ÖNCEL AKADEMİ: INTRODUCTION TO GEOPHYSICS

Ali Oncel [email_address] Department of Earth Sciences KFUPM Gravity Modeling 2 Introduction to Geophysics Introduction to Geophysics-KFUPM Highest peaks on the planet

Previous Lecture 2D Gravity Modeling Gravitational effect of a buried sphere Size Effect Gravity Contrast Depth Effect Introduction to Geophysics-KFUPM

Introduction to Geophysics-KFUPM Homework Status Red Sea Arabian Gulf DSF Arabian Shield Gulf of Aden Zagros Suture GO AS MS OM 33 ° E 60 ° E 10 ° N 37 ° N

DEM http://www.sgs.org.sa/gis/images/mnt.gif Introduction to Geophysics-KFUPM

http://www.sgs.org.sa/gis/images/peninsul.gif after Collenette and Grainger, 1994

Gravity Modeling Introduction to Geophysics-KFUPM In the given example, the ore body is spherical in shape and is buried in sedimentary rocks having a uniform density. In addition to the ore body, the sedimentary rocks in which the ore body resides are underlain by a denser Granitic basement that dips to the right. This geologic model and the gravity profile that would be observed over it are shown in the figure below. Source: Notes of Thomas M. Boyd- Colorado School of Mine hump

Source: Notes of Thomas M. Boyd- Colorado School of Mine Regional Gravity due to dipping Layer Introduction to Geophysics-KFUPM Decrease

Introduction to Geophysics-KFUPM A B Local Anomaly= A - B

From this simple example you can see that there are two contributions to our observed gravitational acceleration. The first : caused by large-scale geologic structure that is not of interest . The gravitational acceleration produced by these large-scale features is referred to as the Regional Gravity Anomaly . The second: caused by smaller-scale structure for which the survey was designed to detect. That portion of the observed gravitational acceleration associated with these structures is referred to as the Local or the Residual Gravity Anomaly . Because the Regional Gravity Anomaly is often much larger in size than the Local Gravity Anomaly , as in the example shown above, it is very important that we develop a means to effectively remove this effect from our gravity observations before attempting to interpret the gravity observations for local geologic structure. Source: Notes of Thomas M. Boyd- Colorado School of Mine Introduction to Geophysics-KFUPM

Notice that the Regional Gravity Anomaly is a slowly varying function of position along the profile line. This feature is a characteristic of all large-scale sources. That is, sources of gravity anomalies large in spatial extent (by large we mean large with respect to the profile length) always produce gravity anomalies that change slowly with position along the gravity profile. Local Gravity Anomalies are defined as those that change value rapidly along the profile line. The sources for these anomalies must be small in spatial extent (like large, small is defined with respect to the length of the gravity profile) and close to the surface. Sources of the Local and Regional Gravity Anomalies Introduction to Geophysics-KFUPM

Constraints may not allow “ perfect ” match Start with a simple, constrained model Increase sophistication as modeling proceeds Some examples Recall: Dip Layering Effect Introduction to Geophysics-KFUPM

Symmetry Introduction to Geophysics-KFUPM Local Gravity

The anomaly is attenuated ( smaller l Δ g z l ) as the sphere is buried more deeply within the Earth The width of gravity anomaly increases as the sphere is buried more deeply. Recall : Gravity anomaly profile ( Δ g z ): Buried Sphere Model Introduction to Geophysics-KFUPM (see more page 248 of Lillie’s book).

Depth Dependence of Source Wavelength of Anomaly & Magnitude ) Introduction to Geophysics-KFUPM Why a negative anomaly is observed? Example 1 As an example of the effects of burial depth on the recorded gravity anomaly, consider three cylinders all having the same source dimensions and density contrast with varying depths of burial. For this example, the cylinders are assumed to be less dense than the surrounding rocks.

Notice that at as the cylinder is buried more deeply , the gravity anomaly it produces decreases in amplitude and spreads out in width. Thus, the more shallowly buried cylinder produces a large anomaly that is confined to a region of the profile directly above the cylinder. The more deeply buried cylinder produces a gravity anomaly of smaller amplitude that is spread over more of the length of the profile. The broader gravity anomaly associated with the deeper source could be considered a Regional Gravity Contribution . The sharper anomaly associated with the more shallow source would contribute to the Local Gravity Anomaly . In this particular example, the size of the regional gravity contribution is smaller than the size of the local gravity contribution. As you will find from your work in designing a gravity survey, increasing the radius of the deeply buried cylinder will increase the size of the gravity anomaly it produces without changing the breadth of the anomaly. Thus, regional contributions to the observed gravity field that are large in amplitude and broad in shape are assumed to be deep (producing the large breadth in shape) and large in aerial extent (producing a large amplitude). Source: Notes of Thomas M. Boyd- Colorado School of Mine Example 1 Introduction to Geophysics-KFUPM

Example 2 • anomaly centered over centre of sphere • anomaly becomes broader (longer wavelength) with increasing depth from source =200 m  c =  1 -  2 = 0.4 g/cm 3 =500 m Introduction to Geophysics-KFUPM

Gravity Anomalies and Interpretation As you see from the given examples so far , the magnitude and shape of the gravity anomaly we measured will depend on variety of factors • density contrast • depth to anomaly source • geometry Introduction to Geophysics-KFUPM

Gravity Effect of Sphere Most simple object to model is a sphere of uniform r • assume that mass is essentially a ‘point source’ - as if mass were concentrated in the centre • x is distance from centre of sphere • R is radius between centre of sphere and measurement point • z depth to centre of sphere Introduction to Geophysics-KFUPM

As you remember from the previous lecture, we can obtain vertical component of gravitational attraction of excess mass in mGal as: Recall : Gravity Effect of Sphere Introduction to Geophysics-KFUPM See pp. 247 of Lillie

Half Width Depth Estimates • The depth to the top of a gravity source can be determined approximately from half-width x ½ of anomaly x ½ is half distance from the centre of anomaly at which amplitude has decreased to half its peak value Z is depth for spherical object z = 1.305x½ z = 1.305x ½ Introduction to Geophysics-KFUPM

ÖNCEL AKADEMİ: INTRODUCTION TO GEOPHYSICS

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ÖNCEL AKADEMİ: INTRODUCTION TO GEOPHYSICS