Spring Pres For Eaf
- 1. Deculturalization and the Struggle for Equality A Brief History of the Education of Dominated Cultures in the United States By: Joel Spring Presented by: Heather Nast, Lauren Finelli and Andrew Reder
- 2. Racial Violence Throughout history... US Civil War Trail of Death 19 th century Chinese Enslaved Africans Race riots in 19 th and 20 th centuries Zoot Suit riots Civil Rights Movement In Education Protestants and Catholics in 1840’s Punishment of enslaved Africans Racial clashes School integration riots Current debates
- 3. Globalization Globalization- begins when Columbus arrives in the Americas in 1492 and links the world trade routes Civilized v. uncivilized- Christian v. Pagan
- 4. Religious Superiority Catholics Religious heretics Catholics schools developed the private school sect Protestant The superior belief Referred to as “public” schools Mostly anti-Catholic (obvious in government life) *** Lead to the Catholic/Protestant school riots over religious doctrines
- 5. Race, Racism and Citizenship Race- primarily a social construction Racism- prejudice plus power
- 6. Educational Methods for Global Cultural Encounters Cultural Genocide Deculturalization Assimilation Cultural Pluralism Denial of Education Hybridity
- 7. Educational and Cultural Differences Colonists Child-rearing- discipline, authority and memorization (break the will of the child) School- formal setting Work- activity provided protection against sin Political power- only men Native Americans Child-rearing- quite dismissive School- informal, educated by stories told by the elders Work- only for what they needed Political power- held by some women
- 8. Early Native American Educational Programs Failed establishment of Henrico College Praying towns Dartmouth College Moor’s Charity School
- 9. 5 Civilized Tribes Choctaw, Cherokee, Chickasaw, Creek and Seminole tribes Government wanted their land Felt like the nuclear family and the establishment of a formal government was leaked to the need for a nuclear family Hoped for a cash economy to develop
- 10. Native Americans: Deculturalization, Schooling, and Globalization Native Americans as Indigenous people The Naturalization Act of 1790 excluded them from citizenship of the U.S.
- 11. Schooling Thomas McKenney thought schooling would socially control Native Americans and improve their society He introduced schools to Indian tribes as “experiments” White Missionary teachers- American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (ABCFM) 1819 Civilization Fund Act
- 12. Native American language and culture Sequoyah created a written language to preserve their history, religions, and culture Elias Boudinot created Cherokee Phoenix in 1828
- 13. Indian Removal Andrew Jackson worried that education was giving Indians the power to resist the U.S. government Indian Removal Act of 1830 Trail of Tears
- 14. Once settled they began setting up schools and governments The Spencer, Armstrong, & New Hope Academies Cherokees were almost 100% literate!
- 15. Reservations and Boarding Schools Charles E. Mix said that the U.S. had made great errors when dealing with the tribes 1867 Indian Peace Commission Boarding schools take children to strip away their native culture Carlisle Indian School &Hampton- Richard Pratt
- 16. Poor conditions- how are they to learn? Meriam Report in 1928
- 17. African Americans: Deculturalization, Transformation, and Segregation “ Diaspora” British, Spanish, and Portuguese imperialists moved enslaved Africans to North American and other locations North - societies with the slaves South - slave societies (plantation life) Two ways denial of education laws can be used
- 18. “ Creole” Increase demand of slaves Devastating tolls on newly arrived slaves Free slaves still had restrictions Petitions to gradually abolish slavery in the North
- 19. Educational Segregation Freedom vs. Equality Segregated schools Reading and writing in English Unequal funding Discrimination
- 20. Boston Fights for Equal Education Massachusetts Education Act of 1789 Funding Benjamin Robert’s daughter- First separate-but-equal ruling in judicial history 1855 Massachusetts governor signed a law that said no child can be denied admission based on race/religion
- 21. Slaves were not allowed to read Although many of them learned Helped the slaves learn about what was happening in the Civil War “ Darky act” or “trickers”
- 22. African Americans had to obey the government, but was not allowed to have a say in it The Fourteenth Amendment Section 1 Homer Plessy
- 23. First Crusade First: literacy Former slaves established schools Trying to improve political and economic standings Booker T. Washington “ cast down its buckets and use black workers” W.E.B. Du Bois NAACP General Samuel Armstrong Hampton and segregated industrial education
- 24. Second Crusade 1910- 1930s, Expansion of segregated schools paid by individual supporters and government The Anna T. Jeanes Fund & The Julius Rosenwald Fund
- 25. Asians: From Horde to Adored Generally speaking, White efforts at deculturization focused on the denial of education and separation of Asian populations from White populations The nature of Asian immigration caused treatment to shift much faster than any other group
- 26. Coming to America Chinese: Moving around since 15 th century First major wave was Gold Rush 1850s in California Paid their own way, not enough money to get back Ended up working on railroads or in agriculture Japanese: Late start 1639 law forbade foreign travel Immigration started in 1868 to Hawaii and California
