is a part of localisation. In translation, the
adaptation can be carried out, for example by the
translator, an editor or a copywriter. Whether it is best to
adapt the source text before translation or the translated
target text depends on the situation.
A language A-Sprache
The mother-tongue or language of habitual use of a
translator or interpreter. (cf. B language and C language)
Atril
Publisher of the Déjà Vu translation memory program.
Audience -> Target audience
B
Background text Hintergrundtext
Text in the source or target language providing
background information about the subject matter of the

text to be translated.
Background information Hintergrundinformationen
Information relating to the subject matter of the source
text or the topic of discussion. Facilitates the translator’s
or interpreter’s task by providing context, terminology,
definitions, etc.
Back translation Rückübersetzung
A literal translation of a translation. Helps a translation
consultant determine whether the original meaning has
been preserved in the target language.
Bilingual (adj or n)
zweisprachig (adj), zweisprachige Person (n)
Someone with communicative skills in two languages. The
term is often reserved for someone with native or near-
native proficiency in two languages. Bilingualism is one of
several required abilities of a translator or interpreter.
B language B-Sprache
A language that a translator or interpreter can speak,
read and write almost as well as their native language (or
A language), and well enough to translate into as well as
out of.
C
Calibrated page -> Standard page
Certified translation beglaubigte Übersetzung
A translation that has been reviewed by a translator or

translation company and considered an accurate and
correct reflection of the source text. To have legal status,
certification must be performed before a notary public.
C language C-Sprache
A language that a translator or interpreter can read and
understand well enough to translate out of, but cannot
write or speak well enough to translate or interpret into.
Computer-aided translation (CAT), computer-
assisted ~, machine-aided or -assisted ~
computerunterstützte Übersetzung
Translation with the aid of computer programs, such as
translation memory, terminology management and
localization tools, designed to reduce the translator’s
workload and increase consistency of style and
terminology. Not to be confused with machine translation!
Conference interpreter Konferenzdolmetscher
Interpreter with highly specialised skills who provides
simultaneous interpretation of a speakers words in one
direction only from one language into another.
Conference translator Konferenzübersetzer
Consecutive interpreting Konsekutivdolmetschen
Oral translation of a speaker’s words into another
language when the speaker has finished speaking or
pauses for interpreting. More formal than ad hoc
interpreting and used, for example in formal business
meetings, for negotiations, training sessions or lectures.

Controlled language kontrollierte Sprache
Language with a restricted vocabulary and restricted
rules of formulation. Used, for example, in technical
documentation to make the text easier to understand for
users or for non-native speakers and to facilitate machine
translation.
Copywriting Werbetexten
Writing of advertising or publicity copy. It cannot be
stressed too strongly that advertising copy will not
translate satisfactorily due to the different cultural
contexts and advertising cultures of other countries and
regions. Adverts for foreign countries should therefore
always be produced in those countries. There are some
advertising agencies who provide this service.
Court interpreter Gerichtsdolmetscher
Interpreter with special subject knowledge, providing
interpretation during legal proceedings. Requirements
regarding accreditation and certification for court
interpreting vary from country to country.
D
Déjà Vu
Translation memory program, published by Atril.
Desktop publishing (DTP)
DTP is sometimes offered by translators and translation
companies/agencies as a value-added service to provide a
one-stop solution for customers’ publishing needs. They
will usually have the special equipment required to

handle languages that use different typescripts.
DIN 2345
German standard specifying requirements for translation
contracts, published April 1998. Has been replaced by
European Standard EN 15038:2006 Translation Services
– Service requirements.
Dominant language -> Language of habitual use
E
Editing -> Revising
EN 15038
European standard “Translation Services – Service
requirements”, published in 2006.
F
Freelance translator freiberuflicher Übersetzer,
freischaffender ~
Self-employed translator, who may undertake work for
translation agencies, localization companies and/or
directly for end clients. Often specializes in one or more
particular fields, such as legal, financial, commercial or
technical.
Free translation (1) freie Übersetzung, (2) kostenlose
Übersetzung
1. Translation in which more emphasis is given to the
overall meaning of the text than to the exact wording (cf.
literal translation); 2. Translation completed free of
charge. Offered by some translation companies – often

