![India to Canada, was a Miss Eleanor Taylor, daughter of Captain R.
Taylor, of the East India Company’s service, and to her he was united
at Simla, East Indies, in October, 1862. By her, he has had issue,
seven children, five of whom, including the two sons already
mentioned, survive.
[10] Another member of the family, Strange of Burn
House, raised a company of militia for the
Hanoverian cause.
[11] As the capture of an enemy’s guns by artillery
unsupported by cavalry or infantry is perhaps
without precedent in the annals of war, it may be
explained that a rapid advance left the infantry in
rear, and a thick wood prevented the action of
cavalry. On the road (the only open space through
the wood) the enemy’s guns were suddenly
overtaken and captured by the charge of the
mounted gunners, who sabred the Sepoy gunners
before they had time to fire. A moment’s hesitation
would have been fatal. Had the British guns halted
to unlimber, the enemy, who were already
unlimbered, would have had first fire, with
inevitably annihilating effect.
[12] “A” battery was first organized by Lieutenant-
Colonel French, who subsequently commanded N.-
W.M. Police force.
[13] Among others the establishment of a Canadian
cartridge factory, without which the suppression of
the North-West rebellion would have been
indefinitely prolonged had it been necessary to
supply cartridges from England, as the manufacture
of the Snider cartridge had ceased there on the
change of rifle to Martini.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/15259-250317113145-b496695c/85/Hands-On-Database-2nd-Edition-Steve-Conger-Solutions-Manual-34-320.jpg)
![[14] As military equitation is of little value without
practical application in the field, a pack of
foxhounds was kept at the Citadel, Colonel Strange
being M.F.H., Captain Short, huntsman.
[15] One of them, Gunner de Manoli, was killed in action
at Fish Creek during the late North-West campaign.
He was shot through the head.
Pipes, Hon. William Thomas, Barrister, Amherst,
Nova Scotia, was born at Amherst on the 15th April, 1850. His
paternal ancestors came from England, and his maternal ancestors
were U. E. loyalists. The family has resided in Cumberland county,
N.S., for over a hundred years, and have been chiefly engaged in
farming and shipbuilding. His parents were Jonathan and Caroline
Pipes. The subject of this sketch received his educational training in
the Amherst Academy and Acadia College. He adopted law as a
profession, and was called to the bar of Nova Scotia in 1878. Since
then he has successfully practised his profession in Amherst. At the
general election held in 1878, he unsuccessfully opposed Sir Charles
Tupper, in Cumberland county, for a seat in the House of Commons
at Ottawa, but shortly afterwards he was returned for the same
county to the Legislative Assembly of his native province. On the 3rd
of August, 1882, he became president of the executive council and
premier of the government. He declined the office of attorney-
general. On the 15th July, 1884, he retired from the ministry, and
finally, two years afterwards, from political life. In politics Mr. Pipes is
a Liberal, and in religion an adherent of the Church of England. He
has travelled a good deal, and has visited England, Ireland, France,
and the United States of America. On the 23rd November, 1876, he
was married to Ruth Eliza, daughter of David McElmon. Mr. Pipes has
spent an active and useful life, and is greatly respected by his
friends and acquaintances.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/15259-250317113145-b496695c/85/Hands-On-Database-2nd-Edition-Steve-Conger-Solutions-Manual-35-320.jpg)
![Moore, Dennis, Hamilton. By the death of Mr. Moore, on
the 20th November, 1887, the city of Hamilton lost one of its most
prominent, staunch and active citizens. He was born at Grimsby, on
the 20th of August, 1817, and hence was in his 71st year at the time
of his demise. He came to Hamilton in 1831, and had resided here
ever since. Not long after coming he was apprenticed to Edward
Jackson, with whom he remained until he was promoted to a
partnership in the business. On the retirement of Mr. Jackson, Mr.
Moore became senior of the firm of D. Moore & Co., which position
he held until his death. His thorough business habits and consequent
success generally drew him into a number of other enterprises in
addition to his own business. Although never very strong physically,
he led a very active life. He was stockholder and director in several
manufactories, banks and insurance companies, the principal ones
being the Canada Life Assurance Company, the Hamilton Provident
and Loan Society, the Bank of Hamilton, the Traders Bank, the
Canada Landed Banking and Loan Company, the Ontario Cotton
Company, the Hamilton Bridge and Tool Company and the Burn-
Robinson Manufacturing Company. He was never neutral or silent on
social, religious or educational questions, but always threw himself
into movements that tended to the upbuilding of society. He was a
member of the Centenary Methodist Church, a class-leader, trustee
and treasurer, and it is no exaggeration to say that his death caused
a greater blank there than could be made by the death of any other
man since the days of Edward Jackson. The whole congregation was
bereaved in his death, for every interest of the church had his hearty
assistance and cordial sympathy. He became a member of the
church in his boyhood; and it was one of the pleasantest
recollections of his life, as well as an earnest [missing text] of what
was to come, that the first sovereign he ever earned was given to a
benevolent object. Many kind memories gather round his name, not
simply because he was an honorable and successful business man,
nor because of his numerous and liberal contributions to the various
benevolent associations, nor because of his long continued official
standing in his church, nor because of the prominent part that he](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/15259-250317113145-b496695c/85/Hands-On-Database-2nd-Edition-Steve-Conger-Solutions-Manual-38-320.jpg)
![[Note.—The above facts were with difficulty secured from Mr. Van
Koughnet’s family, by whom access was given, after more than one
application, to several old family documents, from which the
particulars were obtained.]
