Hands-On Database 2nd Edition Steve Conger Solutions Manual
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- 5. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 5 Instructor’s Guide Outcomes • Evaluate an entity against the first three normal forms • Remove all repeating lists or arrays (First Normal Form) • Remove functional dependencies (Second Normal Form) • Remove all transitive dependencies (Third Normal Form) • Understand the importance of design review Outline I. Design Review II. Anomalies A. Insertion Anomalies B. Update Anomalies C. Deletion Anomalies III. Normal Forms IV. First Normal Form A. Removing Repeating Groups and Arrays B. Ensuring each Attribute Describes a Single Type of Value
- 6. 5-2 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. C. Making each Row Unique V. Second Normal Form A. Locating Multiple Themes in an Entity B. Removing Functional Dependencies C. Creating New Entities VI. Third Normal Form A. Recognizing Transient Dependencies B. Resolving Transient Dependencies C. Creating New Entities VII. Final Content Review VIII. Documentation A. Storing all Versions of ERD B. Denormalization Vocabulary 1. Normal Forms e. Rules for removing anomalies and redundancies 2. Update Anomalies c. Where the same data must be updated in several places creating the possibility of mismatched or inaccurate data 3.Deletion Anomalies a. Where deleting some data inadvertently also removes other
- 7. 5-3 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. data 4. First Normal Form i. Removing repeated groups and arrays 5. Denormalization j. The process of rejoining tables that were separated during the normalization process to improve performance 6. Insertion Anomalies h. The inability to insert into data because other unknown data is required 7. Second Normal Form g. Removes functional dependencies 8. Transient Dependencies f. An attribute that depends on another attribute, not the key, for its meaning 9. Functional Dependencies d. Attributes that are related to each other rather than the key. They form subthemes within the entity. 10. Third Normal Form b. Removes transient dependencies Things to Look Up 1. Look up database anomalies. See if you can find a good example explaining each kind of anomaly. Blurtit.com has a very precise brief definition: http://www.blurtit.com/q181903.html, as does DBNormalization.com http://www.dbnormalization.com/database-anomalies. Wikipedia has examples: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_normalization. Mahipalreddy also has good explanations: http://www.mahipalreddy.com/dbdesign/dbqa.htm 2. Look up the definition of functional dependency. Can you find a good example?
- 8. 5-4 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. This Wikipedia article provides a mathematical definition of functional dependencies: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_dependency. Several other sites also provide mathematical definitions and examples. The normalization article listed under 1 provides an easier verbal explanation. About.com has a brief definition and example. http://databases.about.com/cs/specificproducts/g/functdep.htm Another good discussion can be found at http://articles.sitepoint.com/article/database-design- management. 3. Look up the definition of transitive dependency. Can you find a good example? This Wikipedia article has a definition and example: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transitive_dependency. This site also has a good definition and example:http://www.databasedev.co.uk/3norm_form.html. 4. Look up one of the normal forms we did not cover. See if you can explain it to someone in the class. It is actually hard to find a good web site that covers all the normal forms. Many cover one through three, and some cover through fifth normal form. Wikipedia has a description of all the normal forms but lacks full discussion and examples. However, each normal form has its own entry with a fuller discussion: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_normalization This site goes through fifth normal form quite thoroughly: http://trumpetpower.com/Papers/Normal_Forms 5. Look up “denormalization,” and why anyone would want to do it.
- 9. 5-5 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. The same Wikipedia site listed in the above examples also has a brief discussion of denormalization. Some other sites include: http://www.databasedesign-resource.com/denormalization.html http://database-programmer.blogspot.com/2008/04/denormalization-patterns.html http://www.tdan.com/view-articles/4142 Practices Charlie has a large book collection. He was keeping track of it in a spreadsheet, but it has grown big enough that he wants to convert it into a real database. Here is a sample from the spreadsheet: Author Author Country Titles James Taylor England JavaScript Essentials, South Tech Books, London, 2010, $14; HTML5 Exposed, Webby Books, London, 2012, $15.50 May Norton United States Big Data Big Promise, Data Press, San Francisco 2012, $25 Jessica Lewis United States Database Development for the Cloud, Data Press San Francisco, $20.35; Data Services, Future Tech Press, New York $12.95 1. What are some of the potential problems with this layout if carried directly to the database? The biggest problem is the Titles column. It contains several different types of information, title, publisher, year of publication, city, and price. It is also multivalued in that an author can have more than one book. In terms of using the database, it would be difficult to find the data on any particular title. You would have to do a substring or search manually. It would be equally difficult to insert a new title by an existing author or to update the information on an existing title. Deleting an author would remove all their books and deleting a book presents the danger of deleting the author as well.
- 10. 5-6 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Poor Ok Good Shows no clear understanding of the anomalies. Describes the anomalies but provides few specific examples from the DVD fields. Clear understanding of the anomalies with good examples from the DVD attribute list. 2. Which of the columns in the example are multivalued? The title column is multivalued. 3. Create a table that would show how you would convert the sample data into First Normal Form. (Hint: Break the information in the Titles column into separate fields. Books are separated by semicolons.) Author AuthorCountry Title Publisher City Year Price James Taylor England JavaScript Essentials South Tech Books London 2010 14 James Taylor England HTML 5 Exposed Webby Books London 2012 15.50 May Norton United States Big Data Promise Data Press San Francisco 2012 25 Jessica Lewis United States Database Development for the Cloud Data Press San Francisco 20.35 Jessica Lewis United States Data Services Future Tech Press New York 12.95 Discussion: Students may also want to separate first and last name into their own attributes. This is fine. Poor Ok Good Shows no clear idea of how to separate the data into columns. Doesn’t see the multivalued column. Sees the multivalued column, but doesn’t distinctly separate the columns; for instance, putting publisher and city together, or separating the Clearly separates the columns and values.
- 11. 5-7 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. different titles but leaving title, publisher, city, year, and price as one column. 4. Create an entity diagram for the table you made in Practice 3. Books AuthorName AuthorCountry Title Publisher City Year Price Poor Ok Good Not clear on what the attributes would be—see above. Partial understanding of the separate attributes. Clear understanding of the attributes and entity. 5. List all the functional dependencies you find in the sample data. There are at least two large themes—or functional dependencies. One is the book information and the other is the publisher information. Author and author country are also functional dependency.
- 12. 5-8 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Poor Ok Good Doesn’t find any functional dependencies or separates attributes arbitrarily. Defines at least Book and Publisher as functional dependencies. Defines Book, Publisher, and Author as dependencies. 6. Identify and list some potential candidate keys for the new entities. Title might be a candidate key for the book information, but many students may also be inclined to add ISBN. That is not in the table, but is a legitimate potential key. For publisher, the PublisherName attribute is a valid candidate. Author name would be a candidate key for Author. Poor Ok Good No candidate keys or attributes that would make poor candidates for keys. Chooses attributes that could be unique. Shows good understanding of the requirements of a primary key. May suggest additional attributes such as ISBN as potential keys. 7. Create an entity diagram that shows the structure of the data in Second Normal Form.
