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1. Tracing the Evolution of History of Historical Black Colleges and Universities (HBCU’s) via U.S. HistoryLynne MurrayDrexel UniversityHE500“Group” ProjectApril 18, 2011

2. The purpose of studying the chronological history of Historical Black Colleges and Universities (HBCU’s) is to briefly review the basis of the establishment of HBCU’s and to illustrate the importance of these institutions to African-Americans. The timeline for this study ranges from antebellum slavery (1600s) to the new millennium. Various documents such as e-journals, books, and online resources were used to locate pertinent information regarding our nation’s HBCU’s. The timeline depicts vital events that explicates our nation’s historic events while simultaneously correlating to the establishment of HBCU’s; in addition, disparities regarding the need for HBCU’s will be conveyed. The findings will educate the reader by presenting salutary answers to frequently asked questions concerning HBCU’s.2Abstract

3. John F. Kennedy stated, “All of us do not have equal talent, but all of us should have an equal opportunity to develop our talent” (2011). During antebellum Civil War, the African slave was forbidden to read or obtain any form of education. Slaves were prohibited from receiving an education. They was constantly frightened of becoming the victim of a brutal whipping or tortured and lynched (if discovered that he or she was able to read). However, after the slaves were emancipated in 1865, the proliferation of Black colleges and universities provided an opportunity for the newly-freed African slave to receive an education.

4. The Higher Education Act of 1965: In order for a college to be listed as a Historical Black College and University, the college has to be established prior to 1964. 3Introduction to HBCU’s

5. The role of the Africans between 1619 and 1640 is unclear as to whether or not they were brought to the American colony of Jamestown, VA as indentured slaves or as free-labor slaves.

6. Virginia, 1639: The African slave was exempt from governmental protection.

7. “By 1640, there was one African that was recorded as a free-labor slave in the Virginia colony” (PBS); In 1650, 300 slaves were reported.

8. 1700s: Over one thousand slaves were kidnapped annually and brought to the Virginia colony.4Slavery Arrives to the New World (1625 – 1690)

9. 1705: The Virginia General Assembly enacted a law that legally enslaved all servants who were not Christians in their native country.

10. The Slave Codes of 1705: Laws that governed a slave’s behavior because the white settlers in the colonies were afraid of slave uprisings. The laws stripped slaves from governmental protection, banned anyone from teaching slaves how to read or write, and prohibited slaves from marriage.

11. As the number of slaves increased in the new colonies in America, the laws governing their behaviors increased.

12. 1790: As reported in the U.S. Census, “3.9 million people were counted in the first U.S. Census;” slaves were not included in the enumeration as they were considered chattel; the U.S. Constitution of 1776 regarded slaves as three-fifths of a man.5Slavery Declared Legal in the Virginia Colony

13. A number of slaveholders preferred their slaves to be educated; literate slaves could serve as record keepers for the plantation.

14. The slaves who were allowed to learn had a limited amount of time as their labor demands diminished the amount of time available for learning.

15. “House-slaves,” freed people of color, and often the children sired by the slaveholder were typically the privileged ones to receive an education.

16. South Carolina, 1743: Anglican ministers established and operated a school for slaves for over twenty years. “For over twenty years the school offered instruction in Christian religion and education under the guidance of a slave schoolmaster” (Sambol-Tosco 2004).6Colonial &Antebellum Eras: Educating the African Slave

17. Contrary to the southern states, it was not illegal to educate slaves in the northern states. Kimberly Sambol-Tosco wrote, “Quakers played an important part elevating literacy rates among Northern blacks by rigorously promoting education programs in the years before and after the Revolutionary War.”HBCU’s in the Antebellum Years:The majority of HBCUs were established after the Civil War; however, the following three universities were established twenty-six years before the end of the Civil War:Cheyney University: Richard Humphrey’s, a Quaker philanthropist, founded the Institute for Colored Youth to train free blacks to become teachers” (Coleman) in 1837. The school was first located in Philadelphia then moved to Cheyney, Pennsylvania in 1902.7Colonial &Antebellum Eras: Educating the African Slave