online, and usually using machine translation programs.
Can be used for gisting, but never of a sufficient quality
for publication without comprehensive revision by a
human translator.
G
Gisting
Producing a rough or outline translation of a text to
provide an insight into the subject and overall content of
the source text. Being less expensive and less time-
consuming than a “proper” (or “custom”) translation,
gisting can be used, for example, to determine whether a
text contains useful information before a custom
translation is commissioned. The term gisting is
sometimes used in connection with machine translation,
which is used by some translation providers for that
purpose.
Globalization, globalization Globalisierung
The process of developing and manufacturing products
intended for worldwide distribution. Most commonly
applied to software, but also used for websites and other
publications and products, it covers two aspects:
internationalization and localization.
Glossary Glossar
An invaluable tool for the translator. Beside making use
of specialized mono- and multilingual glossaries that may
be found online, serious translators compile and maintain
their own glossaries based on subject, client, and project
specifications. Companies publishing documentation in
several languages can also benefit from maintaining

multi-language glossaries of their own. This not only
makes translators’ work easier, but – by reducing the
amount of terminology research required – speeds up
subsequent translation projects. In addition, it ensures
consistent and correct terminology usage in all languages.
Some translators and most translation companies offer
glossary compilation and maintenance, either as a
separate service or as part of a translation agreement.
I
Inbound text
Text intended for internal use, generally not seen by
people outside the originating organization. Includes
internal correspondence, memos, work instructions, etc.
Internationalization, internationalization
Internationalisierung
The process of designing or redesigning a product (e.g.
software) to allow its localisation for other countries with
a minimum of changes to its text content or program code.
Internationalised software applications, for example,
store their text in external resource files and use
character encoding methods (such as Unicode) that
support character sets for many different languages.
Interpreter Dolmetscher
Provides oral (spoken) translation of a speaker’s words
from one language into another.
Interpreting, interpretation Dolmetschen
The act of rendering spoken words from one language into

another.
K
Keystroke Anschlag
Often used as a measure of line or page length in defining
the size of a translation job. Includes all visible characters
as well as spaces and line breaks/paragraph marks.
L
Language combination -> Language pairing
Language Engineering Sprachdatenverarbeitung
The Euromap Report, published in 1998 on behalf of the
EUROMAP Consortium, defines language engineering as
“the application of knowledge of written and spoken
language to the development of systems able to recognise,
understand, interpret, and generate human language”.
These language technologies include computer-aided
translation, speech recognition and synthesis, as well as
semantic searches and information retrieval.
Language of habitual use; similar: dominant
language
The language that a person is most familiar with, usually
the language spoken in the country in which the person
lives. More appropriate than mother-tongue
(Muttersprache) as a measure of a translator or
interpreter’s ability to work into the given language. In
German, the term native speaker is used in this context.
Language pairing, language combination
Sprachpaar, Sprachkombination

The languages a translator or interpreter works with.
Language service provider (LSP)
Sprachendienst, Sprachendienstleister
Provider of translation and other language-related
services that may include typesetting, publishing, project
management, internationalization and language teaching
(cf. translation company).
Liaison interpreter Verhandlungsdolmetscher
Interpreter who provides – usually consecutive –
interpretation between two languages in both directions.
May be affiliated to the host company and act as
facilitator in negotiations or undertake some PR
activities.
Linguistic adaptation -> Adaptation
Literal translation, transcription wörtliche
Übersetzung
Translation that closely adheres to the wording and
construction of the source text. A literal translation of
continuous text usually appears “stilted” and unnatural
and is therefore to be avoided unless there is a specific
reason for translating literally.
Literary translator literarischer Übersetzer
Translator specializing in the translation of literature,
such as fiction, biographies and poetry.
Localization, localisation Lokalisieren
The process of adapting a product (usually software, but

also, for example, websites) to a specific locale, i.e. to the
language, cultural norms, standards, laws and
requirements of the target country.
M
Machine-aided translation -> Computer-aided
translation
Machine translation (MT)
automatische Übersetzung
1. Translation produced by a computer program; 2. Use of
a translation program to translate text without human
input in the actual translation process. The quality of
machine-translated text, in terms of terminology,
meaning and grammar, varies depending on the nature
and complexity of the source text, but is never good
enough for publication without extensive editing. Machine
translation (usually using highly customized MT
programs) is occasionally used by some translators and
translation companies to assist them in their work, but
rarely to translate entire documents. Some search engines
interface with a translation program to provide
translations of websites. To get an idea of what MT can
and cannot do, visit Babelfish, which provides a free
online MT service. Not to be confused with computer-
aided translation!
Mother-tongue Muttersprache
One’s native language. Often used as an indicator of a
translator or interpreter’s ability to translate into a
particular language. Because a person who has lived in
another country for many years (perhaps from childhood)
may be more fluent in their “new” language than they are

