Grade 9 - handout on introduction to handtools.ppt
- 1. Prepared by: Prepared by: Mr. B. Elliott Mr. B. Elliott General Construction Instructor General Construction Instructor CopyrightPHS2023 CopyrightPHS2023 HANDTOOLS 1
- 2. DEFINITION OF A HAND TOOL DEFINITION OF A HAND TOOL A hand tool is a device for doing a particular job, and does not use a motor. It is powered solely by human force. 2
- 3. CLASSIFICATION OF TOOLS AND THEIR CLASSIFICATION OF TOOLS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS FUNCTIONS 3 Functions Hand Tools Power Tools Guiding or setting out tools Set square, straight edge, measuring tape, level, theodolite Cutting, planing, boring and shaping tools Knife, chisel, drill bit, hand saw, scissors, punch, pickaxe, sand paper, hand plane Belt sander, disc sander, grinder, various saws, ceramic tile cutter, lathe, thickness planer, surface planer, wood router, drill, reamer, water jet cutter Fixing, fastening and percussion tools Hammer, maul, screw driver, torque wrench Impact wrench, nail gun (nailer), stapler, drill Material shifting and holding tools Pliers, wrench, clamp, shovel Various
- 4. LAYOUT TOOLS LAYOUT TOOLS Layout tools are those instruments used to prepare and set out a given project. They are usually used along with measuring tools to achieve the desired accuracy or ‘trueness’. Some layout tools are ‘multi-functional’, that is, they can be used for measuring, layout or other functions. Most are both measuring and layout tool in one and as such is difficult to categorize, for example, calipers and dividers. 4
- 5. SLIDING BEVEL SLIDING BEVEL 5 This is sometimes called the ‘Sliding T-bevel’ or ‘Bevel Square’. It is used to lay/set out and test/check angles between 00 and 1800 or to copy existing angle.
- 6. USING THE T-BEVEL USING THE T-BEVEL 6 Like the Try Square, it has a stock and a blade, but the blade can be adjusted to form any angle then locked into position by tightening a locking lever fitted unto it. The bevel square is especially useful when copying an angle from one piece of stock to another piece.
- 7. COMBINATION SQUARE COMBINATION SQUARE 7 This is a compact tool with many tools in one and is used to measure. The adjustable handle has two straight surfaces for marking 90° and 45° angles. Some squares include a pointed metal scribe to mark work for cutting.
- 8. COMBINATION SQUARE COMBINATION SQUARE 8 Some heads are fitted with a spirit level to aid in accurate layout. The combination square can be used as a steel rule, try square, mitre square, spirit level or depth gauge.
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- 10. MEASURING TOOLS MEASURING TOOLS • These are probably the most often used tools in the workshop. Measuring tools must be accurate, and as such, must be properly cared for by those who handle them. • Measuring tools can be defined as instruments that are used to give detailed dimensions (length, width, height, etc.) to work-pieces. They are also used to check for accuracy when inspecting finished work. 10
- 11. MEASURING TAPE OR TAPE MEASURE MEASURING TAPE OR TAPE MEASURE 11 The tape usually has both imperial and metric measurements. It is used for general measurements, It is sometimes called the ‘steel tape’, ‘flexible rule’ or ‘pocket rule’.
- 12. STEEL RULE STEEL RULE 12 This tool is made of stainless steel. It is usually made flexible and is used for accurate measurements of relatively small pieces of stock. It is also used as a straight edge when drawing lines.
- 13. USING MEASURING INSTRUMENTS USING MEASURING INSTRUMENTS 13 Measurements must be taken either from the edge of a material, from a centre line or from an established point. Always measure along a straight line or parallel to a straight edge to increase accuracy. The rule or measuring instrument should be tilted in order to improve accuracy. Always remember to use the correct instrument for the job. Always start measuring at the zero mark.
- 14. MARKING TOOLS MARKING TOOLS • During the layout process, it may become necessary to mark, on the work, where a particular operation (such as cutting) is to be carried out. This makes it necessary for the woodworker to acquire a number of instruments designed to mark the wood in various ways. A marking tool may be as simple as a pencil or may be more complex as a mortise gauge. 14
- 15. PENCIL PENCIL The carpenter’s pencil is a little different from ordinary pencils. It has a thicker lead, is usually oval in section and is longer lasting. 15
- 16. MARKING GAUGE MARKING GAUGE 16 This tool is used to mark lines parallel to the edge of a piece of wood, as when marking wood to width and thickness. The distance from the edge of the wood can be adjusted by moving the stock along the stem and locking it in place with a thumb screw. The stem has a steel spur close to the edge to mark the work.