18. 2. Lincoln University: Ashmun Institute, “was "the first institution found anywhere in the world to provide a higher education in the arts and sciences for male youth of African descent"’ (Lincoln University). The school was chartered in 1854. In 1866, the Institute changed its name to Lincoln University after Abraham Lincoln. The late honorable Justice Thurgood Marshall, Langston Hughes and Kwame Nkrumah are graduates of Lincoln University. 3. Wilberforce University: Wilberforce University was founded in 1856 by William Wilberforce who was an abolitionist. The school’s financial status declined due to the inception of the Civil War; as a result, the school closed in 1862. “Bishop Daniel A. Payne of the African Methodist Episcopal Church negotiated to purchase the University's facilities” (Wilberforce University); thus, Wilberforce reopened in 1863. Cheyney, Lincoln and Wilberforce Universities are considered to be the nation’s first HBCU’s.8HBCU’s in the Antebellum Years

19. The Proliferation of HBCU’sWhen HBCUs were first established, the newly freed slaves did not receive a post-secondary education. Contrary, the ex-slaves received an elementary and secondary education.By the early 1900s, the teachings at the HBCU’s evolved into a post-secondary instruction. Most of these schools provided a “teaching” education.Since African-Americans were barred from attending white institutions, the responsibility of teaching other African-Americans fell upon their own race; hence, many HBCU graduates advanced to a teaching profession.1865 – 1870: Twenty-six HBCU’s opened.1871 – 1900: Fifty-Two HBCU’s opened.1901 – 1950: Twenty-Three HBCU’s opened.1952 – 1975: Seven HBCU’s opened.Note: Although two of the schools were founded after 1964 (Southern University at Shreveport and Morehouse School of Medicine), the two universities are not legally considered HBCU’s because they were opened after 1964.Total HBCU’s by 1962: 1069

20. W.E.B. DuBois and Booker T. Washington had two extremely different philosophies on the type of education for an African-American.

21. DuBois firmly believed that Booker T. Washington’s ideologies did not provide upward progression for African-Americans. In addition, DuBois opposed Washington’s principles as he believed that Washington’s theories stifled African-American’s progress by remaining in the south.

22. DuBois believed that college-educated African-Americans would help to advance the Black race by studying course work on the liberal arts track and not vocational or technical trades. He promoted the progression of the most “talented tenth” African-Americans via an arts and sciences education (Quick Tillery, 2003, p 10).10Vocational & Technical vs. Liberal Arts Education

23. 1862: The Morrill Land Grant Act donated public land for colleges to build schools that were for agricultural and mechanical arts (Wennersten 1991). Mississippi’s Alcorn State University was the first and only HBCU to receive this grant.

24. 1890: Morrill Land Grant Act was revised by making federal funds available to the newly freed slaves under the supposition of that the schools that were to be built would also benefit African-Americans. According to the Morrill Land Grant Act, “These 1890 land-grant institutions would provide much needed public school instruction for black children and train black teachers for the segregated public school systems in the region” (Wennersten, 1991, p 54). As a result, sixteen land grant colleges were established.11Land Grant College Act

25. Post Civil War: African-Americans faced violent opposition from southern whites as the proliferation of HBCUs increased. African-Americans were subjected to attending HBCU’s because they were prohibited from enrolling into the white universities.

26. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) emphatically challenged the federal courts for equal rights in state facilities for African-Americans during the 1930s.

27. Thurgood Marshall and Charles Houston who were lawyers for the NAACP “argued that equal education was a constitutional right of black Americans and essential to their legal equality and economic welfare” (Quick Tillery, 2004). 12Opposition to African-Americans and Education; Segregation/Jim Crow Eras;

28. The creation of the GI Bill enabled African-American war veterans the ability of attending school after their military tour ended.

29. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was another federal decision that gave African-Americans the opportunity to earn an education

30. The Supreme Court’s decision of “separate but equal” opened doors for many African-Americans to obtain a professional education.Ten HBCU’s that opened during the Reconstruction Era and 1905closed its doors between 1924 and 1988 for various financial reasons: 13Federal Government and HBCUs/HBCU’s Closings

31. HBCU’s produce more African-American professional graduates than predominately white colleges and universities.

32. 2011: HBCU’s are still considered to be an important option for African-Americans. HBCU’s continue to be a familial tradition in many households.