in their original mother-tongue, the terms language of
habitual use, dominant language and native language are
often used instead.
MultiTerm
Terminology program. Developed by Trados, now
published by SDL International. A component of the
Trados translation memory program, but also available as
a separate product.
N
Native language -> Mother-tongue
Native speaker Nativespeaker
A person with native-speaker competence in a particular
language.
Native-speaker competence
muttersprachliche Kompetenz
Oral and written command of a language equivalent to
that of a person who not only learned the language as a
child and has continued to use it as his/her language of
habitual use, but who also has had some language
training.
O
ÖNORM 1200, ÖNORM 1201
Austrian standards specifying requirements for
translation services and translation contracts
respectively. Published in 2000. Can be ordered online at
www.on-norm.at.

ÖNORM 1202, ÖNORM 1203
Austrian standards specifying requirements for
interpreting services and interpreting contracts
respectively. Published in 2002. Can be ordered online at
www.on-norm.at.
Outbound text
Text intended for publication, i.e. for a readership outside
the originating organization. Essentially designed to sell
products and services. Includes PR articles, brochures,
catalogues, advertising copy, etc.
P
Parallel text Paralleltext
Text in the source or target language that is comparable
to the text to be translated in terms of subject matter or
text type. Includes previous translations of the same type
of text.
Plain English bürgernahe Sprache
A form of English that is clear, concise, direct, and
natural. Advocated by an increasing number of people as
a style of language that should be used by authors of
technical texts – such as user manuals, legal documents,
articles and speeches –, plain English is easier and more
enjoyable to read than legalese or texts laden with
technical jargon and complex sentences for both experts
and laypersons.
Proof-reading, proofreading Korrekturlesen
Strictly, checking a proof before printing to ensure that no

mistakes have been made in typesetting. The term is
often used by translators in the sense of revising. When
typesetting a translated text, it is advisable to let the
translator who performed the translation proofread the
typeset document, especially when the text is written in a
language foreign to the typesetter.
R
Readership -> Target readership
Revising revidieren, überarbeiten
Reading a text to identify errors, inconsistencies, incorrect
grammar and punctuation, poor or inappropriate style,
and, in the case of a translation, conformance with the
source text, and making appropriate changes and
corrections to the text. In general, the number of revision
stages is proportional to the demands on the text quality:
a translation intended for publication may, for example,
be revised by the translator and by one or two third
parties (e.g. the author, a subject expert, a second
translator, an editor), whereas an internal memo may not
require any revision after translation. (What exactly
revising and editing entail and how they differ is the
subject of much debate. What is important is that the
person commissioning the work communicates clearly
what is expected of the editor.)
S
SDL
Publishers of the SDL Trados CAT suite, which consists of
the former products Trados and SDLX.
Simplified English (SE)

A set of writing rules and a dictionary of controlled
vocabulary aimed at improving the readability of
technical documentation. Developed by the Association of
European Airlines (AEA), it is also used to write texts for
translation using machine translation tools.
Simultaneous interpreting Simultandolmetschen
Oral translation of a speaker’s words into another
language while the speaker is speaking. The interpreter
usually sits in a booth and uses audio equipment.
Software localization -> Localization
Source language Ausgangssprache
Language in which the text to be translated is written.
Source text Ausgangstext
The text to be translated.
Specialised language competence
fachsprachliche Kompetenz
Familiarity with the relevant subject matter and
command of its special language conventions.
Standard line Normzeile
A standard measure of the size of a text. The standard
line length varies from country to country. In Germany,
for example, it is usually 55 keystrokes, in Belgium 60.
Translation projects are often priced on a per line basis.
Standard page, calibrated page Normseite

A standard measure of the size of a text, used esp. in the
publishing industry and in literary translation. The
standard page length may vary from country to country
and depending on the sector, but is generally in the region
of 1500 to 1800 keystrokes. Translation projects are
sometimes priced on a per page basis, although – except
in the case of literary translation – this practice is
becoming less common, being replaced by the standard
line.
Sworn translator vereidigter Übersetzer
A translator who has taken an oath and can therefore
produce certified translations.
T
Target audience Zielpublikum
The group of people that an interpreter addresses. Used
mostly in connection with simultaneous interpreting.
Sometimes used (incorrectly) in the sense of target
readership
Target language Zielsprache
Language into which a text is to be translated.
Target readership Zielleserschaft
The group of people for which a text is translated, for
example subject experts, novices, prospective customers.
It is important to specify the target readership when
commissioning a translation so that the translator can
choose an appropriate style and vocabulary.