- 13. 5-9 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Book Publisher Author BookISBN PK Title AuthorKey PublisherKey PK PublisherName PublisherCity BookYear BookPrice PublisherKey AuthorKey PK AuthorName AuthorCountry Discussion. Students may leave Author and AuthorName in the book entity. I broke it out here because it is more than a transitive dependency since the values repeat in multiple rows. But if students leave it in here, they can remove it in the next step as a transitive dependency. I would accept this as valid. It is also possible that some students will realize that some books have multiple authors, and that it is therefore necessary to create a linking entity between Book and Author. This should be encouraged as it shows they are understanding relationships and normalization. Poor Ok Good Doesn’t break up the diagram into entities or entities are illogical. Doesn’t have appropriate relationships between entities. Has at least the two entities Book and Publisher and the appropriate one-to-many relationship between them. Has three entities Book, Author, and Publisher with appropriate relationships between entities. May have a linking entity between Book and Author.
- 14. 5-10 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 8. List any transitive dependencies you find. Poor Ok Good Shows no understanding of what a transitive dependency is. Sees authorcountry as a transitive dependency on authorName and creates an author entity. Shows understanding of a transitive dependency but finds none in the current diagram (having already created a separate author entity). If the authorname and authorcountry were left in Book, they should be separated into a new entity at this point. 9. Create an entity diagram that shows the database in Third Normal Form. The entity would be the same as in step 7, possibly including the linking entity between Book and Author. Poor Ok Good Incorrect entities or attributes. Incorrect relationships. Diagram like the one in 7. Diagram like the one in 7 with the possible addition of a linking entity between book and author. 10. Describe the process you went through to achieve the normal forms. They should describe the process of looking for multivalued columns, functional dependencies and themes, and then checking for any additional transitive dependencies. Poor Ok Good Shows no clear understanding of Describes the steps of finding Same as OK, though perhaps
- 15. 5-11 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. the process. multivalued fields, functional dependencies, and transitive dependencies. more in depth and showing a deeper understanding. Scenarios Wild Wood Apartments 1. Review the diagram you made from the previous chapter for all three levels of normalization. Here is the previous diagram:
- 16. 5-12 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Apartment Building Lease Tenant RentPayment MaintenanceRequest MaintenanceRequestDetail ApartmentKey PK ApartmentRooms BuildingKey FK BuildingKey PK BuildingName BuildingAddress Building City BuildingState BuildingPostalCode BuildingManagerPhone LeaseKey PK LeaseMonthlyRent LeaseDeposit LeaseStartDate LeaseEndDate ApartmentKey FK TenantKey FK TenantKey PK TenantLastName TenantFirstName TenantPhone RentPaymentKey PK RentPaymentDate RentPaymentAmount LeaseKey FK MaintenanceRequestKey PK MaintenanceRequestDate MaintenanceeRequestType MaintenanceRequestDescription LeaseKey FK MaintenanceRequestDetailKey PK MaintenanceRequestKey FK MaintenanceRequestDetailAction MaintenanceRequestDetailCost MaintenanceRequestDetailBuildingCost 2. Change the diagram to reflect the fully normalized design.
- 17. 5-13 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. For this diagram I don’t think any changes need to be made. 3. Document in writing why you made the changes you did, or why you did not need to make changes. Students should note their thoughts on each level of normalization. For level one, if they found no repeating groups or multivalued attributes, the diagram meets first normal form. If they do find repeating groups or multivalued attributes, they should have broken them into separate entities and created new relationships. For Second Normal Form, students should note any occurrences of functional dependencies; that is any separate themes in any of the entities. If discovered, these too should be broken out into separate entities and new relationships. If they find none, they can certify that the diagram conforms to Second Normal Form. For Third Normal Form they should note the search for transient dependencies. If any are found, they should be broken into new entities. 4. Review the normalized diagram for completeness. Do the entities capture all the data needed to meet the business rules and needs of Wild Wood Apartments? This involves a comparison with previous documents and notes. If anything is discovered as left out, it should be added and the diagram adjusted to reflect the additions. 5. Documentation: Save the normalized diagram with notes about changes made during the normalization process to your database notebook. Vince’s Vinyl 1. Review the diagram you made from the previous chapter for all three levels of normalization. Here is the diagram from the previous example.
- 18. 5-14 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 2. Change the diagram to reflect the fully normalized design.
- 19. 5-15 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. The above diagram could pass the first three levels of normalization. There are a couple of issues, though, that could lead to further normalization, though only advanced students would notice. Customers and Sellers can be the same people. This could lead to update anomalies as the same person could have their information in two places. The solution is to create a Person entity that contains all names and addresses. The person key could represent them in either role in Sale, Request, or Purchase. Another subtle issue relates to the entity Album. If Vince were to remove an album, and it was the only copy of that album, he would lose the album information. Also, there is potential redundancy in Album, since each physical vinyl is treated as an individual item in the table. Multiple copies of the same album would result in multiple entries identical except for purchase date and perhaps condition. To solve this would require separating Album from Inventory. Below is a diagram that reflects these changes.
- 20. 5-16 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Artist ArtistAlbum Album Person Purchase PurchaseDetail Sale SaleDetail Inventory ArtistKey PK ArtistName ArtistKey FK PK AlbumKey FK PK AlbumKey PK AlbumTitle AlbumStudio AlbumDate PersonKey PK PersonLastName PersonFIrstName PersonPhone PersonEmail PurchaseKey PK PurchaseDate PersonKey FK PurchaseDetailKey PK PurchaseKey FK InventoryKey FK PurchasePrice SaleKey PK SaleDate PersonKey FK SaleDetailKey PK SaleDetailPrice SaleKey FK InventoryKey FK InventoryKey PK InventoryPrice Condition AlbumKey FK 3. Document in writing why you made the changes you did, or why you did not need to make changes.
- 21. 5-17 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. The students should explain their diagram in terms of each of the three levels of normalization. Are there any repeating groups or multivalued attributes? If there are, how were they broken into entities and related to the existing entities? For Second Normal Form, they should note any additional themes and functional dependencies and what new entities resulted. The same for transient dependencies and Third Normal Form. If no changes were made, they should still explain how it conforms to each of the three normal forms. The changes in the diagrams above were explained under number 2. 4. Review the normalized diagram for completeness. Dothe entities capture all the data needed to meet the business rules and needs of Wild Wood Apartments? This involves a comparison with previous documents and notes. If anything is discovered as left out, it should be added and the diagram adjusted to reflect the additions. 5. Documentation: Save the normalized diagram with notes about changes made during the normalization process to your database notebook. Grandfield College 1. Review the diagram you made from the previous chapter for all three levels of normalization. Here is the diagram from last chapter:
- 22. 5-18 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 2. Change the diagram to reflect the fully normalized design. The diagram above meets all three normal forms. 3. Document in writing why you made the changes you did, or why you did not need to make changes.
- 23. 5-19 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. The students should look explain their diagram in terms of each of the three levels of normalization. Are there any repeating groups or multivalued attributes? If there are, how were they broken into entities and related to the existing entities? For Second Normal Form, they should note any additional themes and functional dependencies and what new entities resulted. The same for transient dependencies and Third Normal Form. If no changes were made, they should still explain how it conforms to each of the three normal forms. 4. Review the normalized diagram for completeness. Dothe entities capture all the data needed to meet the business rules and needs of Wild Wood Apartments? This involves a comparison with previous documents and notes. If anything is discovered as left out, it should be added and the diagram adjusted to reflect the additions. 5. Documentation: Save the normalized diagram with notes about changes made during the normalization process to your database notebook. Westlake Research Hospital 1. Review the diagram you made from the previous chapter for all three levels of normalization. Here is the diagram from last chapter:
- 24. 5-20 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 2. Change the diagram to reflect the fully normalized design.
- 25. Another Random Scribd Document with Unrelated Content
- 26. The first stage of a professional career is very tormenting. There lies all around only palpable darkness where occasionally beams forth the flickering light of hope. At that time the whole future life appears to be a desert where the faint ray of hope glimmers like a mirage. But it is almost unconceivable how tormenting must have been the state of mind when over and above this uncertainty there was the uneasiness arising from heavy liabilities and consequent loss of social prestige. But one thing haunted his mind day and night and caused him the greatest pain. By his insolvency he was very seriously handicapped not only in his professional but also in his public life. But for it, Chitta Ranjan would have long ago thrown himself into all political and patriotic movements of his country and won the position of leadership which has now fallen upon him and to which he was entitled by his capacity, patriotism and uncommon talents. Though his exceptional abilities were universally recognised, from the very beginning of his career, as a member of the High Court Bar, he could not secure adequate scope for them for a good many years; pecuniary struggles forced him to abandon the chances of a successful practice in the High Court for the mofussil practice which is more profitable to a junior Barrister. Indeed at that time he was put into such pecuniary difficulties that he could not even meet his house-hold expenses with all his exertions and on many an occasion he had to walk the whole way to the court for want of tramfare. But his was a spirit which the frowns of adversity could not daunt. By dint of energy and perseverance he pushed on and on till at last he became one of the most prominent and honoured members of the Bar. True genius does not long remain concealed, it waits for an opportune moment to reveal itself. Chitta Ranjan's genius as a lawyer waited for such an opportunity and in no time manifested itself before the admiring gaze or the public. The years 1907 and 1908 are ever memorable in the history of Bengal. The current of a new spirit had flowed in, inundating every nook and corner of the province. The soul of the nation became
- 27. awake. A divine touch had just broken the eternal sleep of the nation. Lashed into action by the high-handed measures of Lord Curzon, the lethargy of the people died away, they tried for the first time to stand upon their own legs and boldly face the world without fear of death. In an evil moment Lord Curzon sanctioned the partition of Bengal against the united voice of the people. This led to the manifestation of a new spirit in Bengal. A heavy out-burst of Anti-European feeling followed; a strong hatred against every form of Europeanism, a revengeful attitude to their commerce and industry, a growing apathy to everything associated with them, led to the repudiation or abandoning immediate Anglicised past, and a new spirit entered into politics and created a mighty and dynamic yearning towards a truly national future. This had for its realisation at its basis Swaraj, National Education and Boycott. Persecutions were inaugurated by the Bureaucratic Government. On the third of May 1908 in the still hours of night Srijut Aravinda Ghosh, the leader of the national movement of Bengal, along with other brilliant young men were arrested on a charge of being implicated in a conspiracy against the established government. Evidence of all sorts was piled up by the prosecuting counsel. At this critical moment Providence sent Chitta Ranjan to take up the case in defence of Aravinda and other accused. The prosecution dragged on for more than a year. For this long period Chitta Ranjan conducted the defence case at a great personal sacrifice. This celebrated conspiracy case pushed Chitta Ranjan into the fore front of the Calcutta Bar. For more than six months he was engaged in this case, and even for his house-hold expenses during these months, he had to incur a large debt. The acquittal of Aravinda at once raised the reputation of Chitta Ranjan in the eyes of his countrymen. After this he took up the defence of the famous Dacca Conspiracy case without charging any fees at a great personal loss and also volunteered to defend the boycott cases of Bengal earning thereby the lasting gratitude of the whole nation. Providence also rewarded him amply for his good work and from the very day that he came
- 28. back to take up the broken threads of his High Court practice, he found himself on the high road to both fame and wealth. We have already said that under peculiar circumstances Chitta Ranjan was forced to take shelter in the Insolvency Court. But it was never his intention to deceive his creditors and no one could with propriety ascribe this motive to Chitta Ranjan who spent his earnings right and left for allaying the distress of the needy and the poor. Consequently as soon as he found his position in the legal profession secure, Chitta Ranjan's first thought was to remove the stain of insolvency from his father's name and his own and he started to pay off every pie of those old debts. "This is the first time", said Mr. Justice Fletcher, "that a discharged insolvent publicly accepted his old liabilities and applied for a formal discharge of his insolvency." This unusual act of strict uprightness raised Chitta Ranjan Das to the position of a great moral hero. During his professional career Chitta Ranjan conducted many cases. Since the release of Aravinda he was engaged in almost all the note- worthy cases of the High Court and of the mofussil on one side or the other, his daily fees exceeding a thousand rupees. His reputation as a profound lawyer spread even outside Bengal. In the long-drawn Dumraon Raj case he has all along been engaged on the side of the Dumraon Raj. When Mr. Vaidya, the then secretary of the Home Rule League in the Central Provinces was sentenced to eighteen months' rigorous imprisonment, Chitta Ranjan went to Nagpur to defend him. Mr. Vaidya was acquitted and Chitta Ranjan became very popular in the Central Provinces. On the acquittal of Mr. Vaidya, Chitta Ranjan addressed many meetings on Swaraj and although he earned nothing in the case, he gave a large donation to the local Home Rule League. The citizens of Nagpur as a mark of deep gratitude and respect presented to him an address in a silver casket. After a few months of this case Chitta Ranjan went to Rangoon to defend Dr. Mehta and his co-workers in the national cause who were convicted under the Defence of India Act. Mr. Das addressed the court on the illegality of the Act itself securing thereby the release of Dr. Mehta
- 29. and others. Shortly after this he was engaged by the Kutubdia Internees at Chittagong. Those young men were kept in a house infested with serpents and they were compelled to fly away for fear of death. But this was a grave offence in the eyes of the Government. In all these cases Chitta Ranjan charged no fees, but conducted them with the utmost zeal. Whenever he was engaged in a case he made it a point to bring all his intelligence and capacity to bear on it. It was not rare in his life that he meditated on a case for hours together before coming to any conclusion. He would then be so deeply immersed in contemplation that he lost all external consciousness like a Yogi wrapt in meditation upon something serene and divine. He had often returned briefs of cases to which he thought he would not be able to give proper attention. Legally he was not bound to return the fees but moral scruples dictated him this course. For such acts of honesty he was much respected by the litigants. Often he had taken up the cases of the poor without charging them any fees and thereby earned the lasting gratitude of his countrymen. It was for his honesty and integrity apart from his legal acumen that the Government of India selected Chitta Ranjan from among the leading counsels of India to conduct the Munition Board case even when they knew him to be the leader of the extremist party in Bengal. At first Chitta Ranjan hesitated to represent the Crown and told the Government that unless he was allowed to follow the dictates of his conscience to the best interests of his country he would not accept the brief. When the Government agreed in all these conditions he gave his consent to the contract. The accused party knew that Chitta Ranjan had not yet received brief for the Crown, they came to his house, placed before him a cheque of several lacs and entreated him again and again to come to their defence. But Chitta Ranjan, true to his words, said with a smile, "Gentlemen, I am sorry I cannot comply with your request, when I have once given the Government my words of consent, I am morally bound to take up their case." The
- 30. greedy merchants were taken aback at such indifference to money and faithfulness to his promise; they could not but admire this act of Chitta Ranjan, though they had to go away disappointed. Throughout his professional career he showed courage and independence. We shall here cite an instance of his uprightness. In a case at Noakhali one Mr. Cargil, the local magistrate, was an witness for the Crown. He was given a special seat in the Court. Chitta Ranjan was on the defence-side, his searching cross examinations annoyed Mr. Cargil who in an insulting tone called him "Babu." Chitta Ranjan would not tolerate this. He said with a retort "Mr. Cargil, you know that out of courtesy I have allowed you a special seat instead of making you stand in the witness box. I hope you will not fail to return the same courtesy to others." Chitta Ranjan was not made of such stuff as to bear any insult. Whenever there was any injustice done in a court, he would protest against it fearlessly and if it was not rectified he would leave the court unhesitatingly. It was for this reason that Chitta Ranjan left the court in the Dacca Conspiracy case when in spite of his protests the court was not just to his cause. As a lawyer Chitta Ranjan earned a good deal. For the last three years his income was about fifty thousand rupees a month. Many are of opinion that no lawyer of India had ever earned so much. More over there is no doubt that his income would have been much enhanced if he could exclusively engage all his time in the legal profession. He took up the political cases almost without any fees and also served on the Punjab Enquiry Committee for more than four months at a great personal sacrifice. This unrivalled practice he has given up unhesitatingly at the call of his mother country. Such was the career of Chitta Ranjan at the Bar for about a quarter of a century, rich in details, famous for acuteness and noble in uprightness.
- 31. CHAPTER III.
- 32. Chitta Ranjan's Contributions to Bengali Literature. Long before Chitta Ranjan was able to take an active part in politics his genius was revealing itself in literature. In 1895 he published a volume of lyrics, "Malancha", which introduced a new element of freedom and realism into the modern literature of Bengal. Some poems of Malancha support atheism and this made Chitta Ranjan very unpopular in the Brahmo Samaj. Many Brahmos headed by the late Pandit Shivanath Sastri did not even attend the marriage ceremony of Chitta Ranjan which took place in 1897 shortly after the publication of "Malancha". After this he published four more volumes of Lyrics__Mala, Antaryami, Kishore-Kishori and Sagar Sangit. The first three volumes contain poems inspired by the Vaishnava cult which is the special heritage of Bengal. Chitta Ranjan's lyrical talent is sufficiently prominent in these four volumes, some of the poems are in matter and form gems of perfect beauty, the charm is much enhanced by the pathos with which the poet describes his yearning for God whom he seeks with the enthusiasm of a lover. But most popular of Chitta Ranjan's lyrical volumes is his Sagar Sangit (or songs of the sea). In this work the poet has woven in lyrics the high sentiments which stole into his heart as they came dancing on the waves of the sea. Here he has touched a new chord of his musical lyre which sang out emotionally:— Straining my ear I listen to thy chanting O sea, in the midst of this Light—encircled dawn! What words, what tune! My heart is full even to over-flowing!
- 33. Yet do I not understand What is it that sounds Amidst this morning So resonant with this music. Enchanted by the sublime beauty playing upon the waves the poet addresses the sea and sings:— What hast thou made me to-day? My mind is like a harp of hundred strings! With the touch of thy finger it trembles and quivers It bursts out in music in pride and in glory! The closing song of Sagar Sangit is indeed very charming, full of pathos and wrapt in high sentiment it leaves behind a serene harmony— Full of dumb weeping with no tears to ease To-day my heart is mad for thee, O soul; I have sought thee within thy million waves And wherever the sound of thy song resounds In the wonderous light and shades which to thee belong, I have sought thee every night and every day! O my friend Eternal; unknown to me my friend! O pilot of my soul! Take me away to-day, O take me thither Where thou art shoreless indeed! In order to spread the Vaishnava culture and to give a healthy tone to modern Bengali literature, Chitta Ranjan started a new Bengali monthly the Narayana which secured for its contributors some of the highest litterateurs of Bengal. In recognition of his literary services the Literary Conference of Bengal which had its annual session at Bankipore in 1915 elected him to be the President of the Literary section where he read a paper on the lyrics of Bengal. Next year he was elected the chairman of the Reception committee of the Literary
- 34. Conference in its annual session at Dacca. In the Narayana he wrote many articles on the nature of Bengali poetry which show his intimate acquaintance with the Vaishnava literature. It is necessary to mention here that Chitta Ranjan's whole life is influenced by the ennobling ideal of the Vaishnava poets; even his patriotism and love of country are to a great extent modelled on that ideal. To understand Chitta Ranjan one must know his poetry and to understand his poetry one must be acquainted with the Vaishnava Culture of Bengal.
- 35. CHAPTER IV.
- 36. Chitta Ranjan in his private life. The unfolding of a man's character depends to a great extent on the atmosphere created by his family. Brought up by an ideal mother Chitta Ranjan came to regard his country as the other self of his mother. The sweet remembrance of his dear mother brings tears to his eyes and gives him strength to suffer for his country. His mother was a noble lady whose sense of duty was exceptional, whose piety exemplary and fortitude unique. During the evil days of her husband when she could not even meet her house-hold expenses and had no servants to wait on her, she did every house-hold work with her own hands and prepared the meals of her husband and children and other members of the house, while she herself had to fast now and then for want of food; but all this time a sweet smile played on her lips. Of her generosity and liberality we shall here cite an instance. In her house at that time there lived a poor relation of her husband. This man was a habituated drunkard. Almost every day whenever he lost his sobriety he used abusive language to Chitta Ranjan's mother. Bhuban Babu was much annoyed and wanted to turn him out of the house, but his wife prevented him by saying that the poor man would then die of starvation and as for herself she did never mind the man's conduct. She was an incarnation as it were of sincerity and generosity, to her could justly be applied the maxim of "weeping with them that weep." In fact the knowledge of other men's distress drew a flood of tears to her eyes. She was a fountain of affection which was not reserved only for her children. One of her husband's friends lost his wife on child-birth. Chitta Ranjan's mother took charge of the newly-born baby but unfortunately it did not live long. A few months before her death at Purulia a poor maid servant of her house fell seriously ill and was dying for want of diet, she arranged everything for the proper treatment of the servant and saved the life of the poor woman. She was always at the bed-side of the poor, was
- 37. ready to give a helping hand to the needy and tried her utmost to allay the distress of the afflicted. No beggar went away disappointed from her door. She never desired for luxury. She gladly parted with all her ornaments to repay her husband's debts. But in the midst of all these softer feelings she had a very strong element in her composition. She was very sensitive. She would not tolerate any injustice done to her. She was equally noted for her liberality and uprightness. Chitta Ranjan's character was moulded to a great extent on her mother's ideal. He was much devoted to his mother who also loved him very dearly. But unfortunately she could not see her dearest son at the time of her death. She laid on her breast Chitta Ranjan's famous work "Sagar-Sangit" and privately told her husband before she breathed her last that if she was to be born a woman again she would like to have such a son. Just at the time of his mother's expiry when Chitta Ranjan was coming from Bombay, he saw in a dream in the train his mother appearing before him. Was it a presentiment? About six months after the death of his mother Chitta Ranjan lost his father. He performed the Sradh ceremony with great eclat, the chief feature of the celebration was the feeding of the poor. Chitta Ranjan was personally present to see the hungry beggars take various sorts of rich food to their entire satisfaction. It was his explicit order that the poor should be given all that was liked by his father. It was even a treat for the gods to see the poor beggars ring the sky with loud shouts of applause and for many months it was a general talk in the localities how Chitta Ranjan had fed the poor. In his private life Chitta Ranjan had to pass through many tests. He was the eldest son of his father and as such since his father's illness the burden of maintaining and educating his brothers and sisters fell upon him. He gladly took up this charge and the result is well- known. His youngest brother, Basanta Ranjan was a rising Barrister of the Calcutta High Court when his career was cut short by death. His only
- 38. brother now living is Srijut Profulla Ranjan Das who is a puisne Judge of the Patna High Court, Profulla Ranjan is a renowned writer of English verses some of which are inserted in Mr. Dunn's Bengali Book of English verse. His sister Srijukta Amala Devi was famous throughout India as a singer of songs, even the other day at the Besant session of the Indian National Congress at Calcutta she thrilled the audience with her charming voice when she sang the famous song "Bande Mataram." A few years ago Amala Devi started an orphanage at Purulia where with the financial help of her eldest brother she gave shelter to the blind, lame and the suffering. While engaged in this noble work Amala Devi passed away after a short but active career. Chitta Ranjan's eldest sister lost her husband at an early age and Chitta Ranjan had to look after her children. Another of his sisters died very young. Chitta Ranjan's another sister Srijukta Urmila Devi who has recently lost her husband has dedicated her life and energy to the services of her country and has started an ideal institution for educating Bengali girls on national lines. In 1897 Chitta Ranjan married Srijukta Basanti Devi, the beautiful and accomplished daughter of the late Babu Barada Halder, Dewan of the Bijni estate. In her Chitta Ranjan has found an ideal house- wife and a noble partner in life. She is the best consoler in her husband's distress, the most impartial critic of his poetry and now the constant companion in his patriotic activities. Her face always beams with a holy light of virtue and her eyes smile with a pure lusture. She is highly educated though without any degree. In 1919 the ladies of Amritasar in the annual session of the All-India Ladies' Conference nominated her as their President. Basanti Devi naturally fought shy of public appearance but she could not disregard the request of her sisters of the Punjab in the hour of their trial and suffering. In her address she greatly dwelt upon the building-up of the Indian womanhood on Eastern lines. "Remember" she said, "the ideal of Indian womanhood is Sati, Sabitri and Sita. If our experience so requires it, reform Indian ideal to suit the present times but seek not to destroy the eternal ideal of India. Our home shall always be the Indian home."
- 39. Chitta Ranjan earned a good deal in his life, but spent his all for the cause of the suffering humanity. Charity gives him unmixed pleasure. He who takes is blest but thrice blessed is he that gives. For that pleasure consists in the fulfilment of one's life-mission. So unlimited was his charity that when in this non-cooperation movement he gave up his practice to serve his mother country he had no standing income but a debt of about three lacs of rupees. For he never cared to provide for the future. Had he wished it, he could have now become one of the richest Zamindars of Bengal. But wealth has no charm for those whose heart is moved by the sufferings of others. Even now when he himself has taken the bowl of a beggar for the cause of his country, the poor never return from his door disappointed. It reminds us of a story we heard in our childhood that there lived once in our locality a poor beggar, he was so kind- hearted that he used to give away his day's earning to any of his fasting neighbours, while he himself had to fast the whole day. Christ once said to his disciples that their right hand should not know what their left hand does. This is also true of Chitta Ranjan's private charity. His charities have been many though the general public know very little of them. He has a fine heart, which is ever ready to help a fellow in distress. We shall here cite an instance which though of a trifling nature compared with his public donations, yet goes a great way in indicating the natural bent of his mind. About five years back a poor boy who was a candidate for the Matriculation Examination was going from door to door collecting money for his fees. Accidentally he came to the house of a near relation of Chitta Ranjan. This gentleman advised the boy to see Chitta Ranjan who would pay his fees for the mere asking. The boy acted accordingly. Now Chitta Ranjan rises late from his bed in the morning and the boy being impatient asked a servant of the house if he could have an interview with Chitta Ranjan. The servant was not in a happy mood and accordingly to get rid of him answered him in the negative. The boy came back disappointed and reported the matter to the former gentleman who then advised him to go again and wait on the staircase without asking the favour of any servant
- 40. till Chitta Ranjan would come down and hear everything from him personally. It was easy for the boy to act up to this advice for no surly durwan ever blocks the door-way of Chitta Ranjan and the custom of presenting visiting cards is unknown in his house. The boy succeeded in getting an opportunity of telling his story to Chitta Ranjan. He at once ordered to give the boy the whole amount of his fees and also made an arrangement for his stay at Calcutta till the examination was over. This is one of the many instances of Chitta Ranjan's private charity which have never been known to the public. Chitta Ranjan possesses a very tender heart which ever feels pained at the suffering of others. As a devotee of Sri Krishna and Sri Gouranga sympathy for the poor and the distressed is naturally a part and parcel of his life. As we have already mentioned that he started an orphanage at Purulia which was managed under the supervision of his sister and was a boon to the suffering humanity till she was snatched away by the cruel hands of death. He has spent a good deal in the upkeeping of many orphanages and is now the president of the Bhowanipur Orphanage which is managed by a band of self-less workers. Chitta Ranjan is a great patron of learning. He has financially helped many litterateurs and has borne the expenses of publishing their works. For this act alone Bengali Literature will ever remain grateful to him. He also gave pecuniary assistance to many educational institutions; he was one of the special donors to the building fund of the Belgachia Medical College. He also financed to a great extent the literary conferences which were annually held for the cultivation of Bengali Literature. The other day he presented about 350 rare manuscripts of old Bengali literature to the Bangiya Sahitya Parishad. In fact Chitta Ranjan has always been connected with almost all the literary activities of this country which owed much to his pecuniary assistance. In concluding this chapter we should mention here that as a human being Chitta Ranjan had some frailties in his private life, some
- 41. blemishes in his character; but an impartial review of his whole private life would justify the remark:— "Take him for all in all We shall not look upon his like again."
- 42. CHAPTER V.
- 43. Chitta Ranjan as a symbol of Neo- Hinduism. The study of western Philosophy led Chitta Ranjan to believe in atheism. This revolting note has found expression in some of his poems. But providentially the light of Vaishnava Philosophy came to dispel this atheistic gloom from his mind. Chitta Ranjan gradually understood the lofty ideals of Vaishnavism, the sublimity of Hindu theism. This Religion of Love and Sacrifice became a part and parcel of Chitta Ranjan's life. For this transformation in him his mother's teachings were to a great extent responsible, for they had a great deal to do in fostering and developing the germs of excellence with which he was born. He came to believe in the religious rites of Hinduism and on the death of his mother he performed the Sradh ceremony according to the Hindu rites. He is very fond of Vaishnava Sankirtana which he held now and then in his house. Chitta Ranjan gradually became a zealous devotee of Hinduism and had his name struck off from the role of members of the Brahmo Samaj. But Vedantism which is the source of the Brahmo faith in Bengal left its marks on Chitta Ranjan's mind. The key-note of the Vedanta is its doctrine of Oneness. One reigns everywhere,—in the rippling of the waters of the ocean,—in the murmuring of the leaves,—in the melody of the birds,—in the charming beauty of blooming flowers,— and in the effulgence of the moon and the sun. This one is the Self. There is nothing but this self. For this reason, though a Hindu in the true sense of the term, Chitta Ranjan is an avowed opponent of the caste-distinction prevalent in our society. He has two daughters and a son. His elder daughter was married to a member of the Kayastha community and he married his only son to a Vaidya girl of Western Bengal. These marriages he celebrated according to the Hindu rites with the sanction of great Sanskrit scholars. But as usual the whole
- 44. orthodox Hindu society was in a state of tumult over the inter-caste marriage of Chitta Ranjan's elder daughter. The bigoted leaders of society who sacrifice even their conscience for the so-called social prestige got very nervous and tried to create a scene but Chitta Ranjan was firm. He was at first not in favour of even appointing a Brahmin priest to conduct the ceremony. He argued as he had no caste-prejudice he should not prefer a Brahmin. He should rather select a Vaidya scholar deeply versed in the Sastras to conduct the marriage ceremony of his daughter. For days together Chitta Ranjan and his wife had long discussions over this matter but could not arrive at any final conclusion. One evening about a fortnight before the celebration, his wife, who was in favour of appointing a Brahmin priest left the room, when she failed to convince her husband. She did not come back till a late hour at night and found her husband alone in the room and in great mental agony tears were rolling down his cheeks. She approached him and said:—"Just consider a bit coolly. You want to reform the present Hindu society but not to leave it altogether. Then you should do it step by step. If you now do not even have a Brahmin priest, no one will have the courage to follow you and your purpose will not be served. On the other hand, if you try to introduce inter-caste marriages only and do it now with the sanction of a Brahmin priest, many will perhaps follow your lead. So that considering everything you should now have a Brahmin priest to conduct the marriage ceremony of our daughter". Chitta Ranjan was convinced and exclaimed with deep emotion, "Oh! What light have you shown me!" The matter was settled and Chitta Ranjan was relieved of his mental agony. The marriage ceremony was also smoothly performed according to Hindu rites by a Brahmin priest. In fact on every critical occasion Chitta Ranjan has found in his wife a wise counseller and a true friend. Many a Sastric scholar of India- wide fame approved of this marriage, the list included men like Mahamahopadhaya Pandit Haraprasad Sastri, late Mahamahopadhaya Dr. Satish Chandra Vidyabhusan and Mahamahopadhaya Pandit Yadeveswar Tarkaratna. We must mention here to Chitta Ranjan's credit that this marriage took place long
- 45. before Mr. Patel's Bill was introduced in the Imperial Legislative Council. To purge the Hindu society of the thorns and thistles that have beset it is a problem very dear to all true Hindu patriots. With this end in view Chitta Ranjan never fails to protest against the degrading customs of our society. Once in a table talk he remarked, "What a pity that our society is not even now roused from its eternal sleep. Take the instance of the present dowry system. Many a Snehalata has been sacrificed in its burning flame, yet the parents of bride- grooms are not brought to their senses. They are ever determined to make money by selling their sons even at the cost of social well- being and family happiness. But the parents of brides do never rise up against this degrading custom, fearing lest they mar the future of their girls by losing desirable bride-grooms. The parents should rather educate their girls; if by chance they do not get married, they can earn their own livelihood and may be so many Carpenters and Nightingales in our society". Such is the view of Chitta Ranjan about the present Hindu society. Generous, large-hearted and magnanimous as Chitta Ranjan is, there is something in the texture of his mind that is above the ordinary run. Few men who battle for the right, have the calm fortitude, the cheerful equanimity with which Chitta Ranjan battles to fulfil the burning aspirations of his soul. He stands high among those who have been able to display "One equal temper of hearts, To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield".
- 46. CHAPTER VI.
- 47. Chitta Ranjan's Patriotism. In course of one of his lectures Chitta Ranjan once remarked, "Work for my country is part and parcel of all the idealism of my life. I find in the conception of my country, the expression also of divinity." In fact the welfare of our country is very dear to his heart, for this he has given his all ungrudgingly and spent his valuable time selflessly whenever the occasion demanded it. Keenly has he felt the unhealthy condition of our villages and the illiteracy of the people, and long has he striven to convince our countrymen that our national regeneration lies in the sanitary and educational reform of our villages. Under his guidance and patronage there has been started several years back a private society for the improvement of the Bikrampur villages. It has for its main object the sanitation of the villages and the education of the people of Bikrampur and last not least it tries to make the poor villagers independent of others in earning their livelihood. Chitta Ranjan has now and then given large donations to its fund. About three or four years back he gave in the hands of the workers of the society a large sum for digging a tank to supply pure drinking water to the villagers. In the early part of the year 1919 when with the visitation of a great famine in East Bengal most people of the villages were in imminent danger of dying of starvation, this society under the patronage of Chitta Ranjan and his cousin Satish Ranjan started relief work in the villages. The distress was no doubt acute but it was to a great extent being relieved. But just towards the close of the year a heavy cyclone passed over East Bengal and the ever-violent Padma as if to vie with the violence of the wind ran inundating both her banks; the whole of Bikrampur appeared desolate, and heaps of dead bodies were seen floating on the river for several days together. Most of the villagers were left houseless, their provision had also been swept away and they fell an easy prey to imminent starvation and contagious epidemic. Chitta
- 48. Ranjan could no longer stay quiet at home. He himself appeared on the scene at a great personal sacrifice. Under his guidance was started a relief society called the "Bengal Relief Committee" of which Chitta Ranjan was the Treasurer. He himself gave a donation of Rs. 10,000 and persuaded many of the large-hearted Marwari Merchants of Bengal to contribute a large sum to the fund. On this occasion Chitta Ranjan visited almost all the villages of East Bengal in spite of all sorts of difficulties on the way; he went to the villages and started centres of relief work, each centre comprising three or four village unions. The centres were entrusted with proper funds to feed and clothe the distressed and homeless villagers. The relief committee tried a new innovation in social service which was very commendable as a means of removing poverty from the villages. It arranged to pay the poor villagers each a small amount of money with which they were to revive their home industries and thereby out of the sale-proceeds they would be able to make themselves independent of any external pecuniary help. For as regards the poor the great object should be to make them independent; the great danger is of making them more dependent. It is no doubt a good thing to make them comfortable, but in helping people if we know that we love them and not pity them, we must try to form their character, otherwise our charity will be cruel. We read a short poem in our early years which throw some light on the nature of true charity. "I gave a beggar from my little store Of well-earned gold. He spent the shining ore And came again, and yet again, still cold And hungry as before. I gave a thought, and through that thought of mine He finds himself a man, supreme, divine, Fed, clothed, and crowned with blessings manifold, And now he begs no more." Such is the nature of Chitta Ranjan's charity which has aimed not merely at alleviating want, but at creating independence.
- 49. Patriotism is with Chitta Ranjan another name for socialism by which we mean his ardent love for the suffering humanity. He loves this country as it gives shelter to his poor brethren whom his religion has taught him to look upon as incarnations of Narayana. When in April 1917 the political leaders of Bengal asked Chitta Ranjan to preside over the annual session of the Provincial Conference, he delivered a speech in Bengali which was unique in character and form and in which Chitta Ranjan stated that socialism and patriotism were almost identical so far as our country was concerned. He said in course of this speech:— "Some people might say: 'This conference is for political discussion; what has talk about Bengal to do with it?' Such a question would be symptomatic of our disease. To look upon life not as a comprehensive whole but as divided among many compartments was no part of our national culture and civilisation.... Must we not view our political discussions from the stand-point of the whole of our countrymen? And how shall we find truth, unless we view life thus comprehensively and as a whole?... After all, what are the ultimate object and significance of this political thought and endeavour? If we wish to express it in one word, we shall have to say—what has been said so often—that the object of our politics will be to build up the Bengalees into a nation of men.... It is therefore that we shall have to ascertain what our present condition is, and in order to ascertain this we shall have to take first into consideration the material circumstances of our people. This again will require that we shall have to enquire into the condition of our peasantry— whether agricultural wealth is increasing or decreasing and whether agriculture is flourishing or otherwise. This in its turn will lead us to a further enquiry still, viz, as to why our people are leaving their villages in increasing numbers and are coming to settle within towns. Is it because the villages are insanitary or is there any other reason for that? Thus we find that an adequate discussion of politics will involve a consideration of agricultural questions as well as the questions of village-sanitation. At the same time we shall have to
- 50. consider whether we can improve our material condition even by bringing under tillage all the available culturable land of the country. If we can't, then we shall have to consider the question of industry and trade as well." But why do we fail to enquire into the condition of our country in this way? We never look to our country, never think of our countrymen, of our past national history, or our present material condition, for the vanity arising from false education has rendered us blind and callous. Chitta Ranjan has truly remarked in the same paper. "We boast of being educated; but how many are we? What room do we occupy in the country? What is our relation to the vast masses of our countrymen? Do they think our thoughts and speak our speech? I am bound to confess that our countrymen have little faith in us. ... Besides, we seem to look upon them with contempt. Do we invite them to our assemblies and our conferences? Perhaps we do when we want their signatures to some petition to be submitted before the Government; but do we associate with them heartily in any of our endeavours? Is the peasant a member in any of our committees or conferences?" By the grace of God this mentality has now been changed. The masses and the classes of our country have associated themselves in the present national movement. The peasant delegates are now honoured members of even the Indian National Congress. The note of warning that Chitta Ranjan struck was very opportune. This set our leaders to feel the heart-throbbing of our mother country. But what led us astray? Chitta Ranjan has justly remarked:— "Mimic Anglicism has become an obsession with us: we find its black foot-print in every walk and endeavour of life. We substitute meeting houses for temples; we perform stage-plays and sell pleasures in order to help charities. We hold lotteries in aid of our orphanages; we give up the national and healthful games of our country and
- 51. introduce all sorts of foreign importations. We have become hybrid in dress, in thought, in sentiment, and culture and are making frantic attempts even to be hybrids in blood. What wonder, then, that in this new pursuit of western ideals we should forget that money is only a means to an end and not an end in itself?" What has made us shallow; why have we, the so-called educated, become strangers to our own countrymen? For like other ideals, our ideal of education also has become mean and impoverished; and so what was easy and natural—we have made it complex and difficult. We must even now beware and listen to the wise warning of Bankim —a warning all too unheeded when it was first uttered. But one thing is certain that unless we change the whole organism of our educational system and make it harmonise with our national ideals even our existence is threatened. For this education has created a wide gulf between the educated and the masses, which our national existence demands to bridge over. About our present system of education Chitta Ranjan has said:— "It has imparted an element of unnecessary anglicism into our manners and modes of life—so that in outer seeming it might almost appear as if the educated Bengalee had little organic touch with the heart of his countrymen. Then, again this education has made us familiar not with things but with words; it has made us clever but not men.... We have acquired a despicable habit of looking down with contempt, upon those who have not received this English Education of ours; we call them "illiterate" and "uneducated" and sneer at their ignorance. But these uneducated countrymen have hearts and sympathies; they worship their gods, they are hospitable to guests, they feel for the suffering and distress of their neighbours.... To me it seems perfectly clear that if we want to lead our newly-awakened national consciousness in the paths of true knowledge, education should be
- 52. diffused through the medium of our own vernacular and not through the unwholesome medium of English." The reason for this ghastly failure in our national life is palpable from other points of view also. We the educated few, never co-operated with the masses of our countrymen. We are not only proud of our education, but also proud of our wealth and proud of our caste: and this three-fold pride has so deadened and blinded our senses that, in all our endeavours we leave quite out of account those who are the flesh, blood and back-bone of the land. The gentry of our country are mostly ill educated and therefore their pride springs from emptiness. To speak the truth, the so-called educated have no right to mix with their countrymen. They are narrow, callous and anglicised. They fail even now to understand that in this crucial moment of Indian History, the whole country should stand as one in working out her future destiny. Here the Hindus and the Mohammedans should co-operate, the Brahmins, the Vaidyas and the Kayasthas should come out hand in hand with the peasants and the chandals. Chitta Ranjan harped upon the same theme in his presidential address at the Provincial Conference:— "Those who constitute 40 out of 46 millions of our countrymen,— those who produce our bread by their labour—those who in their grinding poverty have kept alive the torch of their ancient culture and ancient polity—those whom our English civilization and English culture and English law-courts have yet been powerless entirely to corrupt—those whom the oppression of Zemindars and Mahajans have failed to crush—are we,—a corrupt and effete handful—are we their betters and superiors? We boast of our Hinduism; but with our false pride of caste we are striking Hinduism at its very root. Even now while there is time, let us perceive our fearful and heedless blunder. In our oppressed and down-trodden fellow-brethren let us recognise the image of Narayana: before that sacred and awful image, let us abandon all false pride of birth and breed and let us bend our heads in reverence and true humility. These seething millions of your land—be they Christians or Mahomedans or
- 53. Chandals—they are your brothers; embrace them as such, co- operate with them and only then will your labours be crowned with success." In taking a survey of our present condition, we have to think of the poverty of the peasant-class, and closely connected with this question of poverty is the question of village depopulation. The village is the centre of our civilisation and culture; and hence the decay of village-life is bound to cripple and enfeeble our body-politic. Now the cause of this village depopulation is two-fold. In the first place, there is the ravage of malaria and in the second place, there is the temptation of city-life with its ease, luxury and commercial and money-making facilities. Thus modern cities like some huge reptiles are swallowing up the ancient village centres of our country; and one of our chief duties will be to re-establish the health, prosperity and welfare of the villages. In order to do this, we shall have to improve the water-supply of our villages, to remove jungles, to educate the common people in the laws of health and sanitation. Also in order that agriculture may flourish, we shall have to establish banking institutions upon a small scale. For this combined and harmonious work we must have a plan. Chitta Ranjan has suggested one in his presidential address at the Provincial Conference of 1917: — Our first step will be to organise all the villages of each district into a number of village groups or unions. Where one village is sufficiently large and populous, that by itself will constitute one union or group. In the case of smaller villages, several of them will be combined to form one group or union. Then a census must be taken of the adult males of each village-union: These will form the primary village assemblies; and they will elect from among themselves a panchayet or executive body of five members. This panchayet or executive body will have the sole administration of the village-group in its hands. It will look to sanitation; it will arrange for water-supply; it will establish night-schools; it will arrange for industrial and agricultural education; in short the domestic economy of the village-
- 54. group will be entirely in the hands of the Panchayet. Besides, in each village-group there will be a public granary; each agricultural proprietor will contribute to this granary according to his quantity of land; and in years of drought and scarcity, the resources of this public granary will be drawn upon to feed the people. In case of petty disputes, civil or criminal the panchayet will be the sole deciding authority, but in the case of larger disputes, they will report to the district civil and criminal courts; and their reports will be treated as the sole plaints or complaints in such cases. In the next place, the primary assembly of each group, will, according to its population, select from five to twenty five members to the district Assembly. These district assemblies will consist of members numbering from 200 to 500 and will exercise the following powers:— (1) It will exercise general supervision over the working of the panchayets and the affairs of the village group. (2) It will devise ways and means of the better performance of the functions of panchayets; and it will be directly responsible for the education and sanitation of the district capital. (3) It will devise means for the improvement of agriculture and cottage industries. (4) It will supervise the sanitation of the villages included in each village-group: and will be directly responsible for the sanitation of the district council. (5) It will start such industrial and business concerns as may be best suited to further the resources of the district. (6) It will employ chowkidars and peace-officers for the villages. (7) It will have sole charge of the district police.
- 55. (8) Each district assembly will elect its own President and will appoint sub-committees for the discussion of different subjects. (9) For the provision of cheap capital, each district assembly will open a bank: this bank will have branches in each village-group. (10) The district assemblies will have power to raise by taxation the money necessary for its requirements. (11) The present local and district boards will be abolished. (12) Necessary laws will have to be passed to place the primary and district assemblies on a legal basis. This out-line of work is very closely connected with Indian socialism. This is what we now call Swaraj or self-government of the villages. These institutions did actually exist in our country from very ancient times; they grew and developed with our growth, and they have a peculiar harmony with the genius of our national character. Chitta Ranjan has therefore proposed only reversion to our older social institutions. But life among us now is not so simple as it was before; it has become complex, difficult and intricate. Hence what was inchoate requires to be put into a system. The panchayet was a natural out-growth of our ancient village community! It consisted of those five persons who naturally and easily emerged into prominence by their qualities of character and intellect. The authority of the panchayet lasted only so long as the community at large tacitly accepted their authority. Now the question arises, "Will the Government entrust so much power to us?" Again there are the Anglo-Indian papers crying themselves hoarse, "No no, there is so much of anarchism in the land, it will lead to fearful abuses if the people are entrusted with any large share of power." But the real fact is just the opposite, if the people are given opportunities of serving their country on a larger scale, the so-called anarchism will die out of itself. Of this Chitta Ranjan says in his address:— "Since the days of the swadeshi movement our young men have been possessed with the ardent desire to serve their country. At the
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