GREENHOUSE MONITORING AND AUTOMATION SYSTEM

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 09 Issue: 07 | July 2022 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
© 2022, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.529 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 2619
GREENHOUSE MONITORING AND AUTOMATION SYSTEM
Monisha S R1, Varadraj D Yalamalli2, Syed Numan U S3, Harshith Gowda K R4, Rakesh M D5
1,2,3,4Students, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, JSS Science and Technology University,
Mysuru, India
5Assistant Professor, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, JSS Science and Technology
University, Mysuru, India
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Abstract - Agriculture in India is still carried out in
conventional ways and lags behind in integrating modern
technologies. Around 55 percent of the Indian population has
been engaged in agriculture and allied activities which
constitute only 15 percent of GDP so it becomes much
important for the stakeholders involved to come out of the
conventional agricultural practices and modernize the
agriculture using technology. This project is primarily about
the improvement of current agricultural practices by using
modern technologies for better yield. This work provides a
model of a smart greenhouse using IOT, which uses Node MCU
for communication and the Blynk as the server. The android
application developed shows the values of variousparameters
like temperature, soil moisture and also can control the
automation system with the help of user-friendly UI. It cannot
only control one greenhouse but can also control a number of
greenhouses using a single app. This project helps the farmers
to carry out the work in a farm automatically without the use
of much manual inspection.
Key Words: Smart greenhouse, IOT, Node MCU, Blynk,
android application
1.INTRODUCTION
Agriculture is an important part of India’s economy and at
present it is among the top two farm producers in the world
i.e., India ranks second worldwide in farm outputs. This
sector provides approximately 52% of the total number of
jobs available in India. Agriculture is the onlymeansofliving
for almost two-thirds of the employed class in India. The
agriculture sector of India has occupied almost 43% of
India’s geographical area. Indian agriculture has registered
impressive growth over last few decades.
In modern society, the consumption of fruits and
vegetables has become the norm.Avarietyoffreshfruitsand
vegetables should be accessible at all times. However, the
northern climate prevents the growth of certain fruits and
vegetables, especially during winter. This results in import
from southern countries, which inturnhas somedrawbacks.
Not only does the shipping of imported goods affect the
environment negatively but imported foodorvegetablesare
also less flavourful and sold at a higherprice.Thecropsmust
be harvested prematurely when importing food. This is to
delay the ripening process so that it 1 is possible for the
fruits or vegetables to reach theirdestination beforetheyare
considered inedible.
The ripening process is laterresumedbysprayingthefood
with ethylene gas, a gas that is deemed to promote ripening
in certain fruits and vegetables. However, this post harvest
ripening can lead to poor taste. In thepastcoupleofyears,an
increased interest in organic and locally produced food has
become a growing trend. Locally grown foods are picked at
their peak of ripeness and are therefore full of flavour.
Furthermore, growing food at home assures truly organic
food. On the other hand, it takes a lot of time and effort, and
time is something that most people lack today.
The purpose of a greenhouse is to control the growing
environment. Plants require a limited range of temperature,
soil moisture, light, humidity, air (Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide
and Nitrogen), and nutrients to grow. Plants also require
some type of physical support for roots and shoots. Plants
also depend upon symbiotic relationships with fungi and
insects to grow and reproduce. The greenhouse covering
helps to control many of these factors to help increase plant
growth and reproduction.
1.1 MOTIVATION
Monitoring the climatic parameters like humidity, soil
moisture, illumination, soil pH, temperature etc. directly or
indirectly govern the plant growth. There are some places
which receive ample amounts of water through river and
canal irrigation systems, face problems of soil salinitydue to
excess irrigation. Similarly, few other places face the
problem of acute water shortage for agriculture. Different
plants require different amounts of moisture, humidity,
temperature etc. and lack ofawarenessofthisinformationor
negligence of a person cultivating land can cause plants to
die before maturing. Thus,anautomatedsystemisnecessary
for the monitoring of plants.
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT
Cultivating various crops inenvironmental conditionswhich
do not support their growth is a challenging task today. One
must keep keen vigilance on the growth and development at
regular intervals. If there are any sudden climatic changes,
then the crops get adversely affected. The required amount
of temperature, soil moisture, light, humidity, air (Oxygen,

Carbon Dioxide and Nitrogen), and nutrients to be provided
for the plants is to be monitored properly for better yield.
Thus, in order to grow plants properly and provide
necessaryenvironmental conditions,greenhousemonitoring
and automation system is needed.
1.4. OBJECTIVES
1. The main objective of this greenhouse automation
system is to increase the yield with the help of
automation.
2. To benefit farmers by automating the growth of
plants and reducing their direct supervision.
3. To develop a system thatcanmonitorvariousplants
in multiple greenhouses remotely.
4. To develop user interface where user can choose
particular crop, set values for different parameters
or load data
2. LITERATURE SURVEY
Recent developments in this sector have seen the
rise and rapid growth of revolutionary and disruptive
technologies. Here are a few research papers and works
which deal with the greenhouse monitoring project. In the
paper [1], the greenhouse monitoring system was designed
to satisfy the need for remote monitoring and control of the
greenhouse. This system is made up of front-end data
acquisition, data processing, data transmission and data
reception. It is an IOT system based on B/S structure which
uses CC2530 as the core processing chip. ZigBee technology
is adopted in wireless communication.
In the paper [2], the proposedIOTarchitecturedoes
not only enable the autonomous control of the greenhouse
operational conditionsbutalsoallowstheownerto remotely
control the greenhouse through the Internet. The owner can
also monitor and keep record of theprogressthroughout the
plantation period of the crops inside the greenhouse with
the help of switched Ethernet and WiFi.s.
The paper [3] proposes an embeddedsystemwhich
comprises sensors, ADC, PIC 16f877a microcontroller and
actuators. When any of the climatic parameters cross a
safety threshold, the sensors sense the change and the
microcontroller reads this from the data at its input ports
and displays on LCD.
The paper [4] is proposed for long-term space
missions to grow vegetables and fruits inside the spacecraft
or in specific living modules. The WSN in this project is
composed of autonomous flexible and polymeric nodes
equipped with humidity, temperature, illuminance sensors
together with nano structuredflexibledevicesdevotedto the
detection of gasses such as CO2, NOx, etc.
In the paper [5] the greenhouse controls different
parameters, such as humidity, water nutrientssolutionlevel,
pH and electrical conductivity value, temperature, UV light
intensity, CO2 level, mist, and amount of insecticides or
pesticides, are monitored through various sensors so that
significant knowledge would be captured and early fault
detection and diagnosis can be done. A decision support
system (DSS) acts as the central operating system that
governs and coordinates all the activities.
The paper [6] is about greenhouses which are
climate-controlled structures with walls and roof specially
designed for offseason growing of plants. The sensors used
here are YL69 moisture sensor and DHT11. From the data
received, Raspberry PI3 automatically controls various
parameters efficiently by actuatingrespective actuators. The
recorded values are stored in a cloud database and the
results are displayed in a webpage.
The paper [7] is proposed to implement a smart
farm system using low power Bluetooth and Low Power
Wide Area Networks (LPWAN) communication modules
including the wired communication network used in the
existing farm. The system also implements the monitoring
and control functions using the MQ Telemetry Transport
(MQTT) communication method, thereby enhancing the
possibility of development of agricultural IoT.
In the paper [8], the author made reference to the
concept of architecture of Internet of Things (IoT) to design
a complete remote monitoring system on the basis of
Agricultural IoT and to improve energy efficiency,reliability,
safety and customer experience. Low-cost single chip
machine series STM32F103 will be adopted for network
transmission layer to form complete gateway equipment.
The paper [9] designs a greenhouse monitoring
system based on ZigBee and GPRS. The system is integrated
with wireless sensor network technology and GPRS
technology for data collection,wirelesstransmission,remote
communication and monitoring. The system uses GPRS
technology to send data to the Internet, and using Visual
Studio software realize human-computer interaction
interface with ASPNET,
In paper [10], a WSN was implemented bydeployed
wireless sensor nodes in a greenhouse with sensors. The
proposed system has a sensor node to read the different
parameters and control a devicewithrespectivesensors. Wi-
Fi and GSM technology is used for communication between
the sensor node and the gateway based on distance. A GUI
panel is designed using LabView to monitor and control the
sensor node components and devices