Aikins, William T., M.D., LL.D., Dean of the Medical
Faculty of Toronto University, was born in the county of Peel,
Ontario, on the 4th of June, 1827. His father, James Aikins,
emigrated from the county of Monaghan, Ireland, to Philadelphia, in
the year 1816, and after a residence of four years there removed to
Upper Canada with his family, and purchased a quantity of land in
the first concession north of the Dundas road, in the township of
Toronto, about thirteen miles from the town of York. This was over
sixty-seven years ago, when that township, like nearly every other
part of the province, was sparsely settled, and there was not a
church or place of worship in the neighborhood; the itinerant
Methodist preacher being the only exponent of the Gospel to the
people. Mr. Aikins, like the greater part of the immigrants from the
north of Ireland, had been brought up in the Presbyterian faith, but
soon after settling in Peel he joined the Methodist body, and his
house became a well known place of meeting for worship among the
people of the settlement. Dr. Aikins received his education, like his
brother, the Hon. James Cox Aikins, the lieutenant-governor of
Manitoba, in the public schools of the neighborhood, and afterwards
attended Victoria College, Cobourg. After passing through that
university he removed to Toronto, where he took up the study of
medicine, and was granted a license to practise in 1849. He,
however, to better fit himself for his important calling went to
Philadelphia and entered the Philadelphia College of Medicine, and
graduated in 1850 with the degree of M.D. On his return to Toronto
Dr. Aikins soon began to take a foremost position in the profession,
especially in surgery, and is now one of the leading surgeons of the
present day. He is one of the first members of the College of
Physicians and Surgeons, and has been the treasurer of the same](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/15259-250317113145-b496695c/85/Hands-On-Database-2nd-Edition-Steve-Conger-Solutions-Manual-48-320.jpg)
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- 5. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 5 Instructor’s Guide Outcomes • Evaluate an entity against the first three normal forms • Remove all repeating lists or arrays (First Normal Form) • Remove functional dependencies (Second Normal Form) • Remove all transitive dependencies (Third Normal Form) • Understand the importance of design review Outline I. Design Review II. Anomalies A. Insertion Anomalies B. Update Anomalies C. Deletion Anomalies III. Normal Forms IV. First Normal Form A. Removing Repeating Groups and Arrays B. Ensuring each Attribute Describes a Single Type of Value
- 6. 5-2 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. C. Making each Row Unique V. Second Normal Form A. Locating Multiple Themes in an Entity B. Removing Functional Dependencies C. Creating New Entities VI. Third Normal Form A. Recognizing Transient Dependencies B. Resolving Transient Dependencies C. Creating New Entities VII. Final Content Review VIII. Documentation A. Storing all Versions of ERD B. Denormalization Vocabulary 1. Normal Forms e. Rules for removing anomalies and redundancies 2. Update Anomalies c. Where the same data must be updated in several places creating the possibility of mismatched or inaccurate data 3.Deletion Anomalies a. Where deleting some data inadvertently also removes other
- 7. 5-3 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. data 4. First Normal Form i. Removing repeated groups and arrays 5. Denormalization j. The process of rejoining tables that were separated during the normalization process to improve performance 6. Insertion Anomalies h. The inability to insert into data because other unknown data is required 7. Second Normal Form g. Removes functional dependencies 8. Transient Dependencies f. An attribute that depends on another attribute, not the key, for its meaning 9. Functional Dependencies d. Attributes that are related to each other rather than the key. They form subthemes within the entity. 10. Third Normal Form b. Removes transient dependencies Things to Look Up 1. Look up database anomalies. See if you can find a good example explaining each kind of anomaly. Blurtit.com has a very precise brief definition: http://www.blurtit.com/q181903.html, as does DBNormalization.com http://www.dbnormalization.com/database-anomalies. Wikipedia has examples: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_normalization. Mahipalreddy also has good explanations: http://www.mahipalreddy.com/dbdesign/dbqa.htm 2. Look up the definition of functional dependency. Can you find a good example?
- 8. 5-4 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. This Wikipedia article provides a mathematical definition of functional dependencies: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_dependency. Several other sites also provide mathematical definitions and examples. The normalization article listed under 1 provides an easier verbal explanation. About.com has a brief definition and example. http://databases.about.com/cs/specificproducts/g/functdep.htm Another good discussion can be found at http://articles.sitepoint.com/article/database-design- management. 3. Look up the definition of transitive dependency. Can you find a good example? This Wikipedia article has a definition and example: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transitive_dependency. This site also has a good definition and example:http://www.databasedev.co.uk/3norm_form.html. 4. Look up one of the normal forms we did not cover. See if you can explain it to someone in the class. It is actually hard to find a good web site that covers all the normal forms. Many cover one through three, and some cover through fifth normal form. Wikipedia has a description of all the normal forms but lacks full discussion and examples. However, each normal form has its own entry with a fuller discussion: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_normalization This site goes through fifth normal form quite thoroughly: http://trumpetpower.com/Papers/Normal_Forms 5. Look up “denormalization,” and why anyone would want to do it.
- 9. 5-5 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. The same Wikipedia site listed in the above examples also has a brief discussion of denormalization. Some other sites include: http://www.databasedesign-resource.com/denormalization.html http://database-programmer.blogspot.com/2008/04/denormalization-patterns.html http://www.tdan.com/view-articles/4142 Practices Charlie has a large book collection. He was keeping track of it in a spreadsheet, but it has grown big enough that he wants to convert it into a real database. Here is a sample from the spreadsheet: Author Author Country Titles James Taylor England JavaScript Essentials, South Tech Books, London, 2010, $14; HTML5 Exposed, Webby Books, London, 2012, $15.50 May Norton United States Big Data Big Promise, Data Press, San Francisco 2012, $25 Jessica Lewis United States Database Development for the Cloud, Data Press San Francisco, $20.35; Data Services, Future Tech Press, New York $12.95 1. What are some of the potential problems with this layout if carried directly to the database? The biggest problem is the Titles column. It contains several different types of information, title, publisher, year of publication, city, and price. It is also multivalued in that an author can have more than one book. In terms of using the database, it would be difficult to find the data on any particular title. You would have to do a substring or search manually. It would be equally difficult to insert a new title by an existing author or to update the information on an existing title. Deleting an author would remove all their books and deleting a book presents the danger of deleting the author as well.
- 10. 5-6 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Poor Ok Good Shows no clear understanding of the anomalies. Describes the anomalies but provides few specific examples from the DVD fields. Clear understanding of the anomalies with good examples from the DVD attribute list. 2. Which of the columns in the example are multivalued? The title column is multivalued. 3. Create a table that would show how you would convert the sample data into First Normal Form. (Hint: Break the information in the Titles column into separate fields. Books are separated by semicolons.) Author AuthorCountry Title Publisher City Year Price James Taylor England JavaScript Essentials South Tech Books London 2010 14 James Taylor England HTML 5 Exposed Webby Books London 2012 15.50 May Norton United States Big Data Promise Data Press San Francisco 2012 25 Jessica Lewis United States Database Development for the Cloud Data Press San Francisco 20.35 Jessica Lewis United States Data Services Future Tech Press New York 12.95 Discussion: Students may also want to separate first and last name into their own attributes. This is fine. Poor Ok Good Shows no clear idea of how to separate the data into columns. Doesn’t see the multivalued column. Sees the multivalued column, but doesn’t distinctly separate the columns; for instance, putting publisher and city together, or separating the Clearly separates the columns and values.
