Gut brain axis and mechanism of microbiome in gut
- 1. THE GUT MICROBIOME UNLOCKING GUT-BRAIN HARMONY, NUTRIENTS AND DISORDERS BRAIN GUT
- 2. PRESENTED BY: M. SRIBHAVANI MSC NUTRITION AND DIETETICS DEPARTMEBT OF NUTRITION OF DIETETICS SAROJINI NAIDU VANITA MAHAVIDYALAYA NAMPALLY, HYDERABAD.
- 3. INTRODUCTION TO MICROBIOME The microbiome consists of microbes with trillionsof microorganisms (also called microbiota or microbes) of thousandsof different species Most are symbiotic (where both the human body and microbiota benefit) and some, in smaller numbers, are pathogenic (promotingdisease) The microbiome is even labeleda supportingorgan because it plays so many key roles in promoting the smooth daily operationsof the human body The Human Microbiome Project was launched in 2007, AUnited States National Institutes of Health research initiative to improve understandingof the microbiota involved in human health and disease.
- 4. GUT MICROBIOME The trillions of microorganisms and their genetic material that live in intestinal tract comprise gut microbiome It is a complex ecosystem inhabited by a myriad of microorganisms, including fungi, bacteria, viruses, and archaea where 99% of microbiota gene occupied by bacteria- a dominant variant( Arumugam,M;Burgdorf,K.S; 2010) This ecosystem, collectively known as the ‘microbiota’, provides various protective, structural, and metabolic benefits to the human body
- 5. SIGNIFICANCE OF GUT MICROBIOME IN HUMAN HEALTH
- 6. MICROBIOME COMPOSITION IN GUT The most abundant microbiota are found in the gut, specifically the human colon, an organ that supports the most microbes. The four dominant phyla resident in the human gut are: 1.Firmicutes 2.Bacteroidetes 3.Actinobacteria 4.Proteobacteria
- 7. FACTORS INFLUENCING MICROBIOME DIVERSITY According to the study by Gail A. Cresci (2015),there are certain factors that affect and change the gut microbiota:
- 8. GUT BRAIN AXIS It is a bidirectional communication that takes place between gut and brain The central and the enteric nervous system of gut links emotional and cognitive centers of the brain with peripheral intestinal functions Cephalic phase of gastric and pancreatic secretion discovered by IVAN PAVLOV, the first physiologist who was awarded the Noble Prize for physiology in 1904 This interaction involves the microbiome present in the gut Human Microbiota contains 1013 microorganisms that is 10 times more than the total number of cells that is more than the human body has! Data from Metahit and HMP concluded that 2172 species of microbes isolated in the human gut
- 9. INTERACTION BETWEEN GUT MICROBIOTA AND BRAIN Gut microbes communicate to the CNS through at least three parallel and interacting channels involving Nervous, Endocrine and Immune signaling mechanisms Brain communicates to the gut and gut microbiota through Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) This interaction modulates regional gut motility, intestinal transit, secretion and gut permeability
- 10. 1. NEURONALCHANNEL The vagus nerve which is the longest nerve of ANS connect the gut and brain They scatter throughoutthe intestinal wall But it doesn’t cross the epithelialbarrier hence, no connectionwith the microbes It interact with compound of microbes that pass the epithelial barrier
- 11. 2.NEUROENDOCRINE SIGNALING IN THE GUT-BRAIN AXIS The HPA axis(Hypothalamic pituitary adrenalin) is one of the main Neuroendocrine pathway which has significant impact on gut physiology regulating immune cell activity in gut. It also alters gut permeability and barrier This communication is mediated by several microbial derived molecules that include SCFAs, secondary bile acids(SBA), tryptophan The HPA axis and the ANS regulate each other and collaborate with the immune system to regulate gut health
- 12. ENTEROCHROMAFFIN CELLSIGNALING Enterochromaffin cells are responsible for the release of serotonin in GI 95% of serotonin stored in Enterochromaffin cells and 5% of serotonin stored in CNS The serotonin which is synthesized, is regulated by spore formation bacteria in gut
- 15. 3. NEURO-IMMUNE SIGNALING PATHWAY The interaction between gut microbiota and immune system is really extensive The maturation of our immune, neurological and microbial colonization starts with birth of baby Mothers are major source of gut microbes. So, gut microbiota plays major role in innate and adaptive immunity
- 16. TYPES OF EPITHELIALCELLS IN GUT There are mainly five types of epithelial cells in the gut which has different functions
- 17. TYPES OF EPITHELIAL CELLS IN GUT
- 18. IMPACT OF DIET ON MICROBIOME AND GUT-BRAIN AXIS Gut microbiota metabolizes food constituents into several active metabolites that modulate the functionality of microbiome Dietary macronutrients including carbohydrates, protein and fat, and numerous micronutrients have been widely found to influence the composition of gut microbiota Dietary habits are the result of multiple food components interactions and the specific combination of micro- nutrients and macro-nutrients may differently affect microbiome The Major impact is shown by Fiber intake, High fat and red meat, Prebiotics and Probiotics
- 19. IMPACT OF FIBER AND RED MEAT
- 20. IMPACT OF PREBIOTICAND PROBIOTIC PREBIOTIC Prebiotics are ingredients that contribute to the growth of active microorganisms in the host Indigestible fiber in the large intestine get fermented by gut bacteria Inulin and Oligosaccharide are most common Prebiotics PROBIOTIC Probiotics are living microorganisms that provide benefits to host health by colonizing the body Restores the health of gut microbiota Sufficient amount of microbes reside naturally in gut mostly Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species