- 17. CUTTING TOOLS CUTTING TOOLS • After layout and marking, the next step is to bring the work to the size and shape that is required; this is achieved by the use of cutting tools. It is important to double check all measurements before you cut as any mistake made during cutting cannot be easily corrected. To ensure accuracy, cutting should be done on the waste side of the material. 17
- 18. TENON SAW TENON SAW 18 This type of saw is otherwise called a back saw because of a brass or steel back fitted to it to tension the blade for accurate work. It is used for making straight cuts through wood and plastic; for cutting small tenons, squaring off the ends of timber and for other small work. The saws vary in length between 254 mm and 355 mm with a coarseness of about 10 – 14 teeth per 25 mm, giving a very clean cut.
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- 20. COPING SAW COPING SAW 20 This saw is used to cut curves in thin wood and plastic and for removing the waste in joint construction. It has a fine blade, about 152 mm long, which is tensioned by the spring nature of a curved frame surrounding it. Tightening the handle tensions the blade. The saw cuts on the ‘backward stroke’ so the blade is inserted with the teeth turned toward the handle.
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- 22. Saw Tips Saw Tips: : 22 A saw should be cleaned and oiled before storage. Store them in a tool rack; hanging them by the handle or the hole close to the end of the blade. Do not try to sharpen or reset the saw without suitable training, as it takes skill and much accuracy to have this operation properly done.
- 23. Striking Tools Striking Tools 23 Claw Hammer – This hammer is used for driving nails on outside work. It is fitted with a claw to remove nails from the work.
- 24. HOW TO HAMMER SAFELY HOW TO HAMMER SAFELY To set that nail, grab it low between the thumb and the forefinger. Give it a couple of quick light taps and pull your hand away. To finish driving that nail, keep your eye on the head with more intense strokes. 24
- 25. MALLETS MALLETS 25 The mallet is used for driving chisels and gouges for knocking together (or apart) pieces of work where the use of the hammer would cause damage and shaping metal without marring. Mallets are usually made from wood, rubber or plastic. Like the hammer, its two main components are the head and handle (or shaft).
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- 27. Wood Chisel Wood Chisel 27 Use to pare and trim rebates, grooves and other joints
- 28. USING YOUR CHISELS SAFELY USING YOUR CHISELS SAFELY The number one rule of chisel safety is to keep them sharp. • A dull chisel is a dangerous chisel, as it will require more effort to push the chisel through the stock. • If keeping the chisel sharp is safety rule #1, then rule #1a is to always pare away from your body and keep your hands behind the cutting edge. • NB the same rules apply to gouges. 28
- 29. Tool Selection Tool Selection • Select the proper tools and equipment for the type job. • Make sure you know how to use and maintain these tools and equipment. • Report any faults of any tool or equipment to your supervisor 29
- 30. GENERAL SAFETY IN THE USE OF GENERAL SAFETY IN THE USE OF HAND TOOLS HAND TOOLS Tools can be dangerous if incorrectly used or abused. You must ensure that, when using tools, you take practical precautions to avoid accidents, including the following: •keep tools securely held and ensure that when working with tools the operator has a good firm foothold, is well balanced 30
- 31. GENERAL SAFETY IN THE USE OF GENERAL SAFETY IN THE USE OF HAND TOOLS HAND TOOLS • ensure the floor is clean • Always use the right tool for the job. Only use tools for the purpose for which they were designed. • Always use the right size tool • Use protective eye gear at all times when necessary. 31
- 32. GENERAL SAFETY IN THE USE OF HAND GENERAL SAFETY IN THE USE OF HAND TOOLS CONT’D TOOLS CONT’D • When using a cutting tool, such as a saw, take particular care to ensure that the work piece is held in a vice or clamp • Keep your free hand well away from the cutting edge of the tool • Always keep cutting tools guarded when not in use, or when being transported · 32
- 33. GENERAL SAFETY IN THE USE OF HAND GENERAL SAFETY IN THE USE OF HAND TOOLS CONT’D TOOLS CONT’D • Always be careful with any striking tool, use the appropriate tool for the job. • Protect your body from the tool and, where relevant, from any flying remains or chips produced by using the tool 33
- 34. CHECKPOINT CHECKPOINT What do you consider to be the main factors which contribute to the safe use of tools? List eight (8) safety requirements for using hand tools. Outline some of the hazards to which you are exposed while using hand tools and Recommend appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) that will guard against those hazards. 34