Tense and Its Types with Exercise : Grammar

TENSE
Tense is the grammatical form of a verb that indicates the time when an action or event
occurs. It helps us understand whether something happened in the past, is happening
now, or will happen in the future.

PRESENT INDEFINITE/SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
Present Indefinite or Simple Present tense is used to talk about things that happen regularly
or are true all the time. It's like saying, "This is what usually happens.
Structure:
Subject + Verb (base form)
Examples:
Habitual actions: I eat breakfast every morning.
General truths: The sun rises in the east.
Permanent states: Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.
Rules:
 Used to express habitual actions, general truths, and permanent states.
 Used to express future timetables, schedules, and plans.
 Used to give instructions, commands, and requests.

PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE
The present continuous tense is used to describe actions that are happening right now or at
this moment. It also indicates actions that are in progress or temporary.
Structure:
Subject + am/is/are + Verb-ing
Examples:
I am watching TV.
She is studying for her exam.
We are playing football.

Rules:
 Use "am" with "I.“
 Use "is" with "he," "she," "it," and singular nouns.
 Use "are" with "you," "we," "they," and plural nouns.
Additional Notes:
 The present continuous tense can also be used to express actions that are happening
around now or in the near future. For example:
"I am going to the store later."
 The present continuous tense can be used to express future plans that are arranged or
certain. For example:
"We are meeting for dinner tonight."

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
The present perfect tense is used to express actions that have been completed in the past
but have a connection to the present. It often indicates experiences, completed actions with
a result in the present, or actions that started in the past and continue to the present.
Structure:
Subject + have/has + Verb (past participle)
Examples:
I have eaten lunch.
She has finished her homework.
We have lived here for five years.

Rules:
 Use "have" with "I," "you," "we," and "they.“
 Use "has" with "he," "she," and "it.“
 The past participle form of the verb is used.

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
The present perfect continuous tense is used to express actions that started in the past and
are still continuing up to the present moment. It emphasizes the duration of the action.
Structure:
Subject + have/has + been + Verb-ing
Examples:
I have been working on this project for three hours.
She has been living in this city since 2010.
We have been waiting for the bus for half an hour.

Rules:
 Use "have" with "I," "you," "we," and "they."
 Use "has" with "he," "she," and "it."
 The verb must be in the -ing form.
Important Rules:
Duration: The present perfect continuous tense emphasizes the duration of the action.
Completion: The action may or may not be completed.
Time expressions: Often used with time expressions like "for" (a period of time) and
"since" (a starting point).
Contrast: Can be used to contrast a past action with the present.

PAST INDEFINITE/SIMPLE TENSE
The past indefinite tense is used to describe actions that were completed in the past at a
specific time or in a specific period.
Structure:
Subject + Verb (past simple form)
Examples:
I played football yesterday.
She went to the market last week.
They ate dinner at 7 PM.
We studied hard for the exam.

Rules:
 Regular verbs: Add "-ed" to the base form.
Example: play - played, work - worked
 Irregular verbs: Use the past simple form, which can be different from the base form.
Example: go - went, see - saw, eat - ate
Important Rules:
Time expressions: Often used with the past indefinite tense, such as yesterday, last week,
last night, in 2023.
Negative form: Use "didn't" before the base form of the verb.
Example: I didn't go to school yesterday.
Question form: Start with "did" and use the base form of the verb.
Example: Did you see the movie?

PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE
The past continuous tense is used to describe actions that were ongoing at a specific point
in the past. It emphasizes the duration of the action and the fact that it was in progress.
Structure:
Subject + was/were + Verb-ing
Examples:
I was watching TV yesterday at 7 PM.
She was studying for her exam when the phone rang.
We were playing football in the park.
The cat was sleeping on the couch.

Rules:
Use "was" with singular subjects (I, he, she, it, singular noun).
Use "were" with plural subjects (you, we, they, plural noun).
Important Rules:
To express actions that were interrupted by another action, use the past continuous
tense for the interrupted action and the simple past tense for the interrupting action.
Example: I was watching TV when the phone rang.
To express two actions happening simultaneously in the past, use the past continuous
tense for both actions.
Example: While I was cooking dinner, my husband was watching TV.
To express an action that was in progress over a period of time in the past, use the past
continuous tense.
Example: It was raining all day yesterday.

PAST PERFECT TENSE
The past perfect tense is used to express an action that was completed before another past
action. It often indicates a cause-and-effect relationship between two past events.
Structure:
Subject + had + Verb (past participle)
Examples:
English: I had eaten dinner before I went to the movie.
Bengali: আমি সিনেমা দেখার আগে ডিনার করে ফেলেছিলাম।

Rules:
 Use the past perfect tense to show that one action was completed before another in the
past.
 The past perfect tense is often used with the simple past tense to indicate a sequence of
past events.
Important Rules:
Time expressions: The past perfect tense is often used with time expressions like
"before," "after," "when," "by the time," and "already.“
Subjunctive mood: The past perfect tense can be used in the subjunctive mood to
express hypothetical or unrealized past situations.
Indirect speech: The past perfect tense is often used in indirect speech to report past
actions.

The past perfect continuous tense is used to describe an action that started in the past,
continued for a period of time, and was still ongoing until another action in the past
interrupted it.
Structure:
Subject + had been + Verb-ing
Examples:
English: I had been studying for two hours when the phone rang.
Bengali: আমি দুই ঘণ্টা ধরে পড়ছিলাম, যখন ফোন বাজল।
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

Important Rules:
 The past perfect continuous tense is often used to show the cause and effect
relationship between two past actions.
 The past perfect continuous tense is often used in conjunction with the simple
past tense.
 The past perfect continuous tense can be used to emphasize the duration of a
past action.