- 11. 5-7 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. different titles but leaving title, publisher, city, year, and price as one column. 4. Create an entity diagram for the table you made in Practice 3. Books AuthorName AuthorCountry Title Publisher City Year Price Poor Ok Good Not clear on what the attributes would be—see above. Partial understanding of the separate attributes. Clear understanding of the attributes and entity. 5. List all the functional dependencies you find in the sample data. There are at least two large themes—or functional dependencies. One is the book information and the other is the publisher information. Author and author country are also functional dependency.
- 12. 5-8 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Poor Ok Good Doesn’t find any functional dependencies or separates attributes arbitrarily. Defines at least Book and Publisher as functional dependencies. Defines Book, Publisher, and Author as dependencies. 6. Identify and list some potential candidate keys for the new entities. Title might be a candidate key for the book information, but many students may also be inclined to add ISBN. That is not in the table, but is a legitimate potential key. For publisher, the PublisherName attribute is a valid candidate. Author name would be a candidate key for Author. Poor Ok Good No candidate keys or attributes that would make poor candidates for keys. Chooses attributes that could be unique. Shows good understanding of the requirements of a primary key. May suggest additional attributes such as ISBN as potential keys. 7. Create an entity diagram that shows the structure of the data in Second Normal Form.
- 13. 5-9 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Book Publisher Author BookISBN PK Title AuthorKey PublisherKey PK PublisherName PublisherCity BookYear BookPrice PublisherKey AuthorKey PK AuthorName AuthorCountry Discussion. Students may leave Author and AuthorName in the book entity. I broke it out here because it is more than a transitive dependency since the values repeat in multiple rows. But if students leave it in here, they can remove it in the next step as a transitive dependency. I would accept this as valid. It is also possible that some students will realize that some books have multiple authors, and that it is therefore necessary to create a linking entity between Book and Author. This should be encouraged as it shows they are understanding relationships and normalization. Poor Ok Good Doesn’t break up the diagram into entities or entities are illogical. Doesn’t have appropriate relationships between entities. Has at least the two entities Book and Publisher and the appropriate one-to-many relationship between them. Has three entities Book, Author, and Publisher with appropriate relationships between entities. May have a linking entity between Book and Author.
- 14. 5-10 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 8. List any transitive dependencies you find. Poor Ok Good Shows no understanding of what a transitive dependency is. Sees authorcountry as a transitive dependency on authorName and creates an author entity. Shows understanding of a transitive dependency but finds none in the current diagram (having already created a separate author entity). If the authorname and authorcountry were left in Book, they should be separated into a new entity at this point. 9. Create an entity diagram that shows the database in Third Normal Form. The entity would be the same as in step 7, possibly including the linking entity between Book and Author. Poor Ok Good Incorrect entities or attributes. Incorrect relationships. Diagram like the one in 7. Diagram like the one in 7 with the possible addition of a linking entity between book and author. 10. Describe the process you went through to achieve the normal forms. They should describe the process of looking for multivalued columns, functional dependencies and themes, and then checking for any additional transitive dependencies. Poor Ok Good Shows no clear understanding of Describes the steps of finding Same as OK, though perhaps
- 15. 5-11 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. the process. multivalued fields, functional dependencies, and transitive dependencies. more in depth and showing a deeper understanding. Scenarios Wild Wood Apartments 1. Review the diagram you made from the previous chapter for all three levels of normalization. Here is the previous diagram:
- 16. 5-12 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Apartment Building Lease Tenant RentPayment MaintenanceRequest MaintenanceRequestDetail ApartmentKey PK ApartmentRooms BuildingKey FK BuildingKey PK BuildingName BuildingAddress Building City BuildingState BuildingPostalCode BuildingManagerPhone LeaseKey PK LeaseMonthlyRent LeaseDeposit LeaseStartDate LeaseEndDate ApartmentKey FK TenantKey FK TenantKey PK TenantLastName TenantFirstName TenantPhone RentPaymentKey PK RentPaymentDate RentPaymentAmount LeaseKey FK MaintenanceRequestKey PK MaintenanceRequestDate MaintenanceeRequestType MaintenanceRequestDescription LeaseKey FK MaintenanceRequestDetailKey PK MaintenanceRequestKey FK MaintenanceRequestDetailAction MaintenanceRequestDetailCost MaintenanceRequestDetailBuildingCost 2. Change the diagram to reflect the fully normalized design.
- 17. 5-13 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. For this diagram I don’t think any changes need to be made. 3. Document in writing why you made the changes you did, or why you did not need to make changes. Students should note their thoughts on each level of normalization. For level one, if they found no repeating groups or multivalued attributes, the diagram meets first normal form. If they do find repeating groups or multivalued attributes, they should have broken them into separate entities and created new relationships. For Second Normal Form, students should note any occurrences of functional dependencies; that is any separate themes in any of the entities. If discovered, these too should be broken out into separate entities and new relationships. If they find none, they can certify that the diagram conforms to Second Normal Form. For Third Normal Form they should note the search for transient dependencies. If any are found, they should be broken into new entities. 4. Review the normalized diagram for completeness. Do the entities capture all the data needed to meet the business rules and needs of Wild Wood Apartments? This involves a comparison with previous documents and notes. If anything is discovered as left out, it should be added and the diagram adjusted to reflect the additions. 5. Documentation: Save the normalized diagram with notes about changes made during the normalization process to your database notebook. Vince’s Vinyl 1. Review the diagram you made from the previous chapter for all three levels of normalization. Here is the diagram from the previous example.
- 18. 5-14 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 2. Change the diagram to reflect the fully normalized design.
- 19. 5-15 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. The above diagram could pass the first three levels of normalization. There are a couple of issues, though, that could lead to further normalization, though only advanced students would notice. Customers and Sellers can be the same people. This could lead to update anomalies as the same person could have their information in two places. The solution is to create a Person entity that contains all names and addresses. The person key could represent them in either role in Sale, Request, or Purchase. Another subtle issue relates to the entity Album. If Vince were to remove an album, and it was the only copy of that album, he would lose the album information. Also, there is potential redundancy in Album, since each physical vinyl is treated as an individual item in the table. Multiple copies of the same album would result in multiple entries identical except for purchase date and perhaps condition. To solve this would require separating Album from Inventory. Below is a diagram that reflects these changes.
- 20. 5-16 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Artist ArtistAlbum Album Person Purchase PurchaseDetail Sale SaleDetail Inventory ArtistKey PK ArtistName ArtistKey FK PK AlbumKey FK PK AlbumKey PK AlbumTitle AlbumStudio AlbumDate PersonKey PK PersonLastName PersonFIrstName PersonPhone PersonEmail PurchaseKey PK PurchaseDate PersonKey FK PurchaseDetailKey PK PurchaseKey FK InventoryKey FK PurchasePrice SaleKey PK SaleDate PersonKey FK SaleDetailKey PK SaleDetailPrice SaleKey FK InventoryKey FK InventoryKey PK InventoryPrice Condition AlbumKey FK 3. Document in writing why you made the changes you did, or why you did not need to make changes.
- 21. 5-17 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. The students should explain their diagram in terms of each of the three levels of normalization. Are there any repeating groups or multivalued attributes? If there are, how were they broken into entities and related to the existing entities? For Second Normal Form, they should note any additional themes and functional dependencies and what new entities resulted. The same for transient dependencies and Third Normal Form. If no changes were made, they should still explain how it conforms to each of the three normal forms. The changes in the diagrams above were explained under number 2. 4. Review the normalized diagram for completeness. Dothe entities capture all the data needed to meet the business rules and needs of Wild Wood Apartments? This involves a comparison with previous documents and notes. If anything is discovered as left out, it should be added and the diagram adjusted to reflect the additions. 5. Documentation: Save the normalized diagram with notes about changes made during the normalization process to your database notebook. Grandfield College 1. Review the diagram you made from the previous chapter for all three levels of normalization. Here is the diagram from last chapter:
- 22. 5-18 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 2. Change the diagram to reflect the fully normalized design. The diagram above meets all three normal forms. 3. Document in writing why you made the changes you did, or why you did not need to make changes.
- 23. 5-19 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. The students should look explain their diagram in terms of each of the three levels of normalization. Are there any repeating groups or multivalued attributes? If there are, how were they broken into entities and related to the existing entities? For Second Normal Form, they should note any additional themes and functional dependencies and what new entities resulted. The same for transient dependencies and Third Normal Form. If no changes were made, they should still explain how it conforms to each of the three normal forms. 4. Review the normalized diagram for completeness. Dothe entities capture all the data needed to meet the business rules and needs of Wild Wood Apartments? This involves a comparison with previous documents and notes. If anything is discovered as left out, it should be added and the diagram adjusted to reflect the additions. 5. Documentation: Save the normalized diagram with notes about changes made during the normalization process to your database notebook. Westlake Research Hospital 1. Review the diagram you made from the previous chapter for all three levels of normalization. Here is the diagram from last chapter:
- 24. 5-20 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 2. Change the diagram to reflect the fully normalized design.
- 25. 5-21 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. The diagram above needs several changes to conform to First Normal Form. In the PatientMedicalHistory entity there are several multivalued attributes, specifically, medicines, allergies, and symptoms. Each of these requires new entities and linking entities. Students may want to break up the medical history entity more. It is possible to see the depression attributes as a separate theme from the physical issues and symptoms. If so, they could create a separate depression entity. The example below, though, does not.
- 26. 5-22 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Patient Doctor PatientMedicalHistory Appointment AppointmentDetails Allergy Medicine Symptom PatientAllergy PatientMedicine PatientSymptom PatientKey PK PatientLastName PatientFirstName PatientPhone PatientEmail PatientAddress PatientState Patientzip PatientBirthDate PatientDoctorKey FK DoctorKey PK DoctorLastName DoctorFirstName DoctorPhone PatientKey PK LungDisorder GroupID HighBloodPressure HeartTrouble NervousDisorder DigestiveTrack Kidney Disorder Diabetes Hepititatus Malaria BloodDisorder PhysicaDeformity LifeThreateningCondition Contagious DepressionLevel DepressionBeginDate FamilyHistory Notes AppointmentKey PK AppointmentDate DoctorKey FK PatientKey FK AppointmentDetailKey PK AppointmentKey FK DepressionRating SleepDifficulties LossOfAppetite InabilityToLeaveHome Anxiety SuicidalThoughts BloodPressure Weight Pulse DoctorsNotes AllergyKey PK AllergyName MedicineKey PK MedicineName SymptomKey PK SymptomName PatientKey FK PK AllergeryKey FK PK PatientKey FK PK MedicineKey FK PK PatientKey FK PK SymptomKey FK PK
- 27. 5-23 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 3. Document in writing why you made the changes you did, or why you did not need to make changes. The students should explain their diagram in terms of each of the three levels of normalization. Are there any repeating groups or multivalued attributes? If there are, how were they broken into entities and related to the existing entities? For Second Normal Form, they should note any additional themes and functional dependencies and what new entities resulted. The same for transient dependencies and Third Normal Form. If no changes were made, they should still explain how it conforms to each of the three normal forms. 4. Review the normalized diagram for completeness. Do the entities capture all the data needed to meet the business rules and needs of the clinical trial? This involves a comparison with previous documents and notes. If anything is discovered as left out, it should be added and the diagram adjusted to reflect the additions. 5. Documentation: Save the normalized diagram with notes about changes made during the normalization process to your database notebook. Show Times: Local Shows and Acts You are almost ready to begin building the database, but before getting down to actually creating the database, you must review the diagram for normalization and completeness. To do • Review the diagram you made from the previous chapter for all the three levels of normalization. Here is the diagram from the previous chapter:
- 28. 5-24 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. • Change the diagram to reflect the fully normalized design. The diagram is already in Third Normal Form. (Errata: There should be a showkey as a foreign Key in Show Details.)
- 29. 5-25 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. • Document in writing why you made the changes you did, or why you did not need to make changes. The students should explain their diagram in terms of each of the three levels of normalization. Are there any repeating groups or multivalued attributes? If there are, how were they broken into entities and related to the existing entities? For Second Normal Form, they should note any additional themes and functional dependencies and what new entities resulted. The same for transient dependencies and Third Normal Form. If no changes were made, they should still explain how it conforms to each of the three normal forms. • Review the normalized diagram for completeness. Do the entities capture all the data needed to meet the business rules and needs of the shows and venues? There may be additional attributes or entities depending on how the group defined the business rules in chapter three. • Documentation: Save the normalized diagram with notes about changes made during the normalization process to your database notebook. Rubric for Scenarios It may be that reviewing the diagrams for normalization results in few or no changes. The important point is that the students can justify either their changes or lack of them. The first task has little visual evidence. You can get a sense of whether students are focused on the task or not, but the real evidence is in the resulting diagram and explanation.
- 30. 5-26 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. The second task provides evidence of the first, but again the real essence depends on the explanation. It is possible that no changes will be made to the diagram. Whether this is good or not depends on the quality of their analysis which is exhibited in the third task. The review for completeness in task 4 also involves judgment and depends to a large extent on the discussions and decisions made in previous chapters. The rubric below provides a general comparison rather than a task by task comparison. Poor Ok Good Final diagram and explanation do not show a clear analysis in terms of the three normal forms. The diagram may not completely capture all the requirements. Final diagram and explanation show an analysis in terms of the three normal forms. The diagram captures most of the requirements. There may be some small aspects missed or missing. Final diagram and explanation show clear evidence of systematic review for each of the three normal forms. The diagram captures all the requirements.
- 31. Other documents randomly have different content
- 32. No doubt the feeling of alarm was much exaggerated, but could not be otherwise, owing to the utter absence of arms among the settlers, and the impossibility of getting any from the Government. The transport and supply were extemporized without even the embryo of the establishments considered necessary in a civilized country, while our difficulties were increased by the complete absence of any supplies in the wilderness country through which we passed, and the want of road, telegraph, or even mail communication. Nevertheless, the rapid march of the three successive columns of the Alberta Field Force stamped out the incipient seeds of active rebellion among the turbulent tribes who had already commenced depredations, more of whom would have joined the Eastern outbreak, but for the timely appearance and location of troops on their reserves; while a famine was prevented in the districts north of Edmonton by the convoys of provisions brought along the protected line of communication. A flotilla was built at Edmonton, a further supply of provisions collected, and the hazardous and delicate operation of moving troops simultaneously by land and river, in open boats (touch being maintained throughout), and a final successful junction effected within striking distance of the enemy. Not a day’s delay occurred from start to finish, though our base of supply was more than 500 miles from our objective. The excellence and carefulness of the scouting almost precluded any chance of disaster, and quickly discovered the position of Big Bear, who was immediately attacked, the result being that, although the numerical inferiority of our force prevented the capture of his position, his band was broken up and demoralized, the majority of the prisoners released, and the subsequent pursuit by the cavalry of this force, under major Steele, completed the surrender of the remainder of the prisoners, the total dispersion of his band, and his ultimate surrender. Not a shot was fired in connection with these results,
- 33. except by the Alberta Field Force, with only a loss of six wounded. Plainly drawing attention to these results is a duty I conceive due to the officers and men I feel it an honor to have commanded. By their patient endurance, sense of duty and steadiness under fire, these results were produced. Your obedient servant, (Signed) T. B. Strange, Major-General, Late Com., Alberta Field Force. On the suppression of the rebellion, he received the Saskatchewan medal and clasp, and once more, like a modern Cincinnatus, beat his sword into a ploughshare and resumed the cultivation of the arts of peace at his home at “Namaka,” near Calgary, where he continued to reside until a broken leg, by a kick from a horse, followed by a second fracture, obliged him to resign the active management of the Military Colonization Ranche. Before leaving the phase of his eventful career connected with the Canadian North-West, it should be stated that in January, 1887, he offered as an Independent candidate for the seat for Alberta in the Dominion parliament, but withdrew before going to the polls, the time having evidently not yet come for the election of representatives unpledged to either political party. He is a member of no society except temperance societies, of whose principles he has always been a warm and consistent advocate, though never a Prohibitionist. He has travelled over the greater part of Europe, visited North and South Africa, the United States, Canada from the Atlantic to the Pacific, the East and West Indies, and crossed the Himalaya mountains into Thibet and Central Asia. He has also been a prolific writer, especially on military questions. Besides editing the Canadian Military Review, he has published an “Artillery Retrospect of the last Great War, 1870- 71,” “Military Aspect of Canada,” and a work on “Field Artillery,” besides his reports on militia matters, defence of British Columbia, etc., which have been printed in the Canadian Militia Reports, and for the most part acted upon. His wife, who has been a true helpmate to him and followed his fortunes with loving devotion from
- 34. India to Canada, was a Miss Eleanor Taylor, daughter of Captain R. Taylor, of the East India Company’s service, and to her he was united at Simla, East Indies, in October, 1862. By her, he has had issue, seven children, five of whom, including the two sons already mentioned, survive. [10] Another member of the family, Strange of Burn House, raised a company of militia for the Hanoverian cause. [11] As the capture of an enemy’s guns by artillery unsupported by cavalry or infantry is perhaps without precedent in the annals of war, it may be explained that a rapid advance left the infantry in rear, and a thick wood prevented the action of cavalry. On the road (the only open space through the wood) the enemy’s guns were suddenly overtaken and captured by the charge of the mounted gunners, who sabred the Sepoy gunners before they had time to fire. A moment’s hesitation would have been fatal. Had the British guns halted to unlimber, the enemy, who were already unlimbered, would have had first fire, with inevitably annihilating effect. [12] “A” battery was first organized by Lieutenant- Colonel French, who subsequently commanded N.- W.M. Police force. [13] Among others the establishment of a Canadian cartridge factory, without which the suppression of the North-West rebellion would have been indefinitely prolonged had it been necessary to supply cartridges from England, as the manufacture of the Snider cartridge had ceased there on the change of rifle to Martini.
- 35. [14] As military equitation is of little value without practical application in the field, a pack of foxhounds was kept at the Citadel, Colonel Strange being M.F.H., Captain Short, huntsman. [15] One of them, Gunner de Manoli, was killed in action at Fish Creek during the late North-West campaign. He was shot through the head. Pipes, Hon. William Thomas, Barrister, Amherst, Nova Scotia, was born at Amherst on the 15th April, 1850. His paternal ancestors came from England, and his maternal ancestors were U. E. loyalists. The family has resided in Cumberland county, N.S., for over a hundred years, and have been chiefly engaged in farming and shipbuilding. His parents were Jonathan and Caroline Pipes. The subject of this sketch received his educational training in the Amherst Academy and Acadia College. He adopted law as a profession, and was called to the bar of Nova Scotia in 1878. Since then he has successfully practised his profession in Amherst. At the general election held in 1878, he unsuccessfully opposed Sir Charles Tupper, in Cumberland county, for a seat in the House of Commons at Ottawa, but shortly afterwards he was returned for the same county to the Legislative Assembly of his native province. On the 3rd of August, 1882, he became president of the executive council and premier of the government. He declined the office of attorney- general. On the 15th July, 1884, he retired from the ministry, and finally, two years afterwards, from political life. In politics Mr. Pipes is a Liberal, and in religion an adherent of the Church of England. He has travelled a good deal, and has visited England, Ireland, France, and the United States of America. On the 23rd November, 1876, he was married to Ruth Eliza, daughter of David McElmon. Mr. Pipes has spent an active and useful life, and is greatly respected by his friends and acquaintances.
- 36. Smith, George Byron, Wholesale Dry Goods Merchant, Toronto, M.P.P. for East York, is one of those whom nature has designed to become a leader of men. His paternal grandfather came from the state of Connecticut, United States, and settled near Cobourg, Ontario, many years ago. His maternal grandfather was a United Empire loyalist, and emigrated from Massachusetts to Canada shortly after the revolutionary war. George Byron Smith, the subject of our sketch, first saw the light on the 7th March, 1839, at Newtonville, Durham county, and received his education in the public schools of his native place. Having secured a good commercial education, he removed to St. Mary’s, and began business as a merchant in that then thriving town. Here he was very successful, and having accumulated considerable wealth, resolved to seek a larger field for his operations, and some years ago he removed to Toronto, where as a merchant he has been equally successful. While in St. Mary’s he served two years in the town council, and in Toronto he served as alderman for one year. Having aspirations of a higher order than that of alderman, he began to take an active interest in politics, and at the last general election for the Ontario legislature was returned to represent the East Riding of York in that body, defeating his opponent, H. P. Crosby, by 765 votes. In politics Mr. Smith is a staunch Reformer, and in religion he belongs to the Presbyterian church. He has already made his mark in the legislature, and we predict for him a brilliant future. He is married to Maria, daughter of William H. Allen, of the township of Hope, and has a family of two daughters, one of whom is married to a son of James Trow, M.P. for South Perth, Ontario. Gould, George, Walkerton, Ontario, was born in Enniskillen, Ireland, on the 5th November, 1827, and came to Canada with his parents in 1829. His father, William Gould, was a lieutenant of the 86th regiment of the line. His grandfather, who died in India, was also in the Imperial service and was killed in one of the battles of the Mahratta war. Mr. Gould was an only son and was
- 37. educated at Nashville, Tennessee, University, where he received a classical and engineering education. After his college course he entered the service of the United States government as chief clerk in the post office in Nashville, which position he occupied for four years. The insalubrity of the climate, however, compelled him to return to Canada in 1845, where he followed up his profession as a surveyor and engineer. Mr. Gould was one of the first settlers in the town of Arran, and facts connected with his active and energetic participation in the early development of that wealthy municipality are fully on record. Three townships of Bruce were originally surveyed by him, namely, Amabel, Albemarle and Arran, and in Grey county he also surveyed five townships. In 1860, Mr. Gould was appointed second provisional clerk of the provisional county of Bruce, and held the position until Bruce became an independent county, when he was appointed in 1867 the first county clerk, and has performed the duties of that office uninterruptedly ever since. He continued for a few years to follow his profession of engineering till the duties of his office became such as to require his whole time. In 1857, Mr. Gould was made a justice of the peace; he is also a notary public and a commissioner in the Queen’s Bench, and has held a number of other important official positions. In politics, Mr. Gould is a staunch Conservative, and in religion, an earnest member of the Methodist body. On the 19th of January, 1855, Mr. Gould became a benedict, marrying Elizabeth Snowden, of Owen Sound. He has had by this marriage six children, four sons and two daughters. Two of his sons, one a lawyer and the other a doctor, both died early in life. Had they been spared, they would, no doubt, have been an ornament and credit to their professions. His daughter, Minnie, married Dr. John Gardner, who, at one time, held the position of court physician to the king of the Fiji Islands. Mr. Gould is a courteous, talented and obliging man, thoroughly conversant with all the details of his business, while in private life he is one of the most popular and highly esteemed citizens of Walkerton.
- 38. Moore, Dennis, Hamilton. By the death of Mr. Moore, on the 20th November, 1887, the city of Hamilton lost one of its most prominent, staunch and active citizens. He was born at Grimsby, on the 20th of August, 1817, and hence was in his 71st year at the time of his demise. He came to Hamilton in 1831, and had resided here ever since. Not long after coming he was apprenticed to Edward Jackson, with whom he remained until he was promoted to a partnership in the business. On the retirement of Mr. Jackson, Mr. Moore became senior of the firm of D. Moore & Co., which position he held until his death. His thorough business habits and consequent success generally drew him into a number of other enterprises in addition to his own business. Although never very strong physically, he led a very active life. He was stockholder and director in several manufactories, banks and insurance companies, the principal ones being the Canada Life Assurance Company, the Hamilton Provident and Loan Society, the Bank of Hamilton, the Traders Bank, the Canada Landed Banking and Loan Company, the Ontario Cotton Company, the Hamilton Bridge and Tool Company and the Burn- Robinson Manufacturing Company. He was never neutral or silent on social, religious or educational questions, but always threw himself into movements that tended to the upbuilding of society. He was a member of the Centenary Methodist Church, a class-leader, trustee and treasurer, and it is no exaggeration to say that his death caused a greater blank there than could be made by the death of any other man since the days of Edward Jackson. The whole congregation was bereaved in his death, for every interest of the church had his hearty assistance and cordial sympathy. He became a member of the church in his boyhood; and it was one of the pleasantest recollections of his life, as well as an earnest [missing text] of what was to come, that the first sovereign he ever earned was given to a benevolent object. Many kind memories gather round his name, not simply because he was an honorable and successful business man, nor because of his numerous and liberal contributions to the various benevolent associations, nor because of his long continued official standing in his church, nor because of the prominent part that he
- 39. took in the political welfare of Canada, but rather because that as a man he always showed a practical sympathy with every movement for the relief and elevation of his fellow-men. To secure his co- operation in any movement one had only to show him that it was likely to do good. He was eminently catholic in his religious convictions, and had a creed broad enough to take in all that loved the Saviour of the world. It is not claimed for him that he was a theologian, but such a life as his proclaims the gospel that this world needs most. He had a profound conviction of the truth of Christianity, and what it had proved to him he desired all others to share. Hence he was a very liberal contributor to missionary objects. To that cause he gave thousands, and his contributions were not of the spasmodic or fitful kind, but steady and on principle. It was so with educational matters also. When Canada had not a college for the education and graduation of young ladies, he united with others in the establishment of the Wesleyan Ladies’ College. He was one of its largest stockholders, and had been president of its board for several years. In his death, Victoria College lost one of its most liberal friends. For several years he supported the chair of Natural Science, and it is understood that he made permanent provision for that chair. He seems to have enjoyed the luxury of giving—hence his work will go on and continue to bless the generations yet to come. But, wiser than many successful men, he did not leave for his will his largest donations. For years he had been scattering his bounty, and he enjoyed the rare pleasure of seeing the results of his givings. Many a man much richer than he has passed away “unwept, unhonored and unsung.” But Dennis Moore, in the unselfish out- goings of his life, touched the city of his adoption in so many ways that he left a blank that few, very few, men could possibly fill. In politics Mr. Moore was a life-long Reformer. He was extensively engaged in manufactures, and at a time when many of his old political and business associates were leaving the fold with the hope of making money faster, pressure was put upon him to do likewise. But Dennis Moore never wavered. He did not think that a business man ought to look to the legislature for his profits. He let everybody know where he stood, and he worked harder and subscribed more
- 40. liberally than ever to obtain Reform success. In 1882 he was a Reform candidate, along with Mr. Irving, for the House of Commons, but was defeated. Mr. Moore died in the bosom of his family. His wife and children were present. He had four daughters and one son: Mrs. W. A. Robinson, Mrs. Charles Black, Mrs. W. H. Glassco, Mary Moore, and Edward J. Moore. Rolland, Hon. Jean Baptiste, Montreal, was born at Vercheres, Quebec, on the 2nd January, 1815. His grandfather came from France over a century ago, and his father, Pierre Rolland, was born at Vercheres, so that it can be seen that the family come of an old and honored ancestry. His mother, Euphrasine Donais, of the parish of Contrecœur, was also a member of an old French-Canadian family. The subject of this sketch was educated in the parish school of St. Hyacinthe, but when seventeen years of age he determined to seek his fortune elsewhere, and possessed of indomitable pluck and energy, and with only twenty-five cents ready cash in his pocket, he set out for Montreal. Although he was friendless and alone, he soon made some headway, entering the office of La Minerve as an apprentice to the printing trade, and afterwards worked for some years on the Courrier. In 1842, Mr. Rolland started in the book, paper and fancy goods trades, and the firm of J. B. Rolland & Fils, has for many years past been favorably known to the trade of the entire Dominion as extensive dealers in home manufactures, as well as large importers of French, German and English fancy goods, with a very large paper mill at St. Jerome. Leaving the active management of the mercantile business in the hands of his sons, Mr. Rolland entered extensively into the real estate business, buying valuable properties in the city of Montreal, besides acquiring extensive tracts of land in the adjoining village of Hochelaga. He built largely on his lands, both in Montreal and Hochelaga, acting as his own architect as well as contractor; and his success is an excellent illustration of the fact that money can always be made through judicious investments in real estate. In politics Mr. Rolland
- 41. was always a pronounced Conservative, rendering valuable aid to his party, and his services in this respect were recognised by his being called to the Dominion Senate in 1887, in succession to the late Senator Senecal. In March of this year (1888), the honorable gentleman was taken suddenly ill at his residence in Montreal, and despite prompt and skilful medical attendance, died on the 22nd March, deeply regretted by a large circle of public and private friends. Mr. Rolland took an active interest in municipal affairs, having been alderman for East Montreal ward for nine years, and a magistrate since 1855. He was always prompt in identifying himself with any movement likely to build up the city of his adoption, and was at various times president of the Board of Trade and Manufactures, and of the St. Jean Baptiste Society; a director of the Citizens’ Insurance Company, and one of the harbor commissioners. Although himself a Roman Catholic, Mr. Rolland was one of these gentle, conciliatory spirits, who was on the most cordial terms with all classes—not only in politics, but in religion. He was married in 1839, to Esther Dufresne, of St. Laurent, and had issue twelve children, six sons and six daughters, four of each still living. Drysdale, William, Bookseller, Montreal, was born in the city of Montreal on the 17th of April, 1847. His father, Adam Drysdale, was a native of Dunfermline, Scotland, settled in Canada many years ago, and for a long time held a position in the civil service of Canada, conferred upon him by the late Lord Elgin. His grandfather was one of the first persons to engage in the shipping trade between Scotland and Canada, especially to the port of Montreal. William Drysdale, the subject of our sketch, was educated at Montreal, in the school conducted by Mr. Hicks, who afterwards became the first principal of the Normal School in that city. Here he received a thorough commercial training, but owing to the serious illness of his father at the time, he was prevented from taking a classical course. After leaving school he entered the office of the late John Dougall, who was then publishing the Weekly Witness, and also
- 42. carrying on a book business. Young Drysdale was given almost the entire charge of the book branch, which he conducted to the satisfaction of his employer. After a short time he entered the service of another bookseller, Mr. Grafton, with whom he remained for ten years, and was the confidential manager of the firm. In 1874 he commenced business on his own account, and owing to his early training and urbanity of manner soon acquired a business that is now second to none in the Dominion. His business relations extend from Gaspé to British Columbia. He has already published a number of important Canadian works that are of great value, in a historical sense, to the country at large. Mr. Drysdale, having strictly confined himself to business, has not had much time to devote to political affairs. He is in no sense a party man, but he takes a broad view of things generally. As a private citizen he, however, always takes an active part in whatever tends to improve his native city and help his fellow-citizens. He is on the executive of the following:—Society for the Protection of Women and Children, the Dominion Temperance Alliance, Boys’ Home (of which he is treasurer), Numismatic and Antiquarian Society, a life member of the Mechanics’ Institute, governor of the Montreal Dispensary, and is one of the most active promoters of the Protestant Hospital for the Insane. Mr. Drysdale is a member of the Presbyterian church, and is a superintendent of one of the Sunday schools. He was married in 1888 to Mary Mathie Wales, daughter of the late Charles Wales, merchant, of St. Andrews East. Duncan MacGregor Crerar, a New York poet, sums up Mr. Drysdale’s character in the following lines: —
