Governance theory……………………………………………………………
- 2. 2 GOVERNANCE THEORIES Prolog Globalization, complexity and wicked problems need creative and innovative solutions that government cannot do alone. It needs theactive participation and collaboration of citizens and networks formingnew social arrangements that go beyond the ‘business as usual.’
- 3. DEFINITIONS OF GOVERNANCE STATIST PERSPECTIVE Governance - “regimes of laws, administrative rules, judicial rulings,and practices that constrain,prescribe, and enable governmentactivity, where such activity Is broadly defined as the production and delivery of publicly supported goods and services” (Lynn, Heinrich,and Hill, 2000) NON-STATIST PERSPECTIVE Governance “is concerned withconcepts of democracy and the rule oflaw” where “democracy is a “universal value” based on the freely expressed will of the people to determine their own political, economic, social and cultural systems and full participation in all aspects of their lives” (UNDP2012: 3-5) 3
- 4. SCOPE AND BREADTH OF GOVERNANCE THEORY Bevir: (2016)“setting the scope of gover nance isalmost always the Result of ‘practice’while ‘theory’ Tries to make. sense of it,justify it,and incorporate it into existingor new theoretical frameworks.” Ansell and Torfing: handbook on governance,(2016). “governance theories tend to be process – oriented and context sensitive” and are “linked with practical efforts at solving complexproblems in new and creative ways” 4
- 5. 5 COMMONALITIES OF THEMES IN GOVERNANCE (DILEMMAS, PRACTICE,THEORY)
- 6. 6 NEW PUBLIC GOVERNANCE •A theory that is grounded in the concepts of citizenship and the public interest, Expressed as the shared interests of citizens rather than as the aggregation ofindividual interests determined by elected officials or market preferences. •The centrality of citizens as co producers of policies and the delivery of services Fundamentally distinguishes the New Public Governance approach from both The statist approach (“rowing”) associated with the old public administration and Market based New Public Management approaches (“steering”) to unleash market forces (Denhardt and Denhardt, 2000).
- 7. 7 CHARACTERISTICS OF NPG •state is both plural -- public service delivery is undertaken by multiple interdependent actors, And pluralist -- in that multiple processes and inputs shape policymaking. •highlights the fragmentation of policy space with the emergence of multiple actors and jurisdictions alongside growing interdependence between actors operating at local,national and global levels •emphasizes interorganizational relationships (as opposed to intraorganizational processes within government) and the governance of processes, in which trust, relationalcapital and relational contracts serve as the core governance mechanisms, rather thanorganizational form and function (Osborne, 2006)
- 8. NEW PUBLIC SERVICE •approaches public management from the vantage point of democratic theory. Its emphasis is on engaging citizens as the primary focus of public management. The NPS framework is highly normative and value-driven. •role of public managers need to acquire skills that go beyond capacity for controlling or steering society in pursuit of policy solutions to focus more on brokering, negotiating and resolving complex problems in partnership with citizens(“serving”). •Integrates post, New Public Management (NPM) approaches like the “whole of government” “whole of society” 8
- 9. ACTORS IN GOVERNANCE • almost always conceptualized as bounded groups of individuals and/or organizations that act either in synchrony to reach shared goals/interests •e.g. as in network theories, where state-civil-corporate actors are said tocooperate in non- hierarchical/ partnership/ autonomous relations) •or as competing and selfinterested groups of actors situated at different levels within organizational and national structures and across the globe •e.g. development theories that often juxtapose state-civil-corporate actors with local- national-global players; •or as in corporate governance theories that often present managers/CEOs as embedded in highly hierarchical structures, having conflicting interests to and relations with theiremploye es, boards and governing bodies. 9
- 10. GOVERNANCE IN PRACTICE •Advocated in the 1990s by UN,WB, ADB and multilateral institutions, governanceis the broadening of public management trends that are transforming governmentthrough which state and society engage while at the same time presenting newchallenges for democratic control, representation, and accountability. •‘selforganizing, interorganizational networks characterized by interdependence,resource exchange, rules of the game and significant autonomy from the state’(Rhodes, 1997). •‘less government and more governance,’ i.e. more decentralized, consultative power- sharing in new public–private configurations. 10
- 11. GOVERNANCE PRACTICES •Leadership •Network management •Decentralization •Social Inclusion •Regulation •Governing thecommons •Sustainable development 11
- 12. LEADERSHIP •The main objective of leadership theories is to make provision of knowledge interms of qualities of leaders.The first theory is the trait theory (“greatman”). The second theory is the behavior theory (leadership is learned). Thethird theory is the contingency model (combo of personality and context). The fourth theory is transactional theory (rewards and punishment). The fifth theoryis transformational theory (change in individuals and systems). •The transformational leader is reform oriented,whereas the transformative leader interrogates and seeks to disrupt that which is taken for granted. 12