FUTURE INDEFINITE/SIMPLE TENSE
The future indefinite tense is used to express actions or events that will happen in
the future.
Structure:
Subject + will + Verb (base form)
Examples:
Prediction: It will rain tomorrow.
Intention: I will study hard for the exam.
Promise: I will help you with your homework.
Spontaneous decision: I will order a pizza.

Rules:
 The auxiliary verb "will" is used to form the future indefinite tense.
 The main verb remains in its base form.
 The tense is used to express predictions, intentions, promises, and spontaneous
decisions.
Important Rules:
Contractions: "Will" can be contracted to "I'll," "you'll," "he'll," "she'll," "it'll," "we'll,"
and "they'll."
Other forms: The future tense can also be formed using "going to" (e.g., I am going to eat
dinner), but this is often used for plans or intentions that are more definite.

FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE
The future continuous tense is used to describe actions that will be in progress at a specific
time in the future.
Structure:
Subject + will be + Verb-ing
Examples:
I will be working from home tomorrow.
She will be studying for her exam next week.
We will be having dinner at 7 PM.

Important Rules:
 Use the future continuous tense to indicate actions that will be in progress at a
specific time in the future.
 The future continuous tense is often used to express plans, arrangements, or
predictions about future events.
 The future continuous tense can also be used to describe actions that will be
happening simultaneously with another future action.

FUTURE PERFECT TENSE
The future perfect tense is used to express actions that will be completed by a specific
time in the future.
Structure:
Subject + will have + Verb (past participle)
Examples:
English: By the time I finish my homework, I will have studied for three hours.
Bengali: আমার হোমওয়ার্ক শেষ করার আগে আমি তিন ঘণ্টা পড়াশোনা করে ফেলব।

Rules:
The past participle form of the verb is used after "have."
The future perfect tense is often used to express actions that will be completed before
another action in the future.
Important Rules:
The future perfect tense can be used with "by the time" to indicate a specific time in the
future.
The future perfect tense can be used to express actions that are planned or expected to
be completed.
The future perfect tense can be used to express actions that are likely to happen based
on current circumstances.

FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
The future perfect continuous tense is used to describe an action that will have been in
progress for a certain period of time before a specific point in the future.
Structure:
Subject + will have been + Verb-ing
Examples:
By next week, I will have been studying for three months.
She will have been working at this company for five years by the end of the year.

Rules:
Used to express actions that will have been ongoing for a period of time before a future
event.
Often used with expressions of time, such as "for" or "by."
Important Rules:
Time expressions: The future perfect continuous tense often uses time expressions like
"for" or "by" to indicate the duration of the action.
Completion: The action does not have to be completed by the future point. It can still be
ongoing.

REWRITING PASSAGE IN THE FORM OF PRESENT/PAST/FUTURE
Present Tense :
Rosy reads in a village high school. She is very regular in studies. Rising early in the morning, she gets ready
for her lesson. She is sleeping. Her father has gone to field to reap paddy. Her mother is calling her to wake.
"It is bad to rise late, says her mother. “Sun rise up. The sun has risen. Wake up and enjoy the morning
breeze”. Why are you sleeping? Your friend Jack has been reading since dawn. " Rosy gets up and finds that
her uncle has sent her a new set of dress on the occasion of her birthday. She feels delighted. Then she turns
on the radio to listen to English news. She hears the last voice.
Past Tense:
Rosy read in a village high school. She was very regular in studies. Rising early in the morning, she got
ready for her lesson. She was sleeping. Her father had gone to field to reap paddy. Her mother was calling
her to wake. "It is bad to rise late, said her mother. “Sun rise up. The sun has risen. Wake up and enjoy the
morning breeze”. Why are you sleeping? Your friend Jack has been reading since dawn. " Rosy got up and
found that her uncle had sent her a new set of dress on the occasion of her birthday. She felt delighted. Then
she turned on the radio to listen to English news. She heard the last voice.

Future Tense:
Rosy will read in a village high school. She will very regular in studies. Rising early in the morning, she will get
ready for her lesson. She will be sleeping. Her father will have gone to field to reap paddy. Her mother will be
calling her to wake. "It is bad to rise late, will say her mother. "Mum rise up. The sun has risen. Wake up and
enjoy the morning breeze”. Why are you sleeping? Your friend Jack has been reading since dawn. " Rosy will
get up and will find that her uncle will have sent her a new set of dress on the occasion of her birthday. She will
be felt delighted. Then she will turn on the radio to listen to English news. She will hear the last voice.

The spring will begin. In the morning nature will look very bright and charming. Birds will sing and flowers
will bloom in trees. How enjoyable the day will be. Rising early in the morning, I shall have a walk by the
riverside. Then the breeze will be blowing from the south. The wind will be blowing in the month of Chaitra.
The paddy plants will be tossing their heads in joy. During this season I shall have awakened every morning
before the sun rises. I shall walk by the riverside in the evening to enjoy the sunset of spring. But I shall
have returned home before darkness falls.
EXERCISE
REWRITING PASSAGE IN THE FORM OF PRESENT/PAST/FUTURE
REWRITING PASSAGE IN THE FORM OF FUTURE
A fox is walking through the jungle and falls into trap. He gets of the trap leaving his tail behind. Without a
tail he looks strange and sad. But the fox is clever and he makes a plan. He calls a meeting of all foxes. The
tallest fox says, “ My friends, I have found something new. I have found that we don’t need our tails. A tail
looks ugly. It is always dirty. Oh, foxes, cut off your tails.” One old wise fox then says, “ My friend, your plan
is interesting but foolish. You want us to cut off our tails because you have lost your own tail in trap.”

Tense and Its Types with Exercise : Grammar

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