33. The defense for larger, white institutions to receive more money than a HBCU (and other smaller schools) is that the sports activities and research programs of the white institutions necessitate a larger budget.

34. Myth: HBCU’s are segregated schoolsFact: HBCU’s are “predominately Black” schools; the schools have a very diverse ethnic student body.14Notable HBCU Information/HBCU’s Today Accomplishments & ChallengesMyth: HBCU’s should no longer exist because they promote segregation.Fact: HBCU’s do not promote segregation. The percentage of Private White Institution’s (PWI) African-American student body is as low as HBCU’s Caucasian student body. HBCU’s have never banned another race from enrolling in one of their institutions. Whereas, PWI’s racially discriminated against African-Americans from the Colonial Era until 1954 (Brown vs. Board of Education).Graduation rates are higher for African-Americans that attend a HBCU than those who attend a predominately white institution. Robin White Goode (2011) writes, “In spite of the nurturing HBCUs provide their students, their graduation rates are lower (about 38%) than that of Black students who attend traditionally White schools (about 46%).”1701Yale College Opens1693College of William & Mary Opens1640Virginia Colony: 1st African Declared as Free-Labor Slave1650Beginning of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade (African Diaspora)

35. 300 Slaves Reported in Virginia Colony1700Forced Migration of African Slaves (Over 1,0000 per year)1636Harvard College Opens1607Jamestown Settlement Founded in Virginia Colony1746College of New Jersey Opens 1705Slave Codes EnactedA Historical Path to HBCU’S1764Rhode Island College Opens1754:King’s College Opens1766Queen’s College Opens1743-1763South Carolina: Anglican Ministers taught slaves in a school.1751Philadelphia Academy Opens1769Dartmouth College Opens17901st U.S. Census1802The Ohio Constitution outlaws slavery, but it also prohibits free blacks from voting1807 Slave Importation is Banned in AmericaJuly 4, 1776Declaration of Independence Signed1834 South Carolina bans the teaching of enslaved & free black people.1815Abolitionist Levi Coffin (also affiliated with Guilford College) establishes the Underground Railroad.January 1, 1863Lincoln signs The Emancipation Proclamation1865 – 1870: 26 HBCU’s Opened.1865 – 1877: Reconstruction Era1867 – 1965: Jim Crow Era (Segregation Laws)1871 – 1900: 52 HBCU’s OpenedMay 17, 1896: Plessy vs. Ferguson1851: HBCU Univ. of District of Columbia Opens1854: HBCU Lincoln Univ. Opens1856: HBCU: Wilberforce Univ. Opens1857: HBCU Harris–Stowe State Univ. Opens 1862: HBCU LeMoyne-Owen College Opens1837Martin Van Buren is Inaugurated

36. HBCU: Cheyney Univ. OpensJuly 2, 1964President Lyndon Johnson signed The Civil Rights Act2010President Obama Increases Funding for HBCUs ($98 Million for FY 2011)1901 - 1950: 23 HBCU’s Opened1936 - 1988: 10 HBCU’s Closed1952 - 1962: 5 HBCU’s Opened1954 – 1968: Civil Rights MovementFebruary 1st, 1960: 4 NC A&T University Students launch the Sit-In Movement in Greensboro, NCJanuary 20, 2008President Obama is the first African-American to be inaugurated as President of the United States1975106 HBCU’s are EstablishedFebruary 26, 2010President Obama Renews White House Initiative on HBCU's (Video)