- 13. NETWORK MANAGEMENT •Governance networks can be described as a pluri- centric system as opposed to the unicentric system. Governance networks involve a large number of interdependentactors who interact with each other in order to produce an outcome. These networksare a way to mobilize and engage citizens and organizations in the development, implementation, and monitoring of public policy. •In terms of decision making, governance networks are based on negotiation rationality as opposed to the substantial rationality that governs state rule and the proceduralrationality That governs market competition. •Compliance is ensured through trust and political obligation which, over time,becomes sustaine d by self-constituted rules and norms. 13
- 14. NETWORK MANAGEMENT •Governance networks can be described as a pluri- centric system as opposed to the unicentric system. Governance networks involve a large number of interdependentactors who interact with each other in order to produce an outcome. These networksare a way to mobilize and engage citizens and organizations in the development, implementation, and monitoring of public policy. •In terms of decision making, governance networks are based on negotiation rationality as opposed to the substantial rationality that governs state rule and the proceduralrationality that governs market competition. •Compliance is ensured through trust and political obligation which, over time,becomes sustaine d by self-constituted rules and norms. 14
- 15. 15 DECENTRALIZATION •Decentralization, or decentralizing governance, refers to the restructuring or reorganization of authority so that there is a system of coresponsibility betweeninstitutions of governance at the central, regional and local levels according to theprinciple of subsidiarity, thus increasing the overall quality and effectiveness of thesystem of governance while increasing the authority and capacities of sub-nationallevels. •Government decentralization has both political and administrative aspects. Its decentralization may be territorial, moving power from a central city to other localities, and it may be functional, moving decision making from the top administrator of any branch of government to lower level officials, or divesting of the function entirely through privatization.
- 16. SOCIAL INCLUSION •Identity is a marker of how resources and opportunities are distributed in oursociety. People who belong to groups that have been historically discriminated against, and that continue to face systemic inequality, know that identity determines advantages and disadvantages, with both economic and socialconsequences. •Social inclusion is the process of improving the terms on which individuals and groups take part in societyimproving the ability, opportunity, and dignity ofthose disadva ntaged on the basis of their identity (World Bank). •How can social policies (social protection) be used to enhance social capacities for economic development without, in the process, eroding the intrinsic values of the social ends that policy makers purport to address? (Thadika Mkandawire) 16
- 17. REGULATION •State interference in “market failures” caused by a lack of information (information asymmetries), market control (monopoly), non-delivery of public goods (non-excludable, nonrivalrous), and externalities (cost or benefit of an economic activity experienced by an unrelated third party, e.g. Climate change). •In political economy, it refers to the attempt of the state to steer the economy, either narrowly defined as the imposition of economic controls on the behaviorof private business using governmental instruments, such as taxation ordisclosure requirements. 17
- 18. GOVERNING THE COMMONS •Common-Pool Resource is a natural or human-made resource system, made available to all by consumption and to which access can be limited only at a highcost. (e.g. fishing grounds, forests, irrigation, etc.) Common- pool resources are susceptible to overuse and are thus prone to “tragedies of the commons.” •“The law locks up the man or woman Who steals the goose off the common But leaves the greater villain loose Who steals the common from the goose.” (17th century poem) 18
- 19. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT •Sustainable development is defined as “a constraint upon present consumptionin order to ensure that future generations will inherit a resource base that is noless than the inheritance of the previous generation.” •1887 Brundtland Commission “development that meets the needs of the present generation without comprising the capacity of future generations tomeet their own needs.” •Sustainable development goals (SDGs) 19
- 20. Collaborative governance is “generally initiate d with an instrumental purposein mind” to pro pel actions that “couldnot have been attained by any of the organizations acting alone. ” (Huxhamet al. 2006); Central effort is to solve problems rather than to win victories, to discover the broadest commonalityof interests (Fung and Wright 2003) 20 COLLABORATIVE GOVERNANCE (STATIST PERSPECTIVE)
- 21. EMPOWERED PARTICIPATORY GOVERNANCE (NON-STATIST PERSPECTIVE) •Empowered Deliberative Democracy (EDD): practices that have the potential to be radically democratic in their reliance on the participation and capacities of ordinary people, deliberative because they institute reason- based decision making,and empowered since they attempt to tie action to discussion (Fung & Wrig ht2001). •3 Principles: a) practical orientation; b) bottom-up participation; c) deliberativesolution generation versus familiar methods of social choice: command and controlby experts, aggregative voting, and strategic negotiation. •3 design properties: 1) Devolution; 2) Centralized supervision and coordination;3) State Centered, Not Voluntaristic 21
- 22. VALUES IN GOVERNANCE THEORY (Main question) •Where does power, authority, and legitimacy lie in the new form/modes ofgovernance?How is it a chieved and shared? •How do different forms,models, templates, and practices impact on everyday work, life, social forms, and organizing? •In turn, how can protest, negotiation, compliance, and resistance be conceptualized and acknowledged in such models? •What role do norms, ethical-moral issues, and trust play in governance? •Whose interests are being protected by governance and whose values promoted? 22
- 23. THANK YOU