Chapter 10: History of American Education
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The document provides a history of American education and struggles for educational opportunities. It discusses the development of public schooling from colonial times to the present, including major court cases around desegregation. It also outlines the education of various minority groups such as African Americans, Native Americans, Hispanics, and Asian Americans and efforts made to provide equal access to education.
Chapter 10: History of American Education
- 1. What Is the History of American Education and the Struggle for Educational Opportunities? Chapter Ten
- 2. Themes in American Public Education Local control Universal education Public education Comprehensive education Secular education Changing ideas of the basics Expanding definitions of educational access and equality
- 3. Colonial Education New England Dame schools Town and district schools First forms of public schools Middle Colonies Diverse population Private venture schools Earliest vocational education South Lack of formal education for many Dispersed population Social-class, racial distinctions Private tutoring for wealthy
- 4. Arguments For and Against Common Schools For Democracy depends upon an educated populace Common schools would promote a common American culture Enhanced opportunities and general prosperity Against Some citizens pay for schooling of others’ children Weakened cultural identities of diverse groups Concerns over religious teachings in schools
- 5. Development of American Elementary Education European influences – Froebel; Pestalozzi; Herbart; Montessori Curriculum changes Consolidation
- 6. Progressive Education Principles The child should have freedom to develop naturally Natural interest is the best motive for work The teacher is a guide, not a taskmaster Measure student development scientifically, not just by grades Attention to health and physical development The school and the home must work together Progressive schools as leaders in trying new educational ideas
- 7. Development of American Secondary Schools Latin Grammar Schools English Grammar Schools Academies Public High Schools Comprehensive High Schools
- 8. Enrollment in Public Elementary and Secondary Schools
- 9. Junior High and Middle Schools Junior High - Grades 7, 8, 9 First ones in 1909-10 Middle School - Grades 6, 7, 8 Growing popularity since 1960s Criticisms Too much developmental focus, weak academics Socially unhelpful Calls to return to K-8 and high school pattern
- 10. Private Education Provide alternative to public schools for: Religious Wealthy Others who are unsatisfied 28,000+ schools enroll 5.1 million 10% of U.S. students Catholic schools predominate - 2.3 million
- 11. Education of Minorities: African Americans Before the Civil War – religious motivation Late 19th century African American enrollment in the schools, which had been only 2 percent of the school-age children in 1850, reached 35 percent by 1890, Booker T. Washington; Morrill Act; 1890 institutions 20th century – focused on offering a broader variety of curriculum options, and then on removing legal obstacles to equality of education
- 12. History of School Desegregation Efforts 1954 Brown v. Board of Education ruling 1960s - 1980s Controversy over busing, “white flight” in big cities made desegregation difficult 1971 Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenberg ruling backed busing to hasten desegregation 1990s - present Reversal or end of many desegregation programs Resegregation in many areas, especially large cities
- 13. Education of Minorities: American Indians On reservations, received schooling from missionaries From1890s to 1970s, missionary schools gradually replaced by government boarding schools (Bureau of Indian Affairs) By 1965, American Indians began to demand control of their schools. Between 1972 and 1975, Congress enacted three bills that encouraged the establishment of community-run schools, offered grants to develop culturally relevant and bilingual curriculum materials, and established an advisory council of American Indians Today the education of the American Indian population, about 530,000 students, is plagued by problems such as poverty, parental alcoholism, underachievement, absenteeism, overage students, and a high dropout rate.
- 14. Education of Minorities: Hispanics Hispanic children first attended religious mission schools. The common school of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries often sealed off opportunities for Hispanics. Today, 25 percent of Hispanic students speak mostly Spanish at home, and 49 percent of those have parents with a high school education or higher. The 1965 Elementary and Secondary Education Act provided new support to the education of Hispanics. Another response has been the establishment of bilingual education programs to provide students with instruction in their native tongue at the same time they learn English. Hispanic youth represent the fastest-growing segment of the U.S. population
- 15. VIDEO CASE: Bilingual Education: An Elementary Two-Way Immersion Program
- 16. Education of Minorities: Asian Americans Diversity: the three largest groups of Asian Americans are individuals of Chinese, Filipino, and Japanese heritage. School segregation of Chinese American children in California lasted until at least 1946. Japanese American children in California were forced to attend segregated schools up until World War II. With the end of World War II, discrimination against Asian Americans began to subside. This group has often been touted as a “model minority” - this stereotype is misleading and has sometimes contributed to misconceptions and complacency in meeting the educational needs and concerns of Asian American students. Parental and community involvement of Asian Americans in the education process also needs to be fostered.
- 17. VIDEO CASE: Diversity: Teaching in a Multiethnic Classroom