grade 10 ict New syllabus

o;a;f;dr;=re fjki y`ÿkd.ekSu i`oydmy;±lafjk rEm
i,ldn,uq'
'
fuu rEmh fjka
fjka jYfhka .;a
úg woyila ,nd .;fkdyels h'
tfy;a .e<mSulaiys; j tla
lsÍfuka fuys isákafka mjq,l
idudðlhka nj wmg jegfya

1'2 moaO;shl ix>gl
• moaO;shla hkqhïlsis ld¾hlabgq lr.ekSui`oydix>gl
lsysmhlatlsfklg iïnkaOj l%shd lsÍuhs‘
• Wod-mß.Klh"wm úiska ,nd fokq ,nk o;a; wmf.aúOdkhkag
wkqjilialr wmgwjYH f;dr;=re wjYH wdldrhg ,nd fohs'
tneúkamß.KlhmoaO;shlaf,i ye`Èkaúh yels h'

moaO;s i|yd WodyrK
• WÞyrK1 - nexl=moaO;sfhys fhdod .kakdiajhxl%Shfg,¾
hka;%h (ATM)

WÞyrK 2 -meñKSu jd¾;dlsÍu i`oyd wdh;kj,Ndú;
flfrkweÕs,si,l=Kqhka;%h

mqj;am;aj, iy iÕrdj,Ndú; jklsõ wd¾fla;h(QR
Code)

WÞyrK 4 -fjf<|fmd<f;dr;=reieliSu

1'3 f;dr;=reydikaksfõok ;dlaIKhhkq
• o;a; ilia lr f;dr;=re njgm;a lsÍug;a"tajd yqjudre lr .ekSug;a
;dlaIKhúúOdldrfhkafhdod .efka'fuhf;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok
;dlaIKhkïfõ'

1'4 f;dr;=reydikaksfõok ;dlaIKfhafhojqï

1'4'1 b --rdcfha fhojqï
(e - Government)
• rchla" f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok;dlaIKhfhdod .ksñka ;urfgys
mqrjeishka"iud.ï"rdcH yd rdcH fkdjkixúOdkiy fjk;a rgj,
rdcHhka iu. iïnkaO;dmeje;aùu b-rdcHh f,i oelaúhyels h‘
• WÞyrK-
• Y%S ,xld rcfha fjímsgqj"rdcH
• f;dr;=re flakaøh"f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKhwdh;kh (ICTA)

b- rdcHfha iïnkaO;d(http://www.gov.lk)

1'4'2 wOHdmk lafIa;%fhafhojqï
tod wo

wOHdmkhi|yd f;dr;=reyd ikaksfõok;dlaIKh

1'4'2 wOHdmklafIa;%fhafhojqï
• a) mka;sldurfha §
• mß.KlwdY%s;iu¾mk(Presentations)
• mÍlaIKiys; ùäfhdao¾Yk
• mß.Klweiqfrkaks¾udKlsÍu ^msx;+riy úäfhdailialsÍï&
• iÕrd" ,sms"f,aLkilialsÍuiy uqøKh lsÍu
• wOHdmksll%Svd
• CD-ROMudOHfhka f;dr;=rewOHhkh
• wka;¾cd,hTiafiawOHdmkslf;dr;=re/ialsÍu

• b) ´kE u ;ekl § ´kE u fõ,djl § wOHdmkh,eîu
• www.schoolnet.lk
• keKi,(nenasala.lk)
• b-;lai,dj
• (www.e-thaksalawa.moe.gov.lk/)
• fjímdGYd,d
• (www.edulanka.lk/Web-Patashala)
• úÿ uxfm;(www.vidumanpetha.com) w

• tfiauksjfiaisg wka;¾cd,h fhdod .ksñka .=rejrfhl= yd iïnkaO
ùug(Web Based Training (WBT) yd Web Based
Learning) ;=<ska jeäÿr wOHdmkh,eîugTngyelshdjla ,eî
we;' tu.ska.ukd.ukwmyiqjiy úhouwjuùu"ld,h b;sß ùuiy úvdj
wjuùujeks jdis /ila ,efí'

• c)b.ekaùu i|yd.=rejrhdg wdOdrlhlaùu
• úia;r lr §ug wmyiq mdvï i|yd rEm igyka"
iÔùlrK iyùäfhda o¾Yk fmkaùu'
• bf,lafg%dksla iu¾mk (Presentations) fhdod
.ksñkaúIhhg wdl¾IKhla we;s lsÍu iy mejreï ,nd §u'
• mß.Klh fhdod .ksñka mdvï igykailialsÍu'
• wka;¾cd,h u.ska úIhhg wod< f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSu w

• d) bf.kqï l<ukdlrKh
mdi,a wOHdmkl<ukdlrKhiy Wiia wOHdmkl<ukdlrKhi|yd
bf.kqïl<ukdlrK moaO;shla(Learning Management
System) fhdod .ekSufndfyda rgj, olakgwe;' fuumoaO;shlayd
iïnkaOùugwka;¾cd, myiqlï ;sìhhq;= w;r mdi, fyda wdh;khfyda
i;= fjíwvúfha,shdmÈxÑúh hq;= h'

• e) ieug u WiiawOHdmkhg <Õd ùfï yelshdj
• ud¾.ia: ÿria: wOHdmkh(Online Distance Learning)
u.ska ´kEu rgl isg;ukagleu;s wdldrfha wOHdmkwdh;khlayd
iïnkaOùu;=<ska b;d wvq úhoulskaWiia mdGud,djla yeoEÍug
Tng;a yelsh‘

• ÿria:wOHdmkfha.;s ,laIK
• • ffoksl ld, igykake;s w;r myiqia:dkhlisg wOHdmkh
yeoEÍug we;s yelshdj
• mdGud,d ,shdmÈxÑfha§ ,nd fok wxls;mqia;ld,iïnkaO;dj
• ud¾..; (online) mejreïiy m%Yakdj,s
• ud¾..;.=rejrfhl=yd iïnkaOùfïmyiqlï
• WmfoaYkfiajdmyiqlï,nd .ekSug we;s yelshdj

• 1' ffjoHmÍlaIKi|ydf;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok;dlaIKhNdú;h
• frda. y÷kd .ekSugiy m%;sldr ,nd§ug iu;ab;d ÈhqKq ;dlaIKfhka
hqla; hkaf;%damlrKúYd, m%udKhlafïjkúgksmojd we;'
fuu.skafrda.h W;aikakùugfmrfrda.h y÷kd .ekSugo iqÿiq
m%;sldri|yd fhduqùugoyels ù we;' bka iuyrla fufia h

• WodyrK1 - mß.Kl.;wdlaIlYÍria;rtlaiaf¾hka;%h
• (CAT - Computerized Axial Tomography
Machine)
• fuu.skaYÍrfha wNHka;rfldgiafjka fjkajYfhka ;%sudKf,i rEm .;
lrhs

• -CAT hka;%h -;%sudK f,i
PdhdrEm

• WodyrK 2 - pqïnl wkqkdouQ¾;khka;%h
(MRI - Magnetic Resonance Imaging Machine)
f¾äfhda;rx. iy m%n,pqïnl
wkqkdo ^fodaxldr&u.ska YÍrfha wNHka;r
fldgiaj,iúia;rd;aulrEm igyka ,nd .ekSu
fuu hka;%hu.ska isÿfõ'

• WodyrK 3 - úoHq;a ;ka;= f¾Çh hka;%h- (ECG -
Electrocardiogram Machine)
yDo iamkaokhksÍlaIKhlsÍui|yd fuuhka;%hfhdod.efka'yDofha
isg YÍrfhawfkl=;abkaøshhka fj;reêrh iemhSfï§yDofha we;s jk
úoHq;a iamkaokhgwkqj ksmojk;rx. m%ia;dßllvodishl igyka ùu
fuys § isÿ fõ'

• WodyrK 4 - yDofrda. ;sr .ekaùfïhka;%-(Cardiac
Screening Machine)
yDofha l%shdldß;ajhmß.Kl;srhl oelaùu
fuuhka;%hu`.ska isÿfõ' yDofha reêr kd,
isyska ùu jeksúúOwdidok;;a;ajhka
y`ÿkd .ekSugyels ùfukawjYH m%;sldr
i|yd fhduqlsÍugfïksidmyiq fõ'

• yDo frda. ;sr yDo frda. ;sr .ekaùfïhka;%h .ekaùfï
igyk

• WodyrK 5 - úoHq;a ksl¾mrf¾LK hka;%h
(EEG - Electro – Encephalography)
fud<fhal%shdldß;ajhigyka lsÍui|yd fuhfhdod .kq ,nhs'ysia ln,g
w,jk ,nk"m%udKfhka l=vd"f,day ;eá ^úoHq;a w.%& u.ska
fud<fhkaksl=;alrkq ,nk úoHq;a iamkaok.%yKhlr fud<fha
l%shdldß;ajhrEmjdyskS ;srhl igyka lrkq ,nhs'frda.shd wjÈfhka
fukau ksod isák úgo fuuhka;%hu.skawjYH igyka ,nd fohs'

• WodyrK 6 - reêrfha iSksmÍlaIdlsÍfïWmlrKh(Blood
sugar testing machine)
reêrfha iSks mÍlaIdji|yd fhdod .kakdfuuWmlrKhu.ska reêr
idïm,h mÍlaId lr reêrfhawe;s iSks;;a;ajhfmkakqïlrhs'

• WodyrK 7 - reêr mSvkh ukskhka;%h
(Blood Pressure Testing Machine )
w;a m<|kdjlgiudkfuuhka;%hfrda.shd úfõlS j fukau l%shdldÍj
isák úgo me<| isàfukawjia:djg wkqj reêr mSvkfha fjkiaùu uek.;
yels h'

• 2' ÿria:fi!LH /ljrKh (Telemedicine)

f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKhfhdod .ksñka frday,lska msg; ia:dkhl
isák frda.sfhl=ksÍlaIKh lsÍu fyda frda.shd wi,isák fi!LH
fiajlfhl=f.kafyda ffjoHjrfhl=u.skam%;sldr lsÍuÿria: fi!LH
/ljrKh (Telemedicine) fõ' fuh frday,aúfYaI{uOHia:dkhl
isák úfYaI{ffjoHjrekaf.a yd frda.shdwi,isák fyÈhkafyda
ffjoHjrekayd ine¢hdjlamokïlr.;a ikaksfõokcd,hlsfuhska
Tng we;s jdis /ils' bka lsysmhla fufiaoelaúh yels hs'

• WodyrK 1 - ÿria:fi!LHWjgeka
• (Remote Clinical Care)
frda.shl=g m%Odk frday,la yd iïnkaO ùug
fkdyels jQ wjia:djl ^k.rfhkaneyer m%foaYhl §" .=jkahdkdjl §fyda .uka
kejl §& tu ia:dkfha isák frday,a mqyqKqj ,enQfi!LH ks<Odßfhl= úiska
ikaksfõok cd,hg iïnkaO fjñka frday,a úfYaI{jrfhl=f.a Wmfoia wkqj yÈis
m%;sldr ,nd § frday, fj; heùu'
fuhska we;s jdis