- 21. DISORDERS RELATED TO NEUROLOGICAL FUNCTION The gut microbiota also affects the brain through the endocrine, immunological, and metabolic systems (the gut- brain neuroanatomical pathway) (Cryan and Dinan, 2012; Montiel-Castro et al., 2013) Individuals’ diet, age, gender, environment, and genes had an impact on the composition of their gut microbiota (Takagi et al., 2019) Dysbiosis of the human gut microbiome has been associated with various pathologies (Perry et al., 2016) Neurological disorders, specifically focused on Alzheimer’s disease (Helicobacter pylori), Parkinson’s disease(Fermicutes), depression, anxiety disorders(Bifidobacterium and lactobacillus)
- 22. DISORDERS RELATED TO GASTROINTESTINAL FUNCTION It includeirritablebowel syndrome, reflux hypersensitivity or functional dyspepsia Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is the most common prototypical disorderof gut-brain interaction, affecting in the order of 5% to 10% of adults worldwide Glutamatehas central activity, so it has an important role in pain perception at the level of the spinal cord and brain Abdominal discomfortor pain, attentionand memory are modified, potentiallyleading to contextualizingand conditioningtoward IBS regarding low glutamate levels Evidence has been established that alterationsin microbiota with regard to instability and reduced diversity frequentlyseen in post-infectiousIBS Sedentary work, lack of exercise, western high-carbohydratediet and processed food are additional well-established risk factors for IBS
- 23. THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTIONS PROBIOTIC SUPPLEMENTS The gut houses our second brain, the enteric nervous system (ENS) Probioticstrains, specifically the Lactobacillusand Bifidobacteriumstrains found to be more effective Study, publishedin the Frontiersof Neuroscience, showed that peoplewith Alzheimer’s disease who took probiotics(a mixture of L. acidophilus, L. casei, B. bifidum,and L. fermentum) experienced positive effects on cognitive functions like learning power and memory Probioticsupplementstypicallycontain a combination of several bacteria species The recommended daily dosage ranges from 1 billionto 10 billioncolonyforming units (CFUs) A 2011 study, Sourcefound that taking a probioticpill with 30 minutes before a meal (but not 30 minutes after) is the optimal way to keep all the benefits of probioticsupplements
- 24. PROBIOTIC STRAIN PROBIOTIC FOOD SCIENCE BEHIND IT L. plantarum, B. bifidum Sauerkraut Kimchi Significantly increased serotonin and dopamine and reduced anxious behavior B. infantis, B. bifidum, or lactobacillus Greek yogurt Increased relaxation and helped with treating irritable bowel syndrome Lactobacillus Kombucha Helps generate vitamins such as K and B-12, which may also influence mood
- 25. FECAL MICROBIOTA TRANSPLANTATION (FMT) Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), as a microbiota-target therapy, is arguably very effective for curing Clostridium difficile infection Clostridium difficile colitis results from disruption of normal, healthy bacteria in the colon, often as a result of antibiotics. (FMT) is a technique in which intestinal microbiota are transferred from a healthy donor to the patient, with the goal being to introduce or restore a stable microbial community in the gut It was first published in the English language by Eiseman et al in 1958, when he reported a prompt response in patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhea treated with fecal enemas 2013 guidelines for CDI have recommended that FMT should be considered if there is a third recurrence after a pulsed vancomycin regimen(drug treatment)
- 26. PROBIOTICS AND THE MICROBIOTA-GUT-BRAIN AXIS: FOCUS ON PSYCHIATRY- RESEARCH ARTICLE AIM: To examine data from recent interventional studies focusing on probiotics and the gut-brain axis for the treatment of depression, anxiety and schizophrenia METHODOLOGY: The study populationin these papers have been clinicallydiagnosed with either depression, an anxiety disorder or schizophrenia. Akkaseh et al. included 40 participantswith major depressive disorder. Relevant questionnaireshave been used to quantify psychiatric symptoms (such as the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) for depression severity). Some dietary supplements, such as omega-3 fatty acids, are used in the treatment of depressive disorders. Probioticssuch as Lactobacillusand Bifidobacteria species are administrated. RESULTS: Elevated stress levels are intertwined with anxiety and depression. The rates of depression and anxiety are disproportionallyhigh in patients with functionalgut disorders. SCFAs have been found to be of importancein psychiatric disorders; for example, they were found to be lower in depression.
- 27. After 8 weeks, the 20 patients in the active intervention group showed significantly decreased BDI scores. Long-term probioticsupplementationmay have some merit as probioticscannot be detected in stool 1–4 weeks after the consumptionis stopped. Areduced risk for severe bowel problems in patients with moderate to severe schizophreniasymptoms after treatment with the probioticsupplement (4 weeks after the end of the probioticintervention), but the depression scores were rising again . RECENTFINDINGS: Probioticsare likely to improve depression but not schizophrenia. Regarding anxiety, there is only one trial which showed an effect of a multispecies probiotic.However, determinantslike the durationof treatment, dosage and interactionshave not been thoroughlyinvestigated and deserve more scientific attention.
- 28. REFERENCE https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4284325/ https://www.gastroenterologyandhepatology.net/archives/december- 2021/insights-on-disorders-of-gut-brain-interaction/ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1957620/ https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/microbiome/ https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar/