Group no 4 fpm assignment (1)
- 1. Output-Output Relationship PRESENTED BY: GROUP NO. 04 1. PUJA KUMARI 11. SANDIP DONGARE 2. RACHITA RUCHI 12. SANDIP KUMAR 3. RAJIV KR. CHOUDHARY 4. RAKESH RANJAN 5. RAMMANOHAR JAT 6. RASHMI KUMARI 7. RAVI CHAITANYA VUBA 8. ROBIN SINGH PANKHOLI 9. SACHIN TALWAR NAGAPPA 10.SANDEEP RAKHOLIA
- 2. Output-Output Relationship/ Product-Product Relationship Product-Product relationship deals with resource allocation among competing enterprises. Inputs are kept constant while products (outputs) are varied. Guides the producer in deciding ‘What to produce’ Explained by the principle of product substitution and law of equi marginal returns. This relationship is concerned with the determination of optimum combination of products (enterprises). The choice indicators are substitution ratio and price ratio. Profit maximization. Algebraically it is expressed as Y1=f (Y2 Y3, ……. Yn)
- 3. The substitution between products or outputs takes place in two ways: According to the principle of equi marginal Return where each enterprise is independent i.e. the two products are not inter related. Input products x y1,y2,y3(Different Enterprises) According to the principle of product product relationship where the different products are interdependent or inter related Input products x y1,y2 (inter-dependent products)
- 4. Types of Product-Product Relationships. 1. Joint Products: These are produced through single production process. The level of production of one decides the level of production of another. All farm commodities are mostly joint products. Ex: Wheat and Straw, paddy and straw, groundnut and hulms Graphically the quantities of Y1 and cotton seed and lint, cattle and Y2 that can be produced at different manure, butter and buttermilk, levels of resources will be shown as points AB in the figure. beef and hides, mutton and wool etc.
- 5. 2. Complementary Enterprises: Complementary relationship between two enterprises exists when with a change in the level of production of one, the other also changes in the same direction. Increase in output of one product, with resources held constant, there is an increase in the output of the other product. The two enterprises do not compete for resources but contribute to the mutual production by providing an element of production required by each other. The marginal rate of product substitution is positive ( > 0). Ex: Cereals and pulses, crops and livestock
- 6. Graphical Representation As shown in the figure, range of complementarities is from point A to point B when production of Y1 expands beyond zero level. On the other end of the curve, the products again are complementary as production of Y2 expands beyond zero. This means Y1 must be produced up to B and Y2 up to point C , up to these points increase in one product increases the production of other. All complementary relationships should be taken advantage by producing both products up to the point where the products become competitive.
- 7. 3. Supplementary Enterprises: Supplementary exists between enterprises when increase or decrease in the output of one product does not affect the production level of the other product. They do not compete for resources but make use of resources when they are not being utilized by one enterprise. The marginal rate of product substitution is zero. For example, small poultry or dairy or piggery enterprise All supplementary relationships should be taken advantage by producing both products up to the point where the products become competitive.
- 8. 4. Competitive Enterprises: This relationship exists when increase or decrease in the production of one product affect the production of other product inversely. That is when increase in output of one product , with resources held constant, results in the decrease of output of other product. Competitive enterprises compete for the same resources. Two enterprises are competitive in the use of given resources if output of one can be increased only through sacrifice in the production of another. The marginal rate of product substitution is negative (<0)
- 9. Marginal Rate of Product Substitution Marginal rate of the product substitution refers to the absolute change in one product associated with a change of one unit in competing product. Types of Product Substitution When two products are competitive, they substitute either at constant rate, or increasing rate or at decreasing rate. 1. Constant rate of Substitution: With each one unit increase or gain in one product, a constant quantity of another product must be decreased or sacrificed . PPC is linear negatively sloped. Constant rate of substitution occurs when a) One of the production function has an elasticity greater than one (increasing returns), the other has an elasticity of less than one (decreasing returns) b) Both the production functions have stages of increasing and decreasing returns. e.g. gram and wheat substitute for land at constant rate.
- 10. Increasing rate of product substitution: The increase in the level of one product decreases the level of other product substantially. PPC is concave to the origin. Increasing rate of the product substitution is common in agricultural production. The general pattern of production is diversification i.e., profits are maximized by producing both the products. e.g. substitution between labor and capital ,Rice and maize
- 11. Decreasing rate of Product Substitution: Each unit increase in the output of one product is accompanied lesser and lesser decrease in the production of another product. This type of product substitution holds good under conditions of increasing returns. Production Possibility Curve is convex to the origin when products substitute at decreasing rate. e.g. substitution between dairy and crop in short duration.
- 12. Iso-Revenue Line It represents all possible combination of two products which would yield an equal (same) revenue or income. Characteristics: Isorevenue line is a straight line because product prices do not change with quantity sold. As the total revenue increases, the Iso revenue line moves away from the origin since the total revenue determines the distance of it from the origin. The slope indicates ratio of product (output) prices. As long as product prices remaining constant, the Iso revenue line showing different total revenues are parallel But change in either price will change the slope.
- 13. Determination of optimum calculation of products: 1.Algebraic Method: There are three steps to determine the optimum product combination through algebraic method. a) Compute Marginal Rate of Product Substitution MRPS =Number of units of replaced products/Number of units of added product MRPSY1Y2 = ? Y2/? Y1 MRPSY2Y1 = ? Y1/? Y2 b) Workout price ratio (PR) Price Ratio (PR) = Price per unit of added product/Price per unit of replaced product PR= P y1/Py2 if it is MRSY1Y2 Py2/ Py1 if it is MRSY2Y1 c) Optimum combination of enterprises is at where MRS=PR Number of units replaced product =Price per unit of added product Number of units of added product Price per unit of replaced product Or, Y2/Y1= Py1/Py2 Or Y1/Y2 = Py2/ Py1
- 14. 2. Graphic Method: Draw production possibility curve and Isorevenue line on one graph. Slope of production possibility curve indicates MRPS and the slope of Iso revenue line indicates price ratio of products. The point of optimum combination of products is at where the Iso revenue line is tangent to the production possibility curve. At this point, slope of the Iso revenue line and the slope of the production possibility curve will be the same.
- 15. 3. Tabular Method Compute total revenue for each possible output combination and then select that combination of outputs which yields maximum total revenue. This method is useful only when we have few combinations 3 units of Y1 and 7 units of Y2 yield maximum revenue.
- 16. Thank You