• WodyrK 2 - ksjfiaisg wëlaIKh
frda.shdksjfia r|jd Tyqf.a$wehf.a
;;a;ajhmÍlaIdlsÍu i|yd wka;¾ine¢
mÍlaIKhka;%hla (Linked Home Monitoring
System) fhdod .ekSuiy m%;sldrwjYH jQ úg
frday,a .; lsÍugwjYH ikaksfõok myiqlï
we;s lsÍu'

• WodyrK 3 - Wmfoia,nd .ekSu
úfYaI{ffjoHjrhdfrdayf,a fkdue;swjia:dj, § oeä i;aldr tallhgwjYH
Wmfoia úfYaI{ffjoHjrhdf.ka,nd .ekSugyels ùu'

WodyrK4 - ÿria: Y,Hl¾u
úfYaI{ffjoHjrekafkdue;sfrday,l ffjoHjrekayg yÈis Y,Hl¾uhla
lsÍugwjYH wjia:djl§ ikaksfõokcd,hg iïnkaO fjñkaúfYaI{
ffjoHjrfhl=f.a^msgrgl fyda k.rno isák&Wmfoia wkqj Y,H
ffjoHjrfhl=úiska Y,Hl¾uh lsÍug yels ùu'

WodyrK 5 - ÿria:mqyqKqj
frday,a ld¾huKav, mqyqKqfõ § b;d
wdikak;u mqyqKquOHia:dkhlikaksfõok
cd, iïnkaO;djfhdod .ksñkafjk;a rgl
fyda k.rhlisák iïm;aÞhlfhl=f.ka
úfYaI{Wmfoiaiy mqyqKqj ,nd .ekSugyels
ùu'

1'4'4 lDIsl¾udka;fhafhojqï
• 1' f.dú;ekgf;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok;dlaIKh
• WodyrK 1
• ld,.=KñKqïhka;%
fuu.skald,.=Kh" foaY.=Kh j¾Idm;kh" iq<x ÈYdj wd§ ;;a;ajhka fmkakqï lrkq
,nhs' tawkqj fnda. j.djg iy wiajkqfk<Sug iqÿiq ld, jljdkqj;SrKh lsÍug yels jkq
we;'

• WodyrK 2
• iajhxl%Shl=reñ‚md,k hka;%h
• fuuhka;%hu.ska j.dj,g l=reñKshkaf.kajkydks j<ld.; yels
h'lDókaisák ÈYdjyd j¾Okhjk wdldrhmß.Kl;srfhka
kSÍlaIKhlsÍugfuu.skayelshdj ,efí'

WodyrK3
j.d ìfuys ;;a;ajh uksk hka;%h
fuuhka;%hu.ska j.dìfuys ;;a;ajh
^f;;ukh"ire ksire nj& mÍlaId lr fnda.
i|ydiqÿiqnj ;SrKhlrkq ,nhs'

• WodyrK 4
iajhxl%Shc, iemhqu(Drip irrigation)
iajhxl%Shj l%shd lrkfuu hka;%hwmúiska ,nd fokq,nk o;a;j,g
wkqj l%shd lrñka j.dìug wjYHc,hmd,khlskahq;= j imhkq ,efí'
tuksid wkjYH c, mßfNdackhiy c,h fkdue;s ùfukaf.dú;ekaúkdY ù
hdu j<lajd.; yels ù ;sfí'

• WodyrK 5
iajhxl%Shj,a me< bj;alrKh
j.d ìulfnda.w;r tyd fuyd
.ukalrñka ,nd oS we;s Wmfoiawkqj fnda. iyj,a me< fjkalr
y÷kd f.k j,a me< .,jdbj;a lsÍui|yd fuuhka;%hm%fhdackhg
.efka'

• WodyrK6
frdfnda ;dlaIKfhkame< isgqùu
úYd, j.d ìulme<tyd fuydf.k hdug;ame<w;r we;smr;rh taldldÍf,i
mj;ajd f.k isgqùug;afuufrdfnda hka;%fhdod .kq,nhs'

• WodyrK 7
• frdfnda ;dlaIKfhkawiajkqfk<Su
ksÍlaIKhu.ska fnda.fha;;a;ajhmÍlaIdlsÍuiytu.skajd¾;d,nd
.ekSug o" úYd, j.d ìulwiajkqfk<Sfïwmyiq;du.yrjd.ekSu i|yd
o fhdod .kakdfrdfnda hka;% we;'

• WodyrK 8
• yß;d.dr (Greenhouses)md,kh i|yd
yß;d.dr md,kh i|yd f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok;dlaIKhfhdod .ekSfuka
j.djkagiqÿiqf,iwd¾ø;dj" wdf,dalh"c,hiyjd;hmd,kh lrkq ,efí'
b;d Wiia ;;a;ajfhaÿ¾,N fnda.ksIamdokfjf<|fmd<g tlalsÍugfïksid
yels ù ;sfí'

• 1'4'5 i;a;aj f.dúfmd<i`oydfhojqï
WodyrK1
• .=jkaúÿ,six{dye÷kqï WmlrKh
i;=ka.KkhlsÍu"y÷kd
.ekSu iyisákdm%foaYhoek
.ekSu i|yd i;=kaf.aYÍrfha .=jka
úÿ,s ix{dye÷kqï(RFID-Radio
Frequency Identification Device)
WmlrKhiú lrkq,nhs'
.=jka úÿ,six× ye÷kqïWmlrK
(RFID-Radio Frequency Identification Device)

• WodyrK 2
• ;;a;ajmd,kh
iajhxl%Shj t<fokqkaf.afi!LHmÍlaIdj"lsß ,nd .ekSu"lsßj,
;;a;ajmÍlaIdji|yd

• WodyrK3
• wdrlaIdj i|yd
fidri;=rkaf.kaofjk;aWmøjj,skaof.dúfmd<wdrlaIdlr .ekSui|yd leurd
;dlaIKhmshejQmßm:rEmjdyskSleurd (Closed Circuit TV
(CCTV)) fhdod.kq,efí'fkd/yeka(wireless) ;dlaIKhu.skaiïnkaO
lr we;súgf.dúfmd<msgia;ria:dkhlaisg oksÍlaIKh
l<yelsh'

• WodyrK 4
• f.dúm< l<ukdlrKh
• f.dúuy;dg f.dúfmd< ms<sn| j jd¾;d ;nd .ekSug;a" ,dN w,dN
.Kkhi|yd;a" fiajlhskaf.ajegqma ms<sn|f;dr;=re .nvd lr ;nd
.ekSug;awka;¾cd,hgiïnkaOù fj<|fmd<;;a;ajh ksÍlaIKh
lsÍug;a f;dr;=re yqjudre lsÍug;ald,Sk f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSug;ayels
ù ;sfí'

• 1'4'6 ëjr l¾udka;fha§
ëjr l¾udka;fha§ fhdod .kq,nk fuuixfõolWmlrK uiqkaisák m%foaY
y÷kd .ekSfukawk;=rej tu f;dr;=re ikaksfõok;dlaIK l%uNdú;fhkaëjr
hd;%dj,we;s mß.Klfj;,nd fohs'

• 1'4'7 l¾udka;iyjHdmdri`oyd fhojqï
• b;d Wiia;;a;ajfhaksIamdok ìys lsÍug;a"ñksiaY%uh wjuf,i
fhdod .ksñkaúhouwvqlr.ekSug;a l¾udka;iy jHdmdr i|yd
f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKhfhdod .efka'fuu.ska
mdßfNda.slhdgWiia;;a;ajfha ksIamdokwvq uqo,lg ,nd.;
yels ù ;sfí'

tod l¾udka; i|yd fiajlhskaúYd, msßilf.a Y%uh wjYH jQ kuq;afïjk úg kùk
;dlaIKfhka ksmojdwe;s frdfnda hka;%" ksIamdokh i|yd fhdod .kq ,nhs'

• WodyrK 1
• ùäfhdaiïuka;%K
ùäfhdaiïuka;%K(Video Conferencing) l%uhNdú; lsÍu
ksid úúOm%foaYj,isák jHdmdridudðlhska iu.ixjdo
meje;aùfïmyiqj,eî we;‘ fuu.skaiïuka;%Ki|yd úfYaIia:dkhla
wjYHfkdùu".ukd.ukhi|yd.; jkld,h" Y%uhiyúhouwjulr
.ekSugmq¿jk'
1'4'7 l¾udka; iyjHdmdr i`oyd fhojqï wod,j

• WodyrK2
• udkjiïm;a l<ukdlrKh
fiajlhskaf.ameñKSuigykalsÍui|yd fhdod.kakdweÕs,si,l=Kq
iqmsßlailh^Finger Print Scanner&iy ldâm;alshjkh^Card
Reader&u.skawdh;kfhaidudðl;ajh y÷kd.ekSu"meñKSuyd
msgùu"ksjerÈjigykaùu"BgwkqrEmj jegqma ieliSu" iqÿiqlï"
ksjdvq.ekSï wd§wfkl=;aúia;r we;=<;alr ;eîuksidwdh;kmßmd,kh
myiqfõ'

• WodyrK 3
• b-nexl= moaO;s (e-Banking System)
• iajhxl%Sh fg,¾ hka;%h ^ATM& u.ska ´kE u
• fõ,djl ´kE u ia:dkhl §uqo,a ,nd .ekSfï
• yelshdj'
• ³ wka;¾cd,h yd iïnkaO ù we;sneúka Y%S ,xldj
• ;=< muKla fkdj fjk;a rgl isg fyda .kqfokq
• lsÍfïyelshdj'
• ³ b ¡ nexl= moaO;sh ;=< ,shdmÈxÑ ù we;súg myiq
• ia:dkhl isg Tnf.a cx.u mß.Klfhka" ÿrl:kfhkaì,am;a f.ùu" nexl= w;ruqo,a yqjudrej"
.sKqu mÍlaIdlsÍuwdÈfhys yelshdj'

• WodyrK 4
• ud¾..; idmamq ijdßh(Online Shopping)
• wka;¾cd,h Tiafia furg fyda msgrgl we;s fjf<|wdh;kúiska
NdKav fyda fiajdiemhSu;a"mdßfNda.slhka úiskaNdKav
fyda fiajdñ, § .ekSu;ah'

• ud¾..; idmamq ijdßh we;s jdis
• ´kE u rgl" wka;¾cd,fha we;s fjf<|wdh;khlaf;dard .ekSugyels h'
• 24 mefhys u újD;j ;sîu'
• myiq ia:dkhl isgNdKav ksÍlaIKhlr weKjqïlsÍfïyelshdj'
• yr ldâ m;au.ska uqo,a f.ùfïmyiqj'
• NdKavh fyda fiajdjksjigu ,nd .ekSfïmyiqj' tneúka.uka úvdj ld,h
hkdÈhb;sß lr .ekSugyelsùu' w

• 1'4'8 .ukd.ukhi|yd f;dr;=re ydikaksfõok;dlaIKh
iajhxl%Sh md,kmoaO;s
• WodyrK1
• ²mshejQmßm:rEmjdyskSleurd (Closed Circuit
• TV (CCTV))
jdyk ;onoh"yÈis wk;=reiy kS;súfrdaë
l%shdjkaksÍlaIKh lrñkaiqÿiq wdldrfhal%shdud¾.
.ekSugfïksidyelshdj ,eîwe;'

• WodyrK 2
úÿ,s ix{d ,dïmq (Traffic Light Control System)
iajhxl%Shj l%shd;auljkfuumoaO;shk.r uxikaêj,olakg we;'
fuu.skajdyk iy mÈlhska yiqrejñka yÈis wk;=re wjulr .; yels ù we;'

