Hbase status quo apache-con europe - nov 2012
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The document summarizes the status of HBase and its relationship with HDFS. In the past, HDFS did not prioritize HBase's needs, but reliability, availability, and performance have improved with Hadoop 1.0 and 2.0. Hadoop 2.0 features like HDFS high availability and wire compatibility directly benefit HBase. Further improvements planned for Hadoop 2.x like direct reads and zero-copy support could significantly boost HBase performance. The HBase project is also advancing with new versions focused on features like coprocessors and performance optimizations.
Hbase status quo apache-con europe - nov 2012
- 1. HBASE STATUS QUO The State of Affairs in HBase Land ApacheCon Europe, November 2012 Lars George Director EMEA Services
- 2. About Me • Director EMEA Services @ Cloudera • Consulting on Hadoop projects (everywhere) • Apache Committer • HBase and Whirr • O’Reilly Author • HBase – The Definitive Guide • Now in Japanese! • Contact • lars@cloudera.com 日本語版も出ました! • @larsgeorge
- 3. Agenda • HDFS and HBase • HBase Project Status
- 4. HDFS AND HBASE Past, Presence, Future
- 5. Framework for Discussion • Time Periods • Past (Hadoop pre-1.0) • Present (Hadoop 1.x, 2.0) • Future (Hadoop 2.x and later) • Categories • Reliability/Availability • Performance • Feature Set
- 6. HDFS and HBase History – 2006 Author: Douglass Cutting <cutting@apache.org> ! Date: Fri Jan 27 22:19:42 2006 +0000 ! ! Create hadoop sub-project. ! !
- 7. HDFS and HBase History – 2007 Author: Douglass Cutting <cutting@apache.org>! Date: Tue Apr 3 20:34:28 2007 +0000 ! !! HADOOP-1045. Add contrib/hbase, a BigTable-like online database. ! !
- 8. HDFS and HBase History – 2008 Author: Jim Kellerman <jimk@apache.org> ! Date: Tue Feb 5 02:36:26 2008 +0000 ! ! 2008/02/04 HBase is now a subproject of Hadoop. The first HBase release as a subproject will be release 0.1.0 which will be equivalent to the version of HBase included in Hadoop 0.16.0... !
- 9. HDFS and HBase History – Early 2010 HBase has been around for 3 years. But HDFS still acts like MapReduce is the only important client! People have accused HDFS of being like a molasses train: High throughput but not so fast
- 10. HDFS and HBase History – 2010 • HBase becomes a top-level project • Facebook chooses HBase for Messages product • Jump from HBase 0.20 to HBase 0.89 and 0.90 • First CDH3 betas include HBase • HDFS community starts to work on features for HBase. • Infamous hadoop-0.20-append branch
- 11. WHAT DID GET DONE? And where is it going?
- 12. Reliability in the Past: Hadoop 1.0 • Pre-1.0, if the DN crashed, HBase would lose its WALs (and your beloved data). • 1.0 integrated hadoop-0.20-append branch into a main-line release • True durability support for HBase • We have a fighting chance at metadata reliability! • Numerous bug fixes for write pipeline recovery and other error paths • HBase is not nearly so forgiving as MapReduce! • “Single-writer” fault tolerance vs. “job-level” fault tolerance
- 13. Reliability in the Past: Hadoop 1.0 • Pre-1.0: if any disk failed, entire DN would go offline • Problematic for HBase: local RS would lose all locality! • 1.0: per-disk failure detection in DN (HDFS-457) • Allows HBase to lose a disk without losing all locality • Tip: Configure dfs.datanode.failed.volumes.tolerated = 1 !
- 14. Reliability Today: Hadoop 2.0 • Integrates Highly Available HDFS • Active-standby hot failover removes SPOF • Transparent to clients: no HBase changes necessary • Tested extensively under HBase read/write workloads • Coupled with HBase master failover, no more HBase SPOF!
- 15. HDFS HA
- 16. Reliability in the Future: HA in 2.x • Remove dependency on NFS (HDFS-3077) • Quorum-commit protocol for NameNode edit logs • Similar to ZAB/Multi-Paxos • Automatic failover for HA NameNodes (HDFS-3042) • ZooKeeper-based master election, just like HBase • Merged to trunk
- 17. Other Reliability Work for HDFS 2.x • 2.0: current hflush() API only guarantees data is replicated to three machines – not fully on disk. • A cluster-wide power outage can lose data. • Upcoming in 2.x: Support for hsync() (HDFS-744, HBASE-5954) • Calls fsync() for all replicas of the WAL • Full durability of edits, even with full cluster power outages
- 18. hflush() and hsync() hflush()/hsync() hflush(): flushes to OS buffer - send all queued data, note seq num hsync(): fsync() to disk - block until corresponding ACK is received
- 19. HDFS Wire Compatibility in Hadoop 2.0 • In 1.0: HDFS client version must match server version closely. • How many of you have manually copied HDFS client jars? • Client-server compatibility in 2.0: • Protobuf-based RPC • Easier HBase installs: no more futzing with jars • Separate HBase upgrades from HDFS upgrades • Intra-cluster server compatibility in the works • Allow for rolling upgrade without downtime
- 20. Performance: Hadoop 1.0 • Pre-1.0: even for reads from local machine, client connects to DN via TCP • 1.0: Short-circuit local reads • Obtains direct access to underlying local block file, then uses regular FileInputStream access. • 2x speedup for random reads • Configure dfs.client.read.shortcircuit = true! dfs.block.local-path-access.user = hbase! dfs.datanode.data.dir.perm = 755! • Note: Currently does not support security
- 21. Performance: Hadoop 2.0 • Pre-2.0: Up to 50% CPU spent verifying CRC • 2.0: Native checksums using SSE4.2 crc32 asm (HDFS-2080) • 2.5x speedup reading from buffer cache • Now only 15% CPU overhead to checksumming • Pre-2.0: re-establishes TCP connection to DN for each seek • 2.0: Rewritten BlockReader, keep-alive to DN (HDFS-941) • 40% improvement on random read for HBase • 2-2.5x in micro-benchmarks • Total improvement vs. 0.20.2: 3.4x!