3. PROPOSED SYSTEM
3.1. Block Diagram
The proposed greenhouse monitoring and automation
system can be modeled as shown in the fig 1. It shows how
various components of the system are connected with one
another.
Fig-1: Block diagram
The data from the sensor is retrieved and is then sent to the
server where the data is filtered and converted to user
readable form and then sent to the android application (UI)
and can also report the user if it is unable to maintain
conditions and to check for errors. According to the crop
selected, the data which needs to be maintained is checked
after certain intervals of time. The automation system has
various sensors for monitoring temperature, humidity and
soil moisture. The sensors continuouslycollectthedata from
the greenhouse and transmit it to the control unit. The
control unit checks for the data received, and if the data is
greater / lesser than the threshold value set based on the
requirement, it sends signals toactuatorstoperformspecific
tasks. The actuating part includes turning on the coolingfan,
motor etc. The proposed system not only controls one
greenhouse but can control a number of greenhouses with
the help of the server. Different greenhouses can be set to
different crops for their growth. A user interface will be
provided where one can set values of different parameters
for different crops, change the crop and can also perform
various manual operations.
3.2. Hardware Requirements
1. Node MCU - ESP8266:
It is a self-contained SOC with integrated TCP/IP
protocol stack that can giveanymicrocontrolleraccessto the
WiFi network. In this project, ESP8266 is used to collect
information from the sensors and send it to the server.
2. Soil moisture sensor:
Soil Moisture Sensor is used for measuring the
moisture in soil. It has two large exposed pads which
function as probes for the sensor, together acting as a
variable resistor.
3. DHT22 sensor:
It is the temperature and humidity sensor. This helps
the farmer to know about the temperature and humidity in
the atmosphere and plan the watering of plants accordingly.
4. PIR sensor:
The PIR Motion sensor measures the distance based
on the heat radiations (passive IR radiations). It helps to
detect intruders in the greenhouse zone.
5. Relay:
A relay is an electrically operated switch. Here, the
SPDT relay is used to on/off the pump
3.3. Software requirements
1. Blynk:
Blynk is an open-source platform to develop easy
the mobile phone application. This can connect electronic
devices to the Internet and remotely monitor and control
these devices.
2. Arduino IDE:
The Arduino IDE is a cross platformJava application
that serves as a code editor and compiler and is also capable
of transferring firmware serially to the board.
4. IMPLEMENTATION
4.1. Hardware Implementation
The green house is built using gate sheet which absorbs the
input solar radiations and does not let it escape the house
which provides good warmth inside the greenhouse. The
various sensors and the respective actuators are placed
inside the greenhouse. The flow of working is shown in
figure 2.

Fig-2: Flow chart
The temperature and humidity sensor is placed in the green
house to measure the temperature. The cooling fan is
associated with this i.e., the sensor reads the input and
compares the value with the threshold value of the
temperature. If it is greater than the threshold, then it sends
the signal through relay module to turn the cooling fan on.
The temperature and humidity sensorsensoris placedinthe
green house to measure the humidity. The servo motor is
associated with it to simulate the opening and closing of the
window i.e., the sensor reads the input and compares the
value with the threshold value of the humidity. If itisgreater
than the threshold, then it sends the signal through relay
module to turn the servo motor on. The Soil Moisturesensor
is placed in the soil to measure the moisture level of the soil.
The servo motor is associated withittosimulatetheopening
and closing of the window i.e., the sensorreadstheinputand
compares the value with the thresholdvalueofthehumidity.
If it is greater than the threshold, then it sends the signal
through relay module to turn the servo motor on. The PIR
sensor senses the heat radiations the as animals and human
beings emit more heat when compared to plants so it isused
for intruder detection and notifies the end user. The sensor
reads the input and compares the value with the threshold
value of the radiations. If it is greater than the threshold,
then it sends the signal through the server and server sends
the notification to the user.
4.2. Hardware Communicating with Server
The diagram shown in fig 3 shows the communication of
hardware with the server. It overlooks the applications
running on hardware device and explains the way in which
the application communicates with or access the resources
(database) contained in blynk cloud server and alsohowthe
server interfaces with applications being executed on
hardware device.The diagram shown in figure 3.10 gives a
rough idea about the structure of Hardware application and
the way in which it communicates with applicationsrunning
on server interface (that is read and write the database).
Fig-3: Hardware communicating with server
The diagram demonstrates how the hardware applications
require to use or access the database. It will request the
server to verify input data from the device by comparing it
with pre-loaded data in the userdatabaseortosendback the
device gpio status in that particular database, butstill access
it will be granted by the main application. Only if access is
granted by the main application to the sub application, that
particular application can read or writetodatabase.This has
to be designed this way so as to avoid overwriting of
databases by different files and also to avoid write rejection
by database because that can be in an un closed state if
opened by any other application at the same time.
4.3. Software Implementation
The diagram below is to explain the structure of the code,
though the below representation is not the algorithm or the
flow chart of the code running on ESP-2866 but it will
definitely help understand the logic of our code. The
structure of the code is shown in figure 3.