Target text Zieltext
The translation, i.e. the result of the translation process.
Terminology extraction (TE)
The creation of a corpus of monolingual or multilingual
subject-specific terminology by extracting individual
terms and phrases from a body of text.
Terminology extraction tool (TET)
A computer program that provides functions to assist with
or automate the extraction of terminology from a body of
text.
TermStar
Terminology program published by Star. A component of
the Transit translation memory program, but also
available as a separate product.
Text function Textfunktion
The function served by a text, e.g. to sell a product, to
provide instruction on the use of a product, to convey
information about an event. It is important to specify the
text function when commissioning a translation to so that
the translator can choose an appropriate style and
vocabulary.
Text type Textsorte

Class of text (e.g. abstract, news report, light fiction,
commentary) with specific characteristics of style,
sentence formation, terminology, etc.
Text style -> Text type
TMX
Standardized translation memory exchange format,
designed to allow easier exchange of translation memory
data between tools and/or translation vendors with little
or no loss of critical data during the process. Supported by
the latest versions of most leading translation memory
programs.
Trados
Former publishers of translation memory program of the
same name. Now part of the SDL Trados CAT suite.
Transcription -> Literal translation Transkription
Transit
Translation memory program published by Star.
Translating, translation Übersetzen
The act of rendering written text from one language into
another.

Translating competence übersetzerische Kompetenz
Ability to render text into the target language correctly in
terms of language, subject matter and idiomatic style,
having regard to the text function of both the source text
and the target text.
Translation agency Übersetzungsbüro
Provides translation and interpreting services, acting as
middleman between customers and freelance translators.
May offer value-added services such as typesetting,
publishing, project management.
Translation company Übersetzungsbüro
Provides translation services using mainly in-house
translators. May specialize in a particular field – such as
legal, patents or technical – and may offer value-added
services such as typesetting, publishing, project
management. The term is often used synonymously with
translation agency.
Translation environment tool (TET), translation
environment (TE)
A computer program, or a suite of programs, that provides
functions to aid human translators in their translation
tasks. Includes Translation memory, CAT, localization
and terminology management tools.
Translation Manager
1. Translation memory program published by IBM; 2.

(Syn.: project manager) person in charge of managing a
translation project. In large translation projects, the
translation manager is responsible for liaising between
customer and translators, coordinating the translation
work (which may be carried out by several translators for
each language), maintaining the terminology database,
ensuring consistency of style and terminology, etc.
Translation memory (TM) Translation Memory
Computer-aided translation program that stores
translated sentences (translation units or segments) with
their respective source segments in a database (usually
called the “memory”). For each new segment to be
translated, the program scans the database for a previous
source segment that matches the new segment exactly or
approximately (fuzzy match) and, if found, suggest the
corresponding target segment as a possible translation.
The translator can then accept, modify or reject the
suggested translation.
Translator Übersetzer
Renders written text from one or more languages into an
other language, usually into her language of habitual use.
May offer additional services, such as desktop publishing
or proofreading.
Translator’s Workbench (TWB)
Translation memory program published by Trados.

Transliteration Transliteration
Transforming text from one script to another, usually
based on phonetic equivalences. For example, Russian
text might be transliterated into the Latin script so that it
can be pronounced by English speakers.
U
Unicode
Character encoding standard which, unlike ASCII, uses
not 8 but 16 bit character encoding, making possible the
representation of virtually all existing character sets (e.g.
Latin, Cyrillic, Japanese, Chinese). The use of Unicode
simplifies multiple language document and program
creation.
V
Voice-over, voiceover
Commentary in, e.g., a film, television program, video, or
commercial spoken by an unseen narrator. Foreign-
language voice-over consists of two parts: translating the
narrative, whereby, e.g., timing (coordinating the voice
with the film sequence) is an important consideration;
recording the voice-over, which may be performed by a
linguist with special training and/or expertise or by an
actor. Voice-over services are provided by some
translators and translation agencies/companies.
W
Whispering, whispered interpreting
Flüsterdolmetschen
Similar to simultaneous interpreting, whereby the
interpreter sits close to the listener and whispers the
translation without technical aids.

Word count
A standard measure of the size of a text. Translation
projects, for example, are often priced on a per-word (US)
or per-1000-word (GB) basis.

Glossary Translation

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