37. ReferencesAbout Lincoln. (n.d.). Retrieved April 14, 2011, from Lincoln University of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania website: http://www.lincoln.edu/about.htmlAbout WU-History. (n.d.). Retrieved April 14, 2011, from Wilberforce University website: http://www.wilberforce.edu/welcome/history.htmlBurnsed, J. (2010, December 23). More HBCUs Offer Online Degrees. U.S. Education, Retrieved from http://www.usnews.com/education/online-education/articles/2010/12/23/more-hbcus-offer-online-degreesCensus of Population and Housing 1790 Census. (n.d.). Retrieved April 16, 2011, from U.S. Census Bureau website: http://www.census.gov/prod/www/abs/decennial/1790.htmlColeman, D. C. (2011). The History of Historically Black Colleges & Universites. Retrieved April 12, 2011, from HBCUConnect.com website: http://hbcuconnect.com/history.shtmlFact Finder for the Nation, History and Organization (CFF-4). (2000, May). Retrieved from U.S. Department of Commerce Economics and Statistics Administration U.S. Census Bureau website: http://www.census.gov/prod/www/abs/decennial/1790.htmlFrom Indentured Servitude to Racial Slavery. (n.d.). Retrieved April 15, 2011, from PBS Online website: hhttp://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part1/1narr3.htmlFuke, R. P. (1999). Imperfect Equality: African Americans and the Confines of White Ideology in Post-Emancipation Maryland. In P. Cimbala (Ed.), Planters, Apprenticeship, and Forced Labor: The Black Family Under Pressure in Post-emancipation Maryland (62 ed., Vol. 4, pp. 57-74). Agricultural History: Agricultural History. (Reprinted from The Freedmen's Bureau and Reconstruction Reconstructing America (Series) , Vol. 4, p. 288, by P. Cimbala & R. Miller, Eds., 1999, New York, NY: Fordham University Press)Jim Crow Entrenched: Unequal Funding of State-Operated Colleges in the South. (2002, Spring). The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education, 35, 8-10. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/3133810John F. Kennedy Quotations. (2007). Retrieved April 13, 2011, from Light a Fire: Education Quotes website: http://www.lightafire.com/quotations/authors/john-f-kennedy/ List of Historically Black Colleges and Universities. (2006). Retrieved April 11, 2011, from EDU, Inc website: http://www.eduinconline.com/HBCUs.htmlPeople & Events, Virginia Recognizes Slavery ,1661 - 1663. (n.d.). Retrieved April 15, 2011, from PBS Online website: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part1/1p262.htmlQuick Tillery, C. (2003). Celebrating Our Equality. New York, NY: Kensington Publishing Corporation.Sambol-Tosco , K. (2004). Slavery and the Making of America, Education, Arts, & Culture. Retrieved April 12, 2011, from UNC-TV PBS website: http://www.pbs.org/wnet/slavery/experience/education/history2.htmlSmith, L. M. (2010, March). Obama Signs Order Boosting HBCU Funding. Black Enterprise, 54-62. Retrieved from http://www.blackenterprise.com/2010/03/01/obama-signs-order-boosting-hbcu-funding/ Strauss, V. (2010, November 26). Report on college attendance crisis for black males exaggerated. The Washington Post. Retrieved from http://voices.washingtonpost.com/answer-sheet/achievement-gap/report-on-college-attendance-c.htmlThe Search for Equality, Brown v. Board of Education. (2004, May 13). Retrieved April 13, 2011, from The Evergreen State College website: http://www3.evergreen.edu/events/brownvboard/about-brown.htmlUNCF. (1999). Retrieved April 15, 2011, from The United Negro College Fund website: http://www.uncf.org/aboutus/hbcus.aspWennersten, J. R. (1991, Spring). The Travail of Black Land-Grant Schools in the South, 1890-1917. Agricultural History, 65(2), 54-62. Retrieved from Wennersten, J. R. (1991, Spring). The Travail of Black Land-Grant Schools in the South, 1890-1917. Agricultural History, 65(2), 54-62. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/374370716

38. ReferencesWhite Goode, R. (2011, February 15). The HBCU Debate: Are Black Colleges & Universities Still Needed? Black Enterprise, Retrieved from http://www.blackenterprise.com/2011/02/15/are-hbcus-still-relevant/White House Initiative on Historically Black Colleges and Universities. (2010, July 8). Retrieved April 13, 2011, from U.S. Department of Education website: http://www2.ed.gov/about/inits/list/whhbcu/edlite-index.htmlWho We Are, Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) ~ An Historical Overview. (1998). Retrieved April 16, 2011, from United Negro College Fund, Inc. website: http://www.uncf.org/aboutus/hbcus.asp17

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