Fig-3: Structure of the code
The Library files such as servo.h, ESP8266WiFi.h,
BlynkSimpleEsp8266.h, DHT.h the mentioned library files
are servo.h is used to control a great number of servos. It
makes careful use of timers: thelibrarycancontrol 12servos
using only 1 timer. ESP8266WiFi.h is used to connect your
new ESP8266 module to a Wi-Fi network to start sending
and receiving data. BlynkSimpleEsp8266.h is used to
configure out node mcu with theBlynk platform.Inthesetup
part, we give the ssid and the password to connect with the
wifi as the ESP2866 has in built http module which has GET
and POST. Here, GET is used to request data from the
specified resource and POST is used to send data to a server
to create/update a resource. The authentication key and
password are then initialized to access the server to
send/receive data across the server. Also during the setup
part the pins are defined for input and output and named
accordingly. In the loop part of the code if the connection is
alive then the functions are carried out to read the sensor
The input data is simultaneously sent to the server through
Blynk the input is then compared the with the threshold
values and the values to the actuators is written accordingly
else the node MCU tries to reconnect to server and check for
the data changes and perform specific actions
4. RESULTS
The greenhouses were built and the seeds were sown in the
greenhouse. Tomato plant was selected for the
demonstration. The figures 4 and 5 shows the growthstages
of tomato plant.
Fig-4: Day 1 and day 15 of tomato plant
Fig-5: Day 30 of tomato plant
The tomato plant requires the specific conditions for its
growth which is shown in table 1.
Tabel-1: Specifications required for tomato plant
Temperature 19 to 29.5 degree celcious
Humidity 70 %
Soil Moisture 70 – 80% - max (307.2)
40% - min (614.4)
The table 2 shows the recordings taken upto 30 days of
tomato plant with different parameters. The readings were
taken from the day the seeds were sown.

Tabel-2: Recordings of various parameters of tomato
plant
Date Temperature Humidity Soil
Moisture
2022/05/20 30 79 464
2022/05/21 28 80 439
2022/05/22 25 76 581
2022/05/23 25 77 435
2022/05/24 27 76 454
2022/05/25 25 79 569
2022/05/26 28 76 613
2022/05/27 25 78 510
2022/05/28 30 76 481
2022/05/29 30 78 530
2022/05/30 27 79 586
2022/05/31 29 80 583
2022/06/01 27 80 546
2022/06/02 30 76 592
2022/06/03 28 75 444
2022/06/04 29 78 498
2022/06/05 27 79 490
2022/06/06 30 77 526
2022/06/07 30 80 568
2022/06/08 29 79 568
2022/06/09 27 77 435
2022/06/10 26 75 590
2022/06/11 28 77 556
2022/06/12 27 79 423
2022/06/13 29 79 537
2022/06/14 29 78 464
2022/06/15 29 75 423
2022/06/16 27 77 547
2022/06/17 25 76 500
2022/06/18 27 77 507
The android application was developed for the greenhouse
monitoring and automation which is shown inthefigure 6.It
shows the humidity, temperature, soil moisture and the
intruder alert. It also allows the user to set the values of the
threshold variables for different crops manually.
Fig-6: The UI of the app
5. CONCLUSION
Agriculture is seeing an increased need for application of
automation, computers and controls. There is also a real
need for engineering students to understand, specify and
design computer-controlled equipment. The system may be
programmed remotely over the internet and immediate
results of program / parameter changes may be seen almost
instantaneously. A control system was designed and
programmed to control and acquire data. The prototype of
the system worked according to the specifications and quite
satisfactorily.
The developed system is suitable for both large
scale agribusiness as well as small agriculture farm. The
system helps to eliminate the stress of manual labour. It
eliminates risk of human errors to maintain a greenhouse at
a specific environmental condition.
REFERENCES
[1] L. Dan, C. Xin, H. Chongwei, and J. Liangliang,
“Intelligent agriculture greenhouse environment
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[2] H. Ibrahim et al., “A layered IoT architecture for
greenhouse monitoring and remote control,” SN
Appl. Sci., vol. 1, no. 3, 2019.

[3] Sivagami, A., Hareeshvare, U., Maheshwar, S.,
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Journal of The Institution of Engineers (India)
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[4] D. Polese, L. Maiolo, L. Pazzini, G. Fortunato, A.
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