- 22. Performance: Hadoop 2.x • Currently: lots of CPU spent copying data in memory • “Direct-read” API: read directly into user-provided DirectByteBuffers (HDFS-2834) • Another ~2x improvement to sequential throughput reading from cache • Opportunity to avoid two more buffer copies reading compressed data (HADOOP-8148) • Codec APIs still in progress, needs integration into HBase
- 23. Performance: Hadoop 2.x • True “zero-copy read” support (HDFS-3051) • New API would allow direct access to mmaped block files • No syscall or JNI overhead for reads • Initial benchmarks indicate at least ~30% gain. • Some open questions around best safe implementation
- 26. Performance: Why Emphasize CPU? • Machines with lots of RAM now inexpensive (48-96GB common) • Want to use that to improve cache hit ratios. • Unfortunately, 50GB+ Java heaps still impractical (GC pauses too long) • Allocate the extra RAM to the buffer cache • OS caches compressed data: another win! • CPU overhead reading from buffer cache becomes limiting factor for read workloads
- 27. What’s Up Next in 2.x? • HDFS Hard-links (HDFS-3370) • Will allow for HBase to clone/snapshot tables efficiently! • Improves HBase table-scoped backup story • HDFS Snapshots (HDFS-2802) • HBase-wide snapshot support for point-in-time recovery • Enables consistent backups copied off-site for DR
- 28. What’s Up Next in 2.x? • Improved block placement policies (HDFS-1094) • Fundamental tradeoff between probability of data unavailability and the amount of data that becomes unavailable • Current scheme: if any 3 nodes not on the same rack die, some very small amount of data is unavailable • Proposed scheme: lessen chances of unavailability, but if a certain three nodes die, a larger amount is unavailable • For many HBase applications: any single lost block halts whole operation. Prefer to minimize probability.
- 29. What’s Up Next in 2.x? • HBase-specific block placement hints (HBASE-4755) • Assign each region a set of three RS (primary and two backups) • Place underlying data blocks on these three DNs • Could then fail-over and load-balance without losing any locality!
- 30. Summary Hadoop 1.0 Hadoop 2.0 Hadoop 2.x Availability • DN volume failure • NameNode HA • HA without NAS isola>on • Wire Compa>bility • Rolling upgrade Performance • Short-‐circuit reads • Na>ve CRC • Direct-‐read API • DN keep-‐alive • Zero-‐copy API • Direct codec API Features • Durable • hsync()! hflush()! • Snapshots • Hard links • HBase-‐aware block placement
- 31. Summary • HBase is no longer a second-class citizen. • We’ve come a long way since Hadoop 0.20.2 in performance, reliability, and availability. • New features coming in the 2.x line specifically to benefit HBase use cases • Hadoop 2.0 features available today via CDH4. Many Cloudera customers already using CDH4 with HBase with great success.
- 32. PROJECT STATUS
- 33. Current Project Status • HBase 0.90.x “Advanced Concepts” • Master Rewrite – More Zookeeper • Intra Row Scanning • Further optimizations on algorithms and data structures CDH3
- 34. Current Project Status • HBase 0.92.x “Coprocessors” • Multi-DC Replication • Discretionary Access Control • Coprocessors • Endpoints and Observers • Can hook into many explicit and implicit operation CDH4
- 35. Current Project Status (cont.) • HBase 0.94.x “Performance Release” • Read CRC Improvements • Seek Optimizations • Lazy Seeks • WAL Compression • Prefix Compression (aka Block Encoding) • Atomic Append • Atomic put+delete • Multi Increment and Multi Append
- 36. Current Project Status (cont.) • HBase 0.94.x “Performance Release” • Per-region (i.e. local) Multi-Row Transactions RegionMutation rm = new RegionMutation();! Put p = new Put(ROW1);! p.add(FAMILY, QUALIFIER, VALUE);! rm.add(p);! p = new Put(ROW2);! p.add(FAMILY, QUALIFIER, VALUE);! rm.add(p);! t.mutateRegion(rm);!
- 37. Current Project Status (cont.) • HBase 0.94.x “Performance Release” • Uber HBCK • Embedded Thrift Server • WALPlayer • Enable/disable Replication Streams CDH4.x (soon)
- 38. Current Project Status (cont.) • HBase 0.96.x “The Singularity” • Protobuf RPC • Rolling Upgrades • Multiversion Access • Metrics V2 • Preview Technologies • Snapshots • PrefixTrie Block Encoding CDH5 ?
- 39. Client/Server Compatibility Matrix RegionServer, Client 0.96.0 Client 0.96.1 Client 0.98.0 Client 1.0.0 Master 0.96.0 Works Works* Works* No guarantee 0.96.1 Works Works Works* No guarantee 0.98.0 Works Works Works Works* 1.0.0 No guarantee No guarantee Works Works Notes: * If new features are not used 39 ©2012 Cloudera, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
- 40. QuesGons?