• WodyrK 3
• ye÷kqï ixfla;l%uh
jdyk keje;aùfïwx.Khg msúiSfï wjirm;la jdykfha iúlr we;'jdyk keje;aùfï
wx.Khg msúiSfï fodrgqfjys ia:dms; moaO;sh u.ska mÍlaId lr tuia:dkfha
,shdmÈxÑ ùwe;s wxlhla kï muKla f.aÜgqj újD; lr fohs'ia:dkh wjysr
fkdjk f,imÍlaId lsÍu o iajhxl%Shjl%shd;aul fõ'

• 1'4'9 úfkdaodiajdohi|yd fhoùï w

1'5 f;dr;=reydikaksfõok ;dlaIKfhawksis m%;sM,
weíneysùu- mdi,a orejl= fukau fjk;a mqoa.,fhl= om%udKh
blaujdmß.KlhNdú; lsÍfukaiy mß.Kll%Svd lsÍfukawOHdmk
lghq;= u. yeÍ hdu iy úúOwmyiq;d ^wlaIs wdndO"fldkafoa
wudre" ysfialelal=uwd§h& we;s úu'
iudccd, ;=<ska fkd.e<fmk ñ;=rkaf.aweiqrgm;aùu'

1'5 f;dr;=reyd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKfha wksis m%;sM,
wka;¾cd,ffjri wdidok-wka;¾cd,húêu;af,iNdú;fkdlSÍfukamß.Kl
ffjriksidmß.Klhl%shdúrys; ùufydamß.KlhgydksmeñKùu'
wka;¾cd,fhafkd.e<fmkfjí msgqj,skajkydks-fïjdgiïnkaOùu
ksidudkislúlD;s;dwe;sùfuka;udgo iudchgowjevlaisÿ ùu'
fm!oa.,sl;ajhgydksjkf,i msx;+riyùäfhdamgúlD;slr ksmoùu

2-mß.Klh y`ÿkd.ksuq'
• 2'1 mß.Klhlahkq l=ula o@
mßYS,lhd úiska wdodkh lrkq ,nk fyda moaO;sh úiska /ialr .kq ,nk
o;a;,nd f.k tu o;a; mßYS,lhd úiska § we;s Wmfoiaj,g wkqj ilia lrñka
Tyqg$wehg wjYH wdldrfha f;dr;=re m%;sodkh lrk" úÿ,s n,fhka
l%shd;auljkWmlrKhls n

 fõ.h(Speed)-flá ld,hlska Wmfoia l%shd;aullsÍfï
yelshdj
 ksrjoH;d-j (Accuracy)-,ndfok o;a; ksjeros kïf;dr;=reo
ksjerosh
 ld¾hlaIu;dj(Efficiency)-meh24 mqrd tl f,i l%shd l<yel
 nyqld¾h nj^Versatility&-tl úgúúOld¾hka l< yel
 o;a;$f;dr;=re iq/lSfïyd kej; ,nd .ekSfïyelshdj (Saving and
Retrieving)
mß.Klfhys we;s úfYaI ,laIK

2'2 mß.Kl j¾.SlrKh
((i) iqmsß mß.Kl (Super
Computers)
(ii) uydmß.Kl (Mainframe
Computers)
(iii) uOHmß.Kl (Mini Computers)
(iv) fm!oa.,sl mß.Kl$ laIqø mß.Kl
(Personal Computers / Micro
Computers)
(I) m%;siumß.Kl (Analog
Computers)
(II) ixLHdxl mß.Kl (Digital
Computers)
(III) ñY%mß.Kl (Hybrid
Computers)

• (i) iqmsß mß.Kl (Super Computers)
• fuumß.Klb;d n,iïmkak fõ' úoHd;aul iybxðfkarelghq;= i|yd
o b;d ixlS¾KjQ.‚;uh .eg¨ úi£ui|ydo fhdod .efkañ,wêlh'
Wod- kdid".+.,a jeks wdh;kúYd, jHdmdr iy hqOyuqod
lghq;= i|yd fhdod .efka

(ii) uyd mß.Kl (Mainframe Computers)
iqmsß mß.Klj,gjvd fõ.fhka"n,fhkaiy ñf,ka wvq h' mßYS,lhska
úYd,m%udKhla" m¾hka;(Terminals) úYd,m%udKhla
fhdod .ksñkatla mß.KlhlgiïnkaOfjñkao;a; iyf;dr;=re
yqjudre lr.ekSu" ;ekam;alsÍuiykej; ,nd.ekSufuysoS isÿ fõ
• Wod-úYd, m%udKfhafjf<|wdh;kj, Ndú; fõ'

(ii) uyd mß.Kl (Mainframe Computers)

(iii) uOH mß.Kl (Mini Computers)
• uyd mß.Klj,gjvd fõ.fhka"n,fhkaiy ñf,ka wvq h'mßYS,lhska
lsysm fofkl= úiskam¾hka;(Terminals) lsysmhlau.ska
uOHmß.Klhyd iïnkaOfjñkao;a; yd f;dr;=re yqjudre lr .kq ,efí'
• Wod-nexl=moaO;s ;=< Ndú;d jk mrs.Kl

(iv) fm!oa.,slmß.Kl$laIqø mß.Kl/ (Personal
Computers/ Micro Computers)
fuu mß.Klwvq Odß;djla iys;u;lhkaf.kafukaum%udKfhkao
fõ.fhkao ñf,kao"wvq h
• Wod-Wl=,amß.Kliy fm!oa.,sl mß.Kl

2'2'3 ;dlaIKhg wkqj j¾. lsÍu
• (I) m%;siu mß.Kl (Analog Computers)
mßirfha isÿ jk fjkiaùï^fõ.h"fjda,aàh;dj"mSvkh"WIaK;ajh&jeks
m%;siuix{d(Analog signals) y÷kd .ksñka ta wkqj l%shd;auljk
mß.Klfõ'
Wod-fõ.udml"ixfõol iys; ud¾. ,dïmq ld,.=K ñKqïhka;%h

(II) ixLHdxl mß.Kl (Digital Computers)
wm tÈfkod Ôú;fha§ mßyrKh lrkq ,nkmß.Klfõ'fïjdixLHdxl ix{d
(Digital signals) y÷kd .ksñka "jevigyklg wkqjúÿ,s n,fhka
l%shd lrhs'

(III) ñY% mß.Kl (Hybrid Computers)
• m%;siumß.Kl(Analog Computers) iy ixLHdxlmß.Kl
(Digital Computers) hk foj¾.fhys u iïñY%Khls
• Wod-ECG hka;%h
^m%;siuix{djla jk yDofha l%shdldÍ;ajh y÷kd .ksñkath ixLHd; ix{djla f,i mßj¾;kh lr
tu ix{d uqøKh lsÍu fuu hka;%hu`.ska isÿ lrkq ,nhs&

2'3 mß.Kl moaO;sfhal%shdj,sh$mrs.Klfha ks¾ñ;sh
fjdka kshquka wdlD;sh
f,io y÷kajhs

2' 3 mrs.Klfhaks¾ñ;sh
(Computer Architecture)
md,ktallh
wxl .Ks;uh yd;d¾lsl tallh
wdodk Wmdx. m%;sodk Wmdx.
m%Odku;lh
RAM
oaú;Shsl u;lh
Control signals
Data flow
uOH ieliqï tallh
Wod- fudksgrh
fjdka kshquka wdlD;sh
f,io y÷kajhs

wdodk Wmdx.hla u.ska wdodkh lrkq ,nk o;a; iy Wmfoia uq,ska u .uka lrkafka
m%d:ñl u;lh fj; h' bka miq fuu o;a; ilia lsÍu i|yd uOHieliqï tallh fj; fhduq fõ'
uOH ieliqï tallh úiska ilia lrk ,o o;a;iy Wmfoia" f;dr;=re f,i kej; fhduq jkafka
m%d:ñl u;lh fj; h' tys § m%;sodk Wmdx.hla u.ska tu f;dr;=re m%;sodkh lrkq
,nhs' tfiau tu f;dr;=re
;ekam;a lsÍu i|yd oaú;Shsl u;lh fj; fhduqùu o oaú;Shsl u;lfhys we;sf;dr;=re
wjYH jQ úg kej; m%d:ñl u;lh yryd m%;sodkh ùu o isÿ fõ md,ktallh úiska
mß.Kl moaO;shl we;s ish¨ Wmdx. fj; md,k ix{d ksl=;a lrkq,nhs‘
by; igyfka fldgia w;r o;a; yd Wmfoia .e,Su lv brlska olajd we;sw;r md,k tAllh
u.ska wfkl=;afldgia fj; ksl=;a lrkq ,nk m%Odk md,k ix×;ks brlska olajd we;'

2'4 mß.Klfham%Odk fN!;sl ix>gl
(Basic Physical Components of a Computer)
• 2'4'1 wdodk Wml%u(Input Devices)
• mß.Kl moaO;sh fj; o;a; ,nd fokafka wdodk Wml%u u.sks
• (1) h;=re mqjrej (Keyboard)
h;=re 101$102 isg h;=re 104 fyda 108 m%udKhka f.ka hq;a h;=re mqjre
we;

• Tab,Caps lock,Shift, Print Screen sysrq, Scroll
lock,pause break –Special keys - úfYAI jQ l%shdjka
iòyd jQ h;=re
• Ctrl,Alt,Insert,home,Page up,Delete ,end
,page down -Control keys - l¾irh yd mß.Kl;srh
md,kh lrk h;=re
• F1-F12 Function keys - iqúfYaI jQl%shd iòyd
• muKlafhdod .efka
Numeric keys - b,lalïh;=re ,shkh iòyd fhdod.kakdh;=re
• Typing keys - wl=re ,sùu iòyd fhdod .kakd h;=re--A-Z
wdosh

• the pause key is commonly used momentarily
to stop a computer game while the user steps
away.

^»»&±laùfïWml%u (Pointing Devices)
• Wod1- uQislh(Mouse)
• Wod2- iam¾Yixfõ§ ;srh(Touch screen) fuho oelaùfï
Wmdx.hls'
iam¾Y mEvh

• Wod 3 - fufyhqïháh(Joy Stick)
• fuhoujqihfuka oelaùfïWml%uhls'fuhmß.Kll%Svd i|yd
fhdod.kq ,nhs
• Wod4 - wdf,dalmEk(Light pen)
• mß.Kl ;srfha we;s fukq whs;u oelaùug fyda ;srh u; we£ug fyda ,sùugfuh
fhdod .efka mß.Kl wdY%s; ks¾udKCAD (Computer Aided
Designing)j, § fhdod .kq ,nhs'

(iii) rEm iy ùäfhda wdodkh lsÍfïWml%u
(Imaging and Video Input Devices)
• Wod- 1 - äðg,a leurdj(Digital Camera)
• Wod-2 - fjíleurdj(Webcam)
wka;¾cd,h ;=<ska mß.Klhyd iïnkaOù isák wfhl= o¾Ykh lr .ekSu
fyda ùäfhdao¾Yk ,nd .ekSui|yd fjíleurdjWmfhda.Slr .kq,nhs‘
• Wod-3 - mshejQ mßm:rEmjdyskSleurd
(Closed Circuit TV CCTV)

(iv) iqmsßlail (Scanners)
Wod-1 - me;,s ;, iqmsßlailh
(Flatbed Scanners)
Wod- 2 - ;Sre fla;lshjkh
(Bar Code Reader)

(Digital Camera)
fjí leurdj (Webcam)
mshejQ mßm: rEmjdyskSleurd
(Closed Circuit TV CCTV)

• Wod- 3 - pqïnl ;Ska;wkq,laIKlshjkh(Magnetic Ink
Character Reader - MICR)
fplam;lwe;s ksrjoH;djmÍlaIdlsÍu i|ydfuu Wml%uhfhdod .efka'
fplamf;ys my; fldgfiys we;swxl lshjdtys wvx.= f;dr;=re ^nexl=fla;h
nexl= .sKqï wxlh& mß.Klhfj; wdodkh lrkq ,nhs'

• Wod- 4 - m%ldY wlaIrixcdkkh
• (Optical Character Recognition - OCR)
msgqfndfyda .Kklawe;sf,aLk b;d flá ld,hlska iqmÍlaId (Scan) lr
mß.Kl.; lsÍu iy mß.Kl.; lrk ,o f,aLkhixialrKhlsÍu i|yd fhdod .efka'

• Wod 5 - m%ldY i,l=Kqixcdkkh(Optical Mark
Recognition - OMR)
mEfkkafyda mekai,fhkai,l=Kqlrk ,o fmdaru"úNd. nyqjrK
W;a;rm;% wdÈh,l=KqlsÍui|ydnyq, j fhdod .efka fuu.skafmr
ksYaph lrk ,o ia:dkj, we;s i,l=Kq lshjd i,l=K tys we;s njgmrs.Klhfj;
o;a; wdodkh lrkq ,nhs'

• Wod6- Khm;afyda yrm;alshjkh$iajhxl%Shfg,¾ hka;%h
• (Automated Teller Machine - ATM)
Khm;afydayrm;alshjd tyswe;swxl
mÍlaIdlr wka;¾cd,hTiafiathgwod<nexl=
.sKquyd iïnkaOmß.Klhfj;o;a;wdodkh
lsÍfuka.kqfoKqji|yd fhda.H;djmÍlaId
flf¾'fuysm%;sodkWml%uhlaf,i;srhla o
iúlr we;'

• (v) uhsfl%dfmdakh (Microphone)
• mß.KlhgYíoh wdodkh lsÍu i|yd
fhdod.efkkWmdx.huhsfl%dfmdakhhs'

2'4'2 m%;sodk Wml%u (Output Devices)
(i) uDÿ msgm;a (Soft Copy)-mß.Kl;srh
(ii) oDV msgm;a (Hard Copy)- uqøK hka;%
(iii) Yío (Sound)- iamSl¾

(i) uDÿmsgm;a (Soft Copies)
• ;srh u;keröu i|yd muKlaf;dr;=re m%;sodkhlr.ekSu fõ
Wod- 1 -mß.Kl;srh (Monitor/ Screen)
^oDYH m%o¾Yk tallh(Visual Display Unit-VDU)
2 - nyq udOH m%lafIamlh$m%fclagrh (Multimedia
Projector)

mß.Kl ;srj¾.
1 - lef;dav lsrKk<hiys; ;srh
(Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) Monitor)
2- øj iaMálm%o¾Ylh
(Liquid Crystal Display - LCD)
3 - wdf,dalúfudapl Èfhdav
(Light Emitting Diode - LED)

2- øj iaMálm%o¾Ylh
(Liquid Crystal Display - LCD)
• fuhkuHiq¨ O%ejKfolla w;rgiaMál $m<sÕ=ødjKh tlalr
ksmojd we;'

• C - wdf,dalúfudapl Èfhdav
(Light Emitting Diode - LED)
LCD ;srj, we;siaMál$m<sÕ=ødjKhfjkqjgwdf,dalhúysÿjk
Èfhdav fhdod we;
fmdÿ ia:dkhkays ix{d" m%o¾Ylmqjre" fjf<|kdu mqjre wdÈfha
Ndú;dfõ úÿ,s mrsfNdackh wvqh

• CRT;srj,g idfmaËjLCD, me;,s ;sr j, ,ËK
• wvq bvm%udKhla .ekSu(Less space)
 wvq úÿ,s n,hla wjYH ùu( Less power consumption)
 ;srfha fi,ùu wvq nj (Lack of flicker)
 idfmaËj ñ, wêl nj (Expensive)
 o¾Ykh ùuiSñ; mrdihl ùu (Limited Viewing angle)
 m%;spdroelaùu i`oyd jeä ld,hla .ekSu¡( Slower response time)

• - nyq udOHm%lafIamlh$m%fclagrh(Multimedia
Projector)
• .=rejrhdg b.ekajqï udOHhlaf,i fhdod .; yels iu¾mk
(Presentations) fmkaùugo" jHdmdr /iaùïmeje;aùfï§ o"
úfkdaohi|yd
ùäfhdao¾Yk keröugo fhdod .kq,nhs n
(i) uDÿ msgm;a (Soft Copy) i|yd

(ii) oDVmsgm;a (Hard Copy)
tkïuqøK hka;%j,ska .kakduqøKmsgm;a fõ
uqøK hka;% j¾. (Printers)
 ;s;a kHdi uqølh
 fma<suqølh
 f,ai¾ uqøK hka;%h
 ;Ska; úÿï uqøK hka;%h
 ;dm uqølh

1 - ;s;a kHdiuqølh
(Dot Matrix Printer)
fuu uqølfha ysi (head) fyda bÈlgq jeks ;=vq u.ska ;Ska; iys; ßnkh u;
.efgñka l=vd ;s;a
wdldrfhka lvodish u; uqøKh flf¾
2 -fma<s uqølh (Line Printer)
jrlgtlafma<shne.skauqøKh lrkfuu
uqølhfõ.j;a uqølhls'fõ.j;afma<s
uqølhlgúkdähgfma<s3000muK
uqøKhlsÍfïyelshdjwe;'
1'ix>Ügk uqøK hka;% (Impact Printers)
^lvodish u; uqøK ysi .efgk wdldrfha &

1 - f,ai¾ uqøKhka;%h(Laser Printers)
f,ai¾ loïnhla u`.ska ^levm;la yryd& wdfrdams; fnrhla(drum) u;
oelaùuiy ta u;gldá%chla ^Cartridge& we;s úh<s ;Ska;l=vq
(Toner) m;s;ùu ;=<ska uqøKhisÿlrhs
2' ix>Ügkh fkdjk uqøK hka;%h
(Non Impact Printers)

• 2 - ;Ska;úÿï uqøKhka;%h
(Bubble/Ink Jet Printer)
fuys§ ldá%chla (Cartridge) ;=< nyd we;s øj ;;a;ajfha;Ska;
(Liquid Ink) l=vd isÿre (Nozzles) ;=<ska lvodishg ú§u u.ska
uqøKhisÿ lrhs'

3 - ;dm uqølh(Thermal Printer)
fjf<|jHdmdr iajhxl%Shfg,¾ hka;%hwdÈfhysßisÜm;a ksl=;a
lsÍuiyf,an,auqøKh i|ydnyq, j fhdod.efka'

4 - ,l=KqlrKh(Plotter)
mß.KlhwdY%s; ie,iqïks¾udKlrKfha§ ^.Dy ks¾udKie,iqï" k.r
ie,iqï kdúlhd;%d ie,iqïjeks& nyq, j fhdod.kq ,nhs
fuu m%;sodkWml%uhu`.ska lvodish u;mEkla tyd fuyd .uka
lrjñka ie,eiau m%;sodkh lrkq ,nhs'

2'4'3 uOH ieliqï tallh (Central Processing
Unit - CPU)
mß.Klfhafud<hf,i y÷kajkq ,nhs úOdkj,gwkqj l%shd;auljkw;r
fufyhqïmoaO;sh ^Operating System& iy fhojqïuDÿldx.
^Application Software&l%shd;aullrkakd o fõ
fuys m%Odk jYfhkafldgia;=kls

uOHieliqïtAllfhafõ.h- fõ.h uksk tallhy¾Üia (Hertz -
Hz& jkw;r tu fõ.hfu.dy¾Üia ^Megahertz - MHz&
fyda .s.dy¾Üia ^Gigahertz - GHz& hktallj,ska o ukskq
,nhs'

2'3'7 mß.Kl u;l (Computer Memory)

• (1) m%d:ñlu;lh(Primary Memory)
• uOHieliqïtAllhgfl,ska u m%fõYúh yels u;lhhsfuys fldgia3ls
• 1 -iiïNdù msúiqïu;lh ^Random Access Memory
(RAM)
ilia lsÍugfhduq lrk f;lao;a; ;djld,sl j r|jd ;nd.kS mß.Klfhaúÿ,s n,h
fkdue;súg(Power off) o;a; uelShkneúkafuuu;lhkYHu;lh
^Volatile Memory&ls‘

• mGkud;% u;lh-
• Read Only Memory (ROM)
fuys o;a; mß.Klfhysúÿ,s n,hfkdue;súguelSfkdhkneúka thkYH
fkdjku;lhls^Non-volatile Memory& - mß.KlfhawdrïNl
l%shdj,shg wjYHúOdk ;ekam;a lr we;af;afuh ;=< h
^nfhdiafkdfyd;a uQ,sl wdodk m%;sodk
moaO;s ^BIOS - Basic Input Output System&úOdk
jkfïjd mß.KlksIamdok wdh;k úiska fuuu;lfhal=vd bvl ;ekam;a lr
ujqmqjrejg iú lr we;&

• jdrl u;lh- Cache Memory
• jdrl u;lhwfkl=;au;l j,g jvd m%udKfhkal=vdjqj;ab;d fõ.j;a
fõ' fuh uOHieliqïtallu;lh(CPU Memory& f,i o ye¢kafõ
'fuhkYH u;lhls
• uOH ieliqïtallh^CPU& iy m%d:ñlu;lh^Primary
memory& w;r w;rueÈhdf,ifuhks;r Ndú; jk o;a; r|jd ;nd.kS
fuksid CPU ys fõ.hjeäfõ

jdrl u;lh
L1,L2,L3
m%Odk u;lh
RAM
w
fuu osYdjg hdfïoS u;l Odrs;djwvq fõ
kuq;a fõ.h jeä fõ
Processor

^»»& oaú;Shsl u;lh$oaú;Shsl
wdphkh(Secondary Memory)
o;a; yd f;dr;=re iaÒrj u ;ekam;a lrkq,nk Wmdx.hhs'fuhndysr
wdphkh ^External
Storage&f,iska o ye¢kafõ
fuh úÿ,sh fkdue;s úg jqjomj;sk neúkakYHfkdjk(non-
volatile)u;lhls

^»»& oaú;Shsl u;lh (Secondary Memory)

• 1' pqïnludOH Wml%u- (Magnetic Media Devices)
• Wod- 1 - oDV ;eáh(Hard disk)
• wNHka;rfukaundysr oDV;eá o we;
• Odrs;dj 250 GB - 4TB fyda Bg jeäúh yel

• oDV ;eáh (Hard disk)
;eáh(Platter)
iamskav,h (Spindle)
YS¾Ilh (Head)
welapqfõg¾ ndyqj
(Actuator arm)
úÿ,s iïnkaOlh
(Power connector)
IDE iïnkaOlh (IDE Connector)
welapqfõg¾ (Actuator)

• WÞyrK2 - pqïnl máh (Magnetic Tape)
,sùfï iy lshùfïfõ.h wvq h
f;dr;=re wdrlaId lr ;nd.ekSui|yd
muKlau fhdod .efka'fuhnyq,j Ndú;hg
.efkkafkai¾j¾ mß.Klj, o;a; yd
f;dr;=re Wmia: (back up) lsÍugh'

2' m%ldY udOH (Optical media)
• o;a; wxlsl f,i;eáj, .nvd lr we;s w;r f,ai¾lsrK uÕskao;a; lshùu
yd ,sùu isÿjkneúka m%ldY udOH f,iye¢kafõ

CD-ROM (Compact Disc - Read Only Memory)
CD-R-(Compact Disc-Write once)
CD-RW(Compact Disc Re-Writable)
DVD – ROM -Digital Versatile Disc
-Read Only Memory
DVD-R-(Digital Versatile Disc
-Write Once)
DVD-RW(Digital Versatile Disc
-Rewritable)
Blue-ray (BD) R(Recordable)
Blue-ray RE (Recordable Erasable)
Blue -ray 3D
(25 – 128 GB
4.7 - 9.4 GB
650 – 900 MB

>k ;;a;ajfha Wmdx. (Solid state devices)
• tydfuyd .ukafkdlrk(Solid) wx.j,skahqla;jkneúkafuf,i
ye¢kafõ
• Wod-1 - USB *a,EIa Odjlh
2-u;lldâm;a (Memory card)
äðg,aleurd" cx.u ÿrl;kwdosfha fhdod .efka
^Wod-wdrlaId iys;wxls;ldâ (SD Card - Secure Digital
Card)

l%shdldrlu
pqïNl uOH" m%ldY udOH yd >k ;;;ajfha udOHj, jdiswjdis ,shd olajkak'

pqïnludOHwdphkWmdx.j, jdis
• o;a; lshùfïfõ.h jeäh(Hard disk j,)
• iuyr pqïnl udOH ,dNodhS ùu^pqïnlmá&
• jeäo;a; m%udKhla;ekam;a l<yels
• wjdis
• l,a h;auo;a; uelS hdfï wjodku
• Hard disk tllskao;a; myiqfjka ;j;a Hard disk tllgo;a; ,nd
.ekSfïwmyiqj
• ¥ú,s wdosfhka o;a; úkdY ùfïwjodku

m%ldYudOH j,jdis
• l,ameje;aujeäh'
• idudkHCD j, kej; ,súh fkdyels ksid o;a; fjkia l<fkdyels ùu
• f;dr;=re i|yd blauKskam%fõYúh yels ùu
• wjdis
• úfYAI o;a; lshùfïOdjlhla wjYHùu
• úYd, o;a; m%udKhla;ekam;a l<fkdyels ùu
• Kej;,súh yels CD j,g iEuOdjlhlau iyh fkdoelaùu'

>K ;;ajfha Wmdx. j, jdis
• idfmalaIjb;dfõ.j;ah
• l,ameje;aujeäh^jir 10 lamuK&
• c,hgTfrd;a;=oSu
• wjdis
• idfmalaIjñ, jeäh
• yosis úÿ,sweKysàï j,skaúkdYúh yelsyels ùu
• kej;kej;o;a; ,súhyelsjdr .Kkwvqùu

• mß.Klhiy mß.KlWmdx. fyda fjk;a mß.KltlsfkliïnkaOlrk w;=re
uqyqK;a flfjksf,i oelaúhyels h
• ish¨uflfjksujq mqjrejg^motherboard& iïnkaOlr we;
2'5 mß.Klhl flfjks(Ports)

• PS/2 flfjks (Personal System/2)
h;=re mqjrej- oï meye;s flfjksh
ujqih- fld< meye;s flfjksh
j¾;udkfha USB flfjksho nyq,j fhdod .efka

• 2' iudka;rflfjksh(Parallel Port)
• uqøKhka;%hmß.KlmoaO;shg iïnkaOlsÍui|yd Ndú; fõ
fuh újr25 lska hqla;h'
• fuhfjkqjgUSB flfjksho fhdod .efka

HDMI(High Definition Multimedia Interface)
flfjksh
fuh mß.Kl ;srh ^Monitor&" nyqudOH m%lafIamlh(multi media
projector)" äðg,a rEmjdyskS hka;% iy äðg,a Yío jdyskS hka;%
iïnkaO lsÍu i|yd fhdod .kshs
fuu.ska mrs.Klfhka tk äcsg,a ix×d tf,iskau fudksgrhg,nd foa- tu ksid rEm j,
.=K;ajh by, h' kuq;a VGA port u.ska fudksgrhg,nd fokafka analog signals
fõ'

4' cd,lrK flfjksh- RJ 45
• mß.Klcd,hlwe;s mß.Kl"cd, rjqgrh ^Network Router& yd cd,
iaúph^Network Switch& tlgiïnkaOlrkq ,nhs
• (RJ-45- Registered jack )

• 5' YíoWmdx. flfjks(Audio Port/ Jack)
ks,a mdg - YíowdÞkh(Line In) cassette tape player,
disc player wdosh iïnkaOlrhs
fld< mdg - (Line Out) -iamSlrh"Head Phone
^bia nkqj&wdosh
frdaimdg - uhsl%f*daka(Microphone)

• 6' úYajfY%a‚.;nia flfjksh
• (USB - Universal Serial Bus Port)
fuu.skaujqi "h;=remqjre wdoS wdodk iy m%;sodkWmdx.
fndfydauhlau mß.KlhgiïnkaOlrhs

USB flfjksj, úfYaI ,ËK
• fndfyda USB Wmdx. mrs.Klhg iú l, ú.iska l%shd lrhs ^Plug and
Play) fuysoSOdjl/t,jqï(Drivers) jevigykaia:dmkh (Install)
lsrSfïwjYH;djhla fkdue;¡
• fndfyda USB Wmdx. i`oyd wjYH lrk úÿ,sh ,nd .ekSu isÿ lrkafka
USB port tl yryduh
• mrs.Klh jid oeóulska f;drj USB wdldrfhka Wmdx. iú lsrSfï iy
úikaê lsrSfï yelshdj (Hot pluggable /Hot swappable)

• tla USB flfjkshla u`.ska úúOdldrfha jQ Wmdx.hka 127 lg jeä
ixLHdjla iïnkaO lsrSfï yelshdj
• USB 2.0 flfjksj, oS ;;amrhg fu.dìÜia 480 l(480 Mbps) fõ.hlska
o;a; iïfm%aIKh lsrSfï yelshdj'
USB flfjksj,úfYaI ,ËK

• 7' ùäfhdaflfjksh(Video Port) -VGA
fuh .%e*sla flfjksh^graphic port& f,i o y÷kajhs
fuh újr 15 lska iukaú; h'
mß.Kl ;srh fyda nyqudOHm%lafIamlh
^multimedia projector&mß.KlmoaO;shg
iïnkaOlsÍug fhdod.kshs

• ndysrska iúlrk VGA Card lsysmhlamy;oelafõ

8' fYa%Ks.; flfjksh (Serial Port)
mß.Klhlawka;¾cd,giïnkaOlsÍu
i|ydfhdod .kq,nk fudavuh ^modem&
iïnkaOlsßug fhdod .efka-;=vq9ls
j¾;udkfhafuufljksh fjkqjgUSB
flfjkshfhdod .efka'

DVI port-Digital Video Interface
fïjdNdú;dlrkqfha LCD panel iy
graphic card j,ska Wiia;;ajfhka hq;=
rEm ,nd .ekSugi|yd h

FireWire port
• fïjdIEEE 1394, f,io ye|skafõ' fuys fõ.h 800 Mbps go by,
fõ'. USB Wmdx. j,olakgwe;s fndfyda,laIKfuyso olakgwe;
(Hot pluggable ,hot swappable)

• fuys oelafjkafkamrs.KlfhaPower Supply Unit ys we;s
mrs.KlfhaúúOfldgiaj,g úÿ,sh imhkflfjksfõ'
no

• Power Supply unit ys we;=,; rEm igykla
 Power Supply unit
i|ydúÿ,shimhkflfjksh

• 2'5o;a; ikaksfõokh
• (Data Communication)
• tkïo;a; iyf;dr;=re iïfma%IKh^yqjudre& lr.ekSuhs
• WÞ-mß.Klfolla fydalsysmhla w;f¾ mß.KlhlaiyuqøK
hka;%hla w;f¾o;a; iïfm%aIKh
• fuu o;a;iïfma%IKh i|yd m%Njh yd .%dylhd w;rw;riïnkaO;djla f.dvk.d ;sìhhq;= h'
tu iïnkaO;dj cd,.;lsÍu f,i ye¢kafõ'

2'5'1 o;a; ikaksfõokh i|yd wjYH uQ,sl wx.
• î& o;a; m%Njh - o;a; iïfma%IKhlrkakd
• îi&iïfm%aIKudOH - o;a; iïfma%IKhlsÍugfhod .kakdudOHhs
^ÿrl:k /yeka (wired)" /yeka rys; (wireless)
• îii&o;a; .%dylhd - o;a;h,nkakd

2'5'2 o;a; iïfma%IKúê(Data Transmission
Modes)
• moaO;shlska ;j;a moaO;shlg o;a;iïfm%aIKhl%u
lsysmhlska úhyels h'

• 1& talm:(Simplex Mode)
• fuys § o;a; .uka lrkafkao;a; m%Njfhaisg o;a; .%dylhd fj;
mu‚
• WodyrK- rEmjdyskSo¾Ykkeröu" .=jkaúÿ,shg ijka§u
o;a; m%Njh (Sender
/Source)
o;a; .%dylhd
(Receiver/Sink)
o;a;h
Medium udOHh

• 2& w¾Ooaúm: (Half- duplex Mode)
• fuys § o;a; iïfma%IKhjkafkajrlgtla ÈYdjlgmu‚'Wod -
Walkie- talkie, SMS, Email mKsjqv
• ^tkï m%Njfha isg .%dylhd fj;go;a;iïfma%IKh ùu wjika jQ úgmuKla .%dylhdg
m%Njh fj;g o;a;iïfma%IKh l< yels h' &
o;a; m%Njhfyda o;a;
.%dylhd(Sender
/Source)
(Receiver/Sink)
o;a; m%Njhfyda o;a; .%dylhd
(Sender
/Source)Receiver/Sink)
Medium
udOHh
o;a;h
o;a;h

• fjdals-fgdals(walkie-talkie),SMS, Email mKsjqv

• 3& mQ¾K oaúm:l%uh (Full Duplex Mode)
• fuys § tlúg foÈYdjgu o;a; iïfma%IKhfõ'
• Wod-ÿrl:k ixjdo
o;a; m%Njh fyda o;a;
.%dylhd(Sender
/Source)
(Receiver/Sink)
o;a; m%Njh fyda o;a; .%dylhd
(Sender
/Source)Receiver/Sink)
Medium
udOHh
o;a;h
o;a;h

2'5'3 o;a; iïfma%IKudOH (Data
Transmission Media)

2'5'3 o;a; iïfma%IK udOH (Data Transmission Media)

^i& kshuq udOH (Guided / Wired)
• o;a; iïfma%IKhi|yd fhdod .kakd fN!;sludOHhkah^physical
medium&
• WÞyrK1 - weUrElïìhq., (Twisted pair)
fuh fldgia2ls
1' fkdjeiqKqweUrElïìhq.,
2' jeiqKqweUrE lïìhq.,

• 1' fkdjeiqKqweUrElïìhq.,
• - (UnshieldedTwisted Pair - UTP)
• tlgt;+ idudkH;Ulïìjhr hq., j,ska hqla;hkuHYS,s iy ,dNodhS fõ'
tfy;a §¾> ÿrlg o;a; iïfma%IKhl,fkdyel' Wmrsu óg¾ 100l
muKh rEmh 1

• 2' jeiqKqweUrE lïìhq., (Shielded Twisted Pair-
STP) fuhofkdjeiqKqweUrE lïì hq., wdldrhu kuq;a wu;r
wdjrKhlao we;' fuujhr o;a; iïfma%IK;;a;ajhj¾OkhlsÍuiy
wdrlaIdlsÍu isÿ lrhs'

• WÞyrK2 - iulaIlflan,h(Coaxial cable)
;U lïìoe,la yd " uOHfhawe;s ;U lïìhlaiys;h'
Wod- rEmjdyskS wekafgkd"CCTV flan, j, fhdod .efka

• WÞ 3 - m%ldY ;ka;=- (Fiber optics)
b;d isyskaùÿre k, j,skaks¾udKhlr we; k,h we;=,;
wdf,dalh mrdj¾;khfjñkao;a;iïfma%IKhfõ'fuh rYañ
jl%SlrKhf,i ye¢kafõ' fõ.j;au iïfma%IKudOHhhs' kuq;a
ñf,ka wêlfõ'kùk ÿrl:k cd,j, Ndú; fõ'
o;a;h

m%ldY;ka;= (Fiber optics)
uqyqÿ m;=f,a we;s Fiber optics jh¾j, rEmigykla

;U lïìhq., j, jdis ;U lïì hq., j, wjdis
,dNodhS fõ' §¾> ÿrlg o;a;iïfma%IKh fkd lrhs
isyska ksid tla k,hl lïì jeäm%udKhla fhosh
yel
weoSug yd kefukiq¿ njg Tfrd;a;=
oSu wvqh
isyska ksid t,Su myiqh úoHq;a pqïnl;ajh ksid isÿjk f>daIdldrS ;;ajh

m%ldY ;ka;= j, jdis m%ldY ;ka;=j, wjdis
§¾> ÿrlg o;a; iïfma%IKh l< yel ñf,ka wêl fõ'
fõ.j;a h w¿;ajeähdjwmyiqh
ix×d ÿ¾j, ùu wvqh tlg t;Su wmyiqh
wvq n,hlska o;a;iïfm%aIKh l< yel uqyqÿ m;=f,aoS ùÿre ngridhksl
m%;sl%shd ksid úlD;s ùu
.sKs Wjÿre yg fkd.kS
^wdf,dalh ksid&

^ii& kshuq fkdjk udOHh (Unguided
/Wireless)
fN!;sludOH fhdod .ekSulskaf;drj jd;h yryd ix{df,i o;a; iïfma%IKh lsÍuhs
• 1 - .=jka úÿ,s ;rx.(Radio waves)
• Eg- jhs *hs (Wifi) íÆgQ;a (Bluetooth) ,
• wi-max(Worldwide Interoperability for
Microwave Access)

.=jka úÿ,s ;rx.(Radio transmission)

2-wfOdarla;lsrK (Infra red)
Wod -/yekarys; uQisl"h;=remqjrerEmjdyskS ÿria: md,lj, fhfoa
3-laIqø;rx.(Microwaves)
fuys o;a; .ukalrkafkatla f¾Ldjlgh tuksidiïfm%aIKudOH tlg
o¾Ykh úh hq;=h
Wod- pkaøsldu.skao;a;ikaksfõokh
wkA;¾cd,h

• wfOdarla;lsrK (Infra red) ;rx.rEmjdyskS ÿria:md,l j, Ndú;jk wjia:djla

• ikaksfõok pkaøsld(communication satellites)

2'5'4 mß.Kl cd, iïnkaOlsÍfï Wmdx.
(Computer network connecting devices)
mß.Klcd,hla hkqmrs.Kl 2lafyda jeä .Kklatlg iïnkaO
lsÍuhs

cd,lrK w;=re uqyqK;a ldâm;
(Network Interface card-NIC)
• mrs.Kl cd,hloS wmf.a mrs.Klh cd,hg iïnkaO lsrSu i`oyd wjYH mrsm: wvx.=
ldâm; fukñka y`ÿkajhs¡
• fuh fjku ñ,oS.; hq;= ldâ m;la fukau mrs.Kl uõmqjrej u; ieliQ ldâ f,io (On
board / Built- in network interface card)oelsh yel¡
• ldâmf;a we;af;a flfjkshhs -jhrfha we;af;a
iïnkaOlhhs RJ45 iïnkaOlhla^connector& uÕskaflfjkshgiïnkaOfõ

(i) cd,lrK w;=reuqyqK;a ldâm; (Network
interface card)
Network interface card
Built-In Network
interface card
RJ 45 cable

ndysrska iúlrk Network card Built -in
Network card iyRJ-45 lfklagrh
Network interface card
Built-In Network
interface card
RJ 45 cable
port (flfjksh&
(connector)
iïnkaOlh

(ii) iaúph fyda kdNs - (Switch / Hub)
mß.Klfollafyda Bg jeäm%udKhlafyda w;riïnkaO;djla
f.dvke.Su i|yd fhdod .efka

iaúpfhysiykdNsfhys we;s fjkialï
• iaúpfhys yqjudre fõ.h jeäh'
• kdNsh yqjudrelrkq,nk f;dr;=re cd,fhaish¨umß.Klfj;
fhduq flfrkw;riaúphf;dr;=re fhduq lrkafkawod< mß.Klh
fj; mu‚'fuys § kdNsh úiska wkjYH;onohla we;s lrkq ,nhs'
• f;dr;=re yqjudrefõ § kdNs w¾Ooaúm: ^half duplex&
l%uhg o iaúph mQ¾K oaúm: ^Full duplex&l%uh fhdod
.efka'

cd,lrK iaúph (Network Switch)

(iii) jhs- *hs - wevmagrh
fuu WmlrKhof¾äfhda ;rx.udOHhfhdod .efkafõ.j;a
wka;¾cd,in|;dj,g fhdod .; yel

(iv) ud¾.lh (Router)
fuhmß.Klcd, folla fyda Bg jeä
ixLHdjliïnkaO;djwe;slsÍugfhdod
.efka'fuhcd,oajdrh ^gateway&hkqfjka o ye¢kafjhs
Wod- mdif,a mrs.Kl tallfhawe;s mrs.Klcd,h wka;¾cd,h yd iïnkaO
lsrSug'
w

(v) fudvuh (Modem) -
mß.Klhlawka;¾cd,hyd iïnkaOlsÍug fuhfhdod .kshs
fuu.ska mß.Klfhyswe;s wxls;$äðg,a (Digital) o;a; yd
f;dr;=re m%;siu ix{df,io m%;siu ix{d f,imj;sk o;a; yd f;dr;=re
kej;wxls;ix{dnjg m;alrhs' fuhModulation iy
DEModulation hkqfjkaye¢kafõ wka;¾ fudvuh
^Internal&" ndysr fudvï^External& iy flan,a rys;
^Wireless)fudvïhkqfjkafudvu j¾. lsysmhls w

(vi) .sksmjqr (Firewall)
fuh ia:dmkhlrkafka wka;¾cd,hiymß.Klcd,hlaw;r wdrlaIl mjqrla
f,igh' fuhuDÿldx. fukau oDVdx. f,io mj;shss'^wkawh wkjir
m%fõYhkaf.kawdrlaId lsrSu o fuu.skabgq lrhs&
• fuu.skamß.Kl cd, w;r o;a; iy f;dr;=re yqjudrefõ § we;s jk ;onoh md,kh lrkq
,nhs'

 mrs.Klhgwka whf.awkjir m%fõYhkaf.kawdrlaId lr.; yel'
tu.ska;u fm!oa.,slf;dr;=re wdrlaId lr .; yels fukau
wdrlaIdldrSj wka;¾cd,.KqfoKqo l< yel' tfukaumrs.Klhg
tkffjri"wkjYHBfï,a (Spam) wdosh j,lajkq ,nhs'

2'5'5 fiajd,dNS$ fiajdfhdað; cd, (Client/
Server network)
mß.Kl cd,hlafufyhjk m%Odkmß.Kl moaO;sh fiajd
fhdað; ^Server&mß.Klh hs'thg iïnkaOwfkl=;a mß.Kl
fiajd,dNS^Client&mß.Kl hs
cd, fufyhqï moaO;shla^Network Operating
System&ia:dms;lrkafka(Server&mß.Klhgh
Wod- windows server fufyhqïmoaO;sh

wka;¾cd,fhka fyda m%foaYShcd,hlska o;a; fyda f;dr;=re b,a¨ï
lrkakdfiajd,dNsfhl=(Client) f,io o;a; yd f;dr;=re imhkakd
fiajdfhdað;(Server) f,i o y|kajkq ,nhs'

2'5'6 mß.Kl cd, j¾.
mß.Klcd, N+ñfha msysàu wkqj

• (i) ia:dkShm%foaY cd,
^Local Area Network (LAN)
tla f.dvke.s,a,l ldurhla ;=< fyda
ldur lsysmhla iïnkaOlrñkaia:dms; lrkq ,nkmß.Klcd,hls
Wod-mdi,la ;=< "úYajúoHd,hla;=<" l=vd m%udKfhajHdmdrhla
;=< ld¾hd,hla ;=< we;s lrkq ,nkcd,

(ii) mqrjr m%foaYcd,
(Metropolitan Area Network- MAN)
ls'ó 16la fyda Bg wvq m%foaYhlawdjrKh jk
wdldrfhka ia:dk .; lr we;s ia:dkShm%foaY cd, ^LAN&lsysmhl
tl;=jlamqrjr m%foaY cd,hls
Wod-
• nexl=cd,
• YdLd iys; wdh;khkays cd,
• úYajúoHd, cd,

iii) mq¿,a m%foaYcd,(Wide Area Network
- WAN)
• b;d mq¿,a m%foaYhlawdjrKh jkmßoafoka
ks¾udKhflreKq cd,hs' rgla ;=< fukaurfgka msgg o fuucd,
me;sf¾'
Wod-wka;¾cd,h'

2'5'7 cd, ia:, úoHdj (Network Topology)
• cd,hla ;=< mß.Kl iïnkaO;djie,iqïlsÍu iy cd, .; lsÍucd, ia:, úoHdj
^Network Topology& f,iska oelaúhyels h fuys wdldr 5 ls

i) ;rewdldrhg cd, .; lsÍu
(Star Topology)
• kdNshfyda iaúph flakaøhfldgf.k thgmß.KliïnkaOlrkq ,nhs'

ii) nihlwdldrhg cd,.; lsÍu
(Bus Topology)
fuysoS m%Odkflan,hlayryd ish¨u iïnkaO;d we;slrñka mrs.Kl cd, .;
lrhs
jdis- ie,iqu b;d myiqhs
flan,wvq m%udKhlajehùu
wjdis-
• iïnkaOl<yels mß.Klm%udKhiSñ;hs
• m%Odkflan,fhysisÿ jkwl%ñl;djla cd,fha we;s mß.Klish,a,g u
n,mEu

(iii) j,,a,l wdldrhgcd, .; lsÍu
(Ring Topology)
mß.Kl cd, .; lr we;af;a uqoaol$ j<,a,l wdldrhg hs
jdis-wvq jh¾ m%udKhla wjYH ùu
wjdis-tla mß.Klhl fyda flan,hlwl%ñl;djla iïmQ¾K cd,hgu n,mEu

(iv) rela $.ilwdldrhg cd, .; lsÍu
(Tree Topology)
;re wdldrfha ^Star Topology& cd, .; lsÍï
lsysmhla nia wdldrfha cd, .; lsÍulgtl;= lsÍuhs
• fuys jdish jkafkatla tla cd, fjka fjkajYfhka md,khlsÍfïmyiqjhs'

v) oe,la wdldrhgcd, .; lsÍu (Mesh Topology)
• cd,fhawe;sish¨u mß.Kltlsfklyd
iïnkaOlsÍuhs
ixlS¾K ksidmd,khwmyiqfukaumsrsjehwêlh'kuq;atlamß.Klcd,hla
ì| jegqko" cd, iïnkaO
ùugud¾.lSmhla we;sneúka tuud¾.yryd
iïnkaO;dj/£mej;Sujdisiy.;h

2'5'8 cd,lrKfhajdis
• 1-o;a; iyf;dr;=re mß.Klw;r yqjudrelsÍug yels ùu
fiajd fhdað; (Server&mß.Klhlo;a; ;ekam;a lsÍu ;=<ska tucd,h
yd iïnkaOù isák fiajd,dNSkag^Client& f;dr;=re ,nd.; yels h
Wod - wm f,dalfha Web sites j,g iïnkaOùu

• 2-wvq bvl o;a; .nvd l<yelsùu
tlu o;a;h mß.Kllsysmhl;ekam;a fkdù yqjudre l<yels ksid ;ekam;a
lsÍfïbv m%udKh b;=re fõ
3-iïm;afmdÿfõ mßyrKhlsÍu
tkïuqøKhka;%h"iqmÍlaIlh^scanner&"
fudvuh^ modem& wd§ Wmdx. mrs.Klcd,hgu tla Wmdx.hla
iEfya

• 4-uOH.;uDÿldx.md,khlsÍfï yelshdj
' fiajdfhdað; (server& mß.Klhl uDÿldx. ;ekam;a lsÍu;=<ska cd,h yd
iïnkaOù isákfiajd,dNSkag ^Client& tu uDÿldx. Ndú; l< yels h' tu.ska ld,h
iyuqo,a b;srs fõ
ServerClient

• 5-wka;¾cd,hyryd ´kEufõ,djl§ ;u o;a; yd f,aLk iu.iïnkaO
ùfïyelshdj
Eg – google Cloud fiajdju.ska ;uo;a; wka¾cd,fhar|jd
;nd .; yel

• 6-wdrlaIdj
fiajdfhdað;(Server& mß.KlhlgiïnkaOúh yels jkafkawjir,;a
fiajd,dNSkag^Client&muKlaneúkatys o;a; iy f;dr;=re
;ekam;a lsÍu jvd;a wdrlaIs; fõ'

• 7-úoHq;a ;emE,
• fuu.skamß.Klw;r b;d myiqfjka f;dr;=re yqjudre lr.; yels h

2'5'9 cd,lrKfhawjdis
1-o;a; i|ydwvq wdrlaIdj
cd,fha we;s´kE u mß.Klhlau.ska o;a; .nvdjg fkdfyd;a fiajdfhdað;
(Server&mß.Klhlgwkjirfhka iïnkaOúh yels ùu fuhgfya;=jhs
Eg- Hackers

• 2-tla mß.Klhlafyda flan,hlaì|jeàuksid cd,hu ì|jeàu
iuyr cd, ie,iqï l%uj,§ tla mß.Klhlfyda flan,hlì|jeàucd,fha we;s
wfkl=;a mß.Klj,l%shdldß;ajhgn,mdhs
Wod -uqÿwdldrfha cd,

• 3-cd,hyryd ffjrime;sr hdfï wjodku'

• 4-m%Odk mß.Klfha fodaI cd,hgu n,mEu
• m%Odkmß.KlfhafodaI fyda ì|jeàuksid wfkl=;a mß.Klo l%shd
úrys; ùugwe;s bv lv'
• Wod - ;re wdldrfhacd, j,oS

5-cd,hlamd,khlsÍu myiq úfYaImqyqKqjla <;a mqoA.,fhl=
wjYHùu'

3-mß.Kl moaO;sfhao;a;
ksrEmKhg Ndú; lrk l%u

h;=re mqjrefjka A wlaIrhtype l< úgmrs.Klfha isÿ jk l%shdj,sh
“ A” wlaIrh h;=re
,shkh l< úgtu bf,lafg%dksl ix{dj uOHieliqï
tallhfj; .ukalrhs' tys § tu bf,lafg%dksl ix{djg
wkqj th oaúuh fla;hg mßj¾;kh ù ieliSu i|yd .nvd
fjkjd' tu “ A” wlaIrhg wod< bf,lafg%dksl ix{dj"
rgdj ieliSfuka wk;=rej “A” wlaIrh mß.Kl ;srhu;
Èiafõ'

3'1'1 ixLHdmoaO;sh
mß.KlhNdú; lrñka wm wl=re fyda jpk h;=re ,shkh lsÍfï§ mß.Klh
u.ska tuwl=re fyda jpk thgf;areï .; yels ixLHdf,i ksrEmKhlr .kS'
mß.Klhgf;areï.; yels fuuixLHdiuQyhzz ixLHd moaO;shZZla f,i
ye¢kafjk w;r ixLHdmoaO;sfha ''digits'' kñka ye|skafjkiSñ;b,lalï
ixLHdjlska iukaú;h
• m%:u.Klhka;%hf,i ie,flkwenlihys o ixLHdmoaO;s ixl,amh
;snqKqw;r" th wo mß.Klholajd ÈhqKq ù we;'

3'1'2 mß.Klfha o;a; ksrEmKh i`oyd oaúuh ixLHd
Ndú;h
• mß.Klfhao;a; ksrEmKhlrkafka 1 iy 0 wjia:d u.sks fuh
bf,lafg%dakslmßm:j,''on'' yd ''off'' hk wjia:d folgiudkh
• Wod-mrs.Klfhkaoïj¾KhksrEmKh lsrSug wjYH kïuQ,sl j¾K 3
jkr;="fld< iy ks,a Red, Green, Blue (RGB) u.ska osh
hq;af;a “135, 31, 120” f,i h' 135, 31 yd 120 gwod< oaúuh
ixLHd100001112 "111112 yd 11110002 fõ'

• Photoshop uDÿldx.fhaj¾Kfmkaùu

3'2 oYuh"oaúuh"wIaguhydIâoYuhixLHd moaO;s

• 3'2'1 oYuh ixLHdmoaO;sh
oYuh ixLHdxlmoaO;sfha wka;¾.; ixLHdjlaiE§we;s wdldrh
fuu 100" 101" 102" ''' jeksia:dkSh w.hka oYuh ixLHd moaO;sfha nr idOl
(Weighting Factors) f,i ye`Èkafõ

oYuixLHdjla iE§we;s wdldrh
Wod-302'75 .ksuq'

3'2'1 oaúuh ixLHd moaO;s (Binary Number
System)
• mß.Klhgo;a; iy Wmfoia f,iixLHd fh§fï§ wm Ndú; lrkafka oYuh
ixLHdmoaO;sh jqj;a mß.Klhúiska tuo;a; 0 yd 1 f,imßj¾;khlr
.kS' fuu0 yd 1 hkixLHdxliys; ixLHd moaO;sh oaúuhixLHd
moaO;shhs'

• mß.Kl;dlaIKfha§ oaúuhixLHdmoaO;sh b;d jeo.;a jkw;r th
mß.KlfhauQ,sl ñkqïtallhjkìgqj(bit) ks¾udKhgodhl fõ'fuu
ixLHdmoaO;sfha l=vdu w.h0 o úYd,u w.h 1 o fõ' tu w.hka
ìgqjla (Bit) B inaryDig it f,i ye`Èkafõ'

3'2'3 wIaguh ixLHdmoaO;s (Octal Number
System)

3'2'4 IâoYuhixLHdmoaO;s (Hexa-Decimal
Number System)
mß.Klh oaúuh ixLHd Ndú; lrkw;rfuh ñksidg lshùug wiSre ld¾hhls' tneúka oaúuh
ixLHdj,g jvdmyiqfjka fhÈh yels IâoYuh ixLHdmoaO;sh Ndú; lrkq ,nhs
;ooï mdgj¾Khg wod< j “ #871F78 ”
´kE u j¾Khl jákdlu bÈßfha “#”fyda “&H” (ampersand) ixfla;h fhdod we;akï th
IâoYuh ixLHdjls

• mQ¾KixLHdjlajfïisg ol=Kg lshùfï§ ol=Kqfl<jßkaumsysá
w.hwvqu fjfiisw.h jkw;r jïfl<jßkau msysá Y=kHfkdjkw.h
jeäu fjfiisw.hfõ
• oYuixLHdj,§ oYu;s;g ol=Kq miskawE;skamsysá Y=kH
fkdjkw.hwvq u fjfiisw.hjk w;r oYu ;s;g jïmiskawE;skau
msysá Y=kH fkdjkw.hjeäu fjfiisw.h fõ'
3'3 ixLHdjl jeäuyd wvqu fjfiisia:dkSh w.h
01241.01570
01241020

• 3'3'1 jeäufjfiis ixLHdxlh( MSD - Most Significant
Digit) iy wvqu fjfiisixLHdxlh( LSD - Least
Significant Digit) f,io ye|skafõ

3'3'2 jeäu fjfiisìgqj (MSB – Most Significant Bit) yd
wvqu fjfiisìgqj (LSB – Least Significant Bit)
• oaúuhixLHdmoaO;sh i`oyd muKlaNdú; flf¾^ìgqwh;a
oaúuhixLHdj,g muKlaneúka&
0

3'4 oYuh ixLHd"oaúuh" wIaguhyd IâoYuhixLHdnjg
mßj¾;kh
• 3'4'2 oYuh ixLHd"oaúuhixLHd njg mßj¾;kh

3'4'3 oYuhixLHd"wIaguhixLHd njgmßj¾;kh

3'4'4 oYuhixLHd"IâoYuhixLHdnjgmßj¾;kh

3'5'1 oaúuhixLHd"oYuhixLHd njgmßj¾;kh

3'5'2 wIaguh ixLHd"oYuhixLHd njgmßj¾;kh

3'5'3 IâoYuhixLHd"oYuhixLHdnjgmßj¾;kh

3'5'4 oaúuhixLHd"wIaguh ixLHdnjgmßj¾;kh

• 10111012 ixLHdjwIaguhixLHdjlgyerùu'

3'5'5 oaúuhixLHd"IâoYuhixLHd njgmßj¾;kh

101102 ixLHdjIâoYuhixLHdjlgyerùu

3'5'6 wIaguh ixLHd"oaúuhixLHdnjgmßj¾;kh
• 4578 ixLHdjoaúuh ixLHdjlgyerùu
• m<uqjwIaguh ixLHdfjysiEuixLHdxlhlau ìgq;=klska,shkak'

3'5'7 wIaguh ixLHd"Iâ oYuhixLHd njgmßj¾;kh
• fuys § wIaguhixLHdjm<uqj oaúuhixLHdjla f,i olajd miq j th
IâoYuh ixLHdjla njgyerúhhq;=hs

• 10578 ixLHdjIâ oYuh ixLHdjlgyerùu
m<uq j oaúuh ixLHdjlaf,i

3'5'8 IâoYuh ixLHd" oaúuh ixLHd njgmßj¾;kh
IâoYuh ixLHdjl´kEu ixfla;hlaìgq y;rlska hq;a oaúuh ixLHdjlska ,súhyels
h' tfiakïIâ oYuh ixLHdjlaoaúuh ixLHdjlg yrjk úg tu ixLHdfõ iEu
ixLHdxlhla uìgq y;rlska hq;a oaúuh ixLHdjlskaoelaúh hq;=hs'

3'5'9 IâoYuhixLHd"wIaguhixLHd njgmßj¾;kh
m<uq joaúuh ixLHdjla
f,i olajkak
fojkqj oaúuh ixLHdj
wIaguh ixLHdjlg
yrjkak

3'6 o;a;wdphkOdß;dj(Data Storage
Capacity)

• ìgqj (bit)= 0 yd 1hkoaúuhixLHdxlfol
• ìgq8 hs=nhsÜ (byte) 1
• ìgq 4 la=ksn,a (nibble) 1
• 1024 Byte (1024 = 210) = 1KB (kilobyte)
• 1024 KB (nhsg 1048576) = 1MB (Megabyte)
• (MB fyda mbyte f,i,súh yel&
• 1024 MB = 1GB (Gigabyte)
• 1024 GB = 1TB (Terabyte)
• 1024 TB = 1PB (Petabyte)

Kb,Mb,Gb f,i ,sùfuka woyia flfrkafka kilobit,Megabit,gigabit
hkakh-tho;a; iïfm%aIKhjkfõ.hhs&
• 3'6'1 o;a; wdphkh ( Data Storage ) uekSuioyd Ndú; flfrk
tall

3'6'2 Wmdx.j,o;a;Odß;dj ^hw) (Capacities of
Data Storage)

3'7 mß.Klj, Ndú; lrk fla; l%u (Coding Systems
)

• 3.7.1 BCD - Binary Coded Decimal
mß.KlNdú;d l< uq,a ld,fha § fuufla; l%uhfhdod.;aw;r fïl%uh
u.ska tlaixLHdxlhlaìgq y;rlskaksrEmkhlrhs'fuhoYuhixLHdxl
^0 isg 9&ksrEmKhioyd muKlaNdú;d lrhs' fïu.skaixfla; 16 la
(24 = 16) ksrEmKhl<yelsh
'

3.7.2 ASCII (American Standards Code for Information
interchange)
• fuufla;l%ufha§mß.Klhg,ndfok o;a;hmß.Klhúiskaìgq 7lska
hq;a oaúuhixLHdjlska ksrEmKhlrhs' fuhska wkq ,laIK 128 la
ksrEmKhl<yels h'fuhANSI (American National
Standards Institute) wdh;khu.skailia lr iïu; lr we;'

ASCII j,oS School hk jpkhh;=re mqjrej Ndú;fhka mß.Klhg we;=¿ l<úg
mß.Klh th f;areï .kakdwdldrh

3.7.3 EBCDIC (Extended Binary Coded Decimal
Interchange Code)
• fuufla;l%ufhkawkq,laIK 256 (28=256)la ,súh yels h' fuys §
tla ixfla;hlaìgq wglskaiEÿKqoaúuhixLHdjlska,shhs' fuh
IBM Main frame mß.Klj,Ndú; úh'
• bx.S%is Capital, Simple wlaIr 26 i`oyd tlsfklgfjkiafla; we;'

3'7'4 hqksfla;l%uh (Unicode)
j¾;udkfhaoS isxy," cmka"Ök yd fou<jeks
NdIdj, wkq,laIK 256 lgjvd jeäneúkaby; fla; l%um%udKj;a
fkdùh'tneúkaìgq16 lska hq;a tlsfklgfjkiaixfla;65536 la (216 =
65536 ) ksrEmKhl< yels hqksfla;l%uh
yÿkajd fokq ,eî h'

wlaIrj,g
wod< ASCII yd
EBCDIC w.h

wlaIrj,g
wod< ASCII yd
EBCDICw.h

4-;d¾lsl oajdr iu. nQ,Shùc ;¾lh
• 4'2 ;d¾lsloajdr
• oaúuh ixLHdwkqidrfhkahïhï ;¾l ;;a;ajf.dvkexùug;ata wkqjhï hï
;SrK .ekSug;ayelsjkmßm:;d¾lslmßm:(Logic Circuits) f,i
ye`Èkafõ
• fuubf,lafg%dkslmßm:ks¾udKh fldgwe;af;a;d¾lsl oajdr keue;s
uQ,sl ;d¾lslmßm:rdYshla wjYHmßÈtlsfklgiïnkaOlsÍfuks
• ;d¾lsl mßm:hg%dkaisiagr"vfhdaviy m%;sfrdaOwd§wx.j,ska
iukaú;fõ'

;d¾lsloajdrfldgia folls
• 1'uQ,sl ;d¾lsl oajdr (Basic Logic Gates)
• 2'ixhqla; ;d¾lsl oajdr (Combinational Logic Gates)

• AND ;d¾lsl oajdrhg
• wod, úoHq;a mßm:h
• fuys A iy B hk iaúp 2u ixjD; (ON) ;;ajfha ;sfíkï muKla n,anh oe,afõ
tla iaúphla fyda újD; kï (off) n,anh fkdoe,afõ(ON=1 off=0 )
AND ;d¾lsl oajdrhg
wod, i;H;d j.=j
1. AND oajdrh
fuh fY%aKs.;úoHq;a mßm:hls
A,B-wdodk Q-m%;sodkh

• i;H;dj.=
• ;d¾lsl oajdrhl wdodk yd m%;sodkw;r iïnkaO;djhj.=jla f,i
oelaùui;H;dj.=jla (Truth Table) f,i ye`Èkafõ
• oajdrhg wdodk follawe;akï i;H;dj.=jg wjia:d y;rls ^22 =4&
• AND oajdrh nQ,shdkq wxlkfhkaA.B fõ
A,B-wdodk Q-m%;sodkh

• my; fojkmrsm:fha P ,Q fidhkak
• m<uqmrsm:fha i;H;dj.=j ,shd olajkak

OR oajdrh (OR gate)
fuh iudka;r.;úoHq;a mßm:hls
• fuysA iyB hkiaúp2ka1la fyda ixjD;(ON) kï n,anhoe,afõ'
iaúp2u újD;kïmuKla(off) n,anhfkdoe,afõ (ON=1 off=0 )
• OR oajdrhg wod,
úoHq;a mßm:h AND oajdrhg wod, i;H;d
j.=j

• ORfufyhqunQ,Sh ùc .Ks;fhys“A + B” f,iolajhs' th
lshjkqfha A OR B f,i h'
1' by; Q m%;sodkhg wod< nQ,Sh m%ldYkh ,shkak'
2' by; m%;sodkh ,nd.ekSug wod< i;H;d j.=j f.dvk.kak

NOT oajdrh
• OR oajdrhg wod,
úoHq;a mßm:h
AND oajdrhg wod, i;H;d
j.=j
fuys A iaúÉÑhixjD; jwe;s úgn,anh yryd Odrdjla .,d fkdhkneúkath
fkdoe,afõ' tfy;a A iaúÉÑhújD; jwe;s úgn,anh oe,afõ

NOT ;d¾lsloajdrhgwod<nQ,Shùcm%ldYkhyd
ixfla;h

ixhqla;;d¾lsloajdr
• NOR oajdrh
• OR iy NOT oajdrfoflystl;=jlafyj;aOR ys wkqmQrlhhs
NOR ;d¾lsl oajdrhg ;=,H ;d¾lsl mßm:h

NOR ;¾l oajdrhg wod< i;H;d j.=j

by; m%;sodkh ,nd .ekSug wod< i;H;dj.=j f.dvk.kak'

NAND oajdrh ( NAND gate)
AND iyNOT oajdrfoflystl;=jhs
fuys §Ayd B iaúp hkfol u ixjD; j we;súg muKla n,anhfkdoe,afõ' wkaiEu wjia:djl u
n,anh ±,afõ' tf,i NAND ;d¾lsl oajdrhl wdÞk folu 1 jQúg muKla m%;sÞkh 0 fõ'
• NAND oajdrhg wod, úoHq;a
mßm:h
NAND oajdrhg wod,
i;H;d j.=j

by; m%;sodkh ,nd .ekSug wod< i;H;dj.=j f.dvk.kak

4'5-nq,Shm%ldYkhgwod< ;d¾lsl mßm: ks¾udKh

2' my; ixLHdxlmßm:j,gwod< nQ,Sh m%ldYk ,shd Bg wod< i;H;d
j.= f.dvk.kak'

4'6 ix.Dys;mßm: (Integrated Circuits)
• ix.Dys; mßm:hlahkq g%dkaisiagr(Transistors), m%;sfrdaOl
(Resistors), Odß;%l (Capacitors) yd vfhdav (Diodes)
jeksWmdx.hkaf.kaieÿï,;a hïksYaÑ; l%shdjla fjkqfjkau
ksmojqKqmßm: úfYaIhls
• Ëqø ilikh(Micro processor);d¾lsl oajdr Ndú;jk wkql,s;
mßm: rdYshlska iE§ we;'

fuuwkql,s; mßm:fhys1,2,4,5,9,10,12 yd 13 hk
;=vq(Pins) wdodkhka fõ' fuys 3,6,8 yd 11 hk;=vq
m%;sodkfõ

4'7 ;d¾lsl oajdrj,m%dfhda.sl fhojqï
• ksjilwk;=reweÕùums<sn`o ix{d moaO;sh (Home
Alarm System)
• fuyscfka,2 ys yd fodr2 ys 1lafydaújD;lsrSula 1f,iie,l=jfyd;a OR
gates Ndú;djkksidtlawdodkhlafyda1 jQúgm%;sodkh1 fõtkï
wk;=reix×djl%shd;aul fõ

2-ùÈ ,dïmqj,ska isÿ jkúÿ,s kdia;sh wju ùu i`oyd
ks¾udKh jQmßm:h
• hdka;%sliaúÉphixjD;jwe;súgtyswdodkh1 jkw;rújD;wjia:dfõ§
wdodkh0fõ' wdodkh1 jkwjia:dfõ,dïmqj±,afõ(OR gate)
• ld, .Klfhka1^iji6Wfoa6ld,h=1f,i&yd wf,dalixfõolfhka0 ^wdf,dalh
fkdue;swjia:dj=0 &jkhkwjia:d2 ubgqjkúgo ,dïmqjoe,afõ(NOT
gate u.ska wf,dalixfõolwdodkho 1jkneúka wjia:d2u1 f,iieliSAND
gate l%shd lrhs

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