- 27. Other Asian Populations Small amounts (<10,000) from Korea and India In 1907 a large Filipino migration began Other Asians not significant until Immigration Act of 1965
- 28. White Views Until 1960s, major views were: “ Coolie” low cost, servile labor Born from railroad workers/farmhands “ Deviant” Immoral, sexually permissive Born from opium dens and prostitution Combined as “Yellow Peril”
- 29. Push and Pull Asian immigration started relatively late, when big pushes for more equal rights were starting “ Coolie” legislation often clashed with “Deviant” legislation Many of most repressive laws were reversed soon after being enacted
- 30. Example: San Fransisco 1872: All White students to be educated 1884: Imperial Chinese Consulate complains SF School board specifically bars “Mongolians” 1885: Superior Court overrules SF 1885: Segregated schools implemented 1906: Forced integration to avoid international incident
- 31. A New Image WWII Japanese Internment Asians differentiated 1950s, the Model Minority
- 32. Latinos: Location, Location Biggest Latino influxes came from conquest 1848: End of Mexican-American War US gained California, Colorado, New Mexico, Nevada, Arizona, Utah, Texas 1898: End of Spanish-American War US gained Puerto Rico, the Philippines, Guam and naval base in Cuba
- 33. Similar View, Different Treatment Latinos: mix of Indian (not white) and Spanish (white on a technicality) Generally regarded as Indians or worse Mexicans valued as cheap labor Education was denied/neglected/segregated Puerto Ricans feared as too independent Education was forced in order to “Americanize”
- 34. Puerto Rico: A dream snatched away Strong independence movement since 1860s Made “autonomous state” in 1897 Constitutional Republic with Spanish Governor Conquered in 1898
- 35. Puerto Rico: Winning Hearts and Minds “ Put an American schoolhouse in every valley and upon every hilltop” Education used as a weapon to inspire loyalty English-only past first grade American History over Puerto Rican History Celebration of American holidays Biggest tension was over English Language
- 36. Mexicans: Kept poor and dumb Similar Policies to Puerto Rico to inspire patriotism Almost never enforced “ Educating the Mexican is educating them away from the job, away from the dirt” Those that did go to school were segregated
- 37. Globalization: The Great Civil Rights Movement and Wars of Liberation Internationally Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples Domestically Discrimination everywhere Deculturalization and school segregation was part of a general global movement
- 38. School Desegregation NAACP- desegregation and opportunity to participate in economic system 1954 Brown vs. Board of Education Topeka Public demonstrations to take action Lack of supervision to make sure segregation ended CORE, SNCC, SCLC
- 39. Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr. King was born in 1929 into a family of Baptist Ministers Introduction of nonviolent confrontation 1957 Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
- 40. Martin Luther King, Jr. Continued… Rosa Parks 1957 “Give us the Ballot…” speech to Washington, DC Civil Rights Act of 1964 Titles 4 & 6
- 41. In 1961, 450 Indians attended the American Indian Chicago Conference End to termination policies John F. Kennedy More Indian participation in decisions involving federal policies Struggle for self-determination Pan-Indian Movement
- 42. Indian Education: A National Tragedy Bilingual Education Act of 1968 Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act of 1975 Tribally Controlled Schools Act Native American Languages Act of 1990
- 43. Bilingual Education Boycotts in LA Bilingual Education Act of 1968 Official language disputes
- 44. Multicultural Education, Immigration and the Cultural Wars 1965 Immigration Act that abolished the 1924 Immigration Act (and the quota system) Multicultural education rose Ethnocentric schools (go back to segregation)
- 45. Cultural Wars cont. and NCLB Mandatory standardized tests only measure one culture Bilingual education be used as a vehicle for learning English
- 46. 21 ST Century: Post- Racial Society Post-racial- a society where race is no longer important in determining social status and income However, government agencies state that the concept of race has no scientific or anthropological meaning but persist in using racial categories in their reports Socially constructed in contrast to legal or administrative definitions of race
- 47. In Comparison Race and income 1- all white 2- white (Hispanic or Latino) Least- Black or African American Drop out rates (1972-2006) 1- Hispanic 2- Black 3- Whites
- 48. Is the US a Post-Racial Society YES Racial categories are no longer recognized, by government agencies, as having scientific or anthropological meaning Because race is a confusing term taking on many different meanings among post-1965 immigrants Since post-1965 immigrants are not facing any overt attempts as Deculturalization and Americanization NO Many native-born whites and blacks still think in the racial categories created by law and judicial decisions from the 18 th century to the Civil Rights Movements Since government agencies require the use of racial categories The legacy of race-based laws and Deculturalization still contribute to educational and economic inequality Since many immigrants from Mexico and Central America as assimilation into native-born Hispanic communities suffering from the legacy of the past