- 43. Some are while careful of their own affairs, And when successfully amassing wealth, Who oft times will withdraw as if by stealth, To render good to others unawares. Well known to them the haunts of poverty, Clothed are the naked, and the hungry fed, Oft take they place beside the patient’s bed, To cheer sad hours; to soothe keen agony. These are earth’s salt—they labor with a mind, Distress relieving, lessening human woe; In all their actions earnest, gentle, kind, Leaving sweet impress whereso’er they go. Theirs Heaven’s reward; a crown upon each brow, Warm hearted Drysdale! such a man art thou! Van Koughnet, S. J., Q.C., Toronto, Ontario.—The subject of this sketch, born in the year 1832, or 1833, was a younger, though now the oldest surviving, son of the late Hon. Colonel Van Koughnet, of Cornwall, for many years a member of both legislatures of old Canada, who had seen service in the war of 1812, and afterwards commanded a regiment at the battle of Prescott in 1837, as also at the Coteau, of which regiment, when put on an Imperial footing, he retained command until disbanded several years subsequently. The Van Koughnet family is probably one of the oldest in the country. Their native place was Colmar, Alsace, from which they emigrated in 1750, coming to the present United States of America, and settling in Massachusetts, on the site of the present city of Springfield—the Woolwich of that country, that city in fact being built upon their property. In the war of 1783 they maintained their allegiance to the British crown, and the grandfather of the subject of the present sketch was accordingly proscribed by the United States government, his property confiscated, and he obliged, with many others, to flee the country or take the consequences of a price having been set upon his head. He accordingly left with his wife and two infant children, taking an Indian for his guide, and crossed in the depth of winter to British territory, striking Cornwall, in the county of Stormount, then a wilderness, with the exception of
- 44. a few Dutch settlers who had found their way thither. The original name was von Gochnat, which subsequently became corrupted into van Koughnet, the prefix of which, van, is Dutch, and the change was brought about by contact with the Dutch residents, who did not understand the German von, and was acquiesced in by the family, who seemed to have little anxiety for anything, in their straitened condition, than finding the ready means of subsistence for themselves. S. J. Van Koughnet was named after his uncle, the Rev. J. J. S. Mountain, brother of the late bishop of Quebec. Mr. Van Koughnet was in the first place educated in the same old school- house in Cornwall where the late Bishop Strachan had educated his father, the late Sir John Robinson, Sir James McCauley, Chief Justice McLean, Judge Hagerman, and many others of Canada’s noted men. Mr. Van Koughnet then matriculated at Trinity University, being one of its earliest students, having taken a scholarship as a result of his matriculation examination. There he was a very hard worker, taking, as shown by the university calendar, prize after prize, and graduating in first-class honors in classics in 1854, having been sent the Oxford degree examination papers for that year. He had also previously in that year taken the English essay prize which in England is the most coveted of all, and he was gold medallist as a result of his degree examination. Mr. Van Koughnet had been originally, like his late brother, the chancellor, intended for the church, and went through the usual divinity course with that view. He subsequently, however, like him changed his mind, chiefly it is said in consequence of a dread of the grave responsibility of the office. This it is also said he ever afterwards regretted, though some of his friends believed it was well he did, as his very advanced views were unsuited to this country, and his course in church politics it was thought, when party warfare ran high in the church in this diocese, fully justified this opinion. In these, at the time indicated, he might have said of himself, “Magna pars fui.” He was noted for his unswerving fidelity to his friends and loyalty to the church and her doctrines as he claimed to understand them. When those troublous times happily came to an end, on the election of the present bishop (Sweetman), whom he agreed loyally to support, though he humbly differed from him in his
- 45. views on several cardinal points, Mr. Van Koughnet at once retired from church politics, and never afterwards appeared in the synod, where he had been for twenty years so well known, and where, though seldom taking a conspicuous part in debate, he was not the less attentively listened to when he did. On giving up the church Mr. Van Koughnet studied law, and was called to the bar in 1859, and entered into partnership with his late brother, M. R. Van Koughnet. On his first appearance in court he was congratulated by the late C. J. Draper on the eloquence of his address to the jury in opening a case for malicious prosecution, in which he obtained a verdict for his client. After a few years he dissolved his connection with his brother, and did a large business alone, then confining himself principally to equity, where he soon acquired a lucrative practice. He had not long been practising there before he was appointed by the late V. C. Esten guardian of infants in that court, and among the most perplexing cases of the kind he ever had to do with was that of the late Mrs. Ellis, daughter of the late highly respected Peter Paterson, whom, when only sixteen or seventeen years of age and then a ward of the court, the late Mr. Ellis, the well-known King street jeweller, married without the consent of the court. This had always been considered, and very properly, an offence, and contempt of court, and Mr. Van Koughnet, who was then acting for her, felt bound in the exercise of his official duty, however reluctantly, to bring the matter before the notice of the court and ask for direction as to the course to be pursued. The presiding judge on this occasion happened to be his own brother, the late chancellor, who heard the statement of facts and, with that kindness of heart so characteristic of him, having known both families for many years, came to the conclusion that the young lady would be properly cared for, and, her property being judiciously settled, that there was no occasion for rigidly enforcing the rule of the court, and so allowed the matter to drop. This appointment Mr. Van Koughnet held for some years, when he was deprived of it in some mysterious way he could never exactly discover, and the present guardian, J. Hoskin, succeeded him. He spoke to his brother the chancellor on this subject, but he from obvious motives, declined to interfere, though expressing himself
- 46. strongly on the subject at the time. In 1864 Mr. Van Koughnet was appointed legal reporter to the Court of Common Pleas, and soon achieved a reputation for himself, not only for the ability with which he conducted his reports, but for the wonderful dispatch with which he issued them. Hitherto there had been great and it was thought inexcusable delay in the publication of the reports of this court, and Mr. Van Koughnet was determined that the reproach should be speedily removed, and so it was; and he has ever since been noted for the same characteristics in connection with the reports, both as reporter of that court and of the Court of Queen’s Bench, which he now holds, in succession to Christopher Robinson, Q.C., with whom as fellow reporter he worked for several years. Indeed, his present serious illness, which at the moment of writing we regret to learn is likely to become still more serious, is largely attributable, his medical attendants we understand state, to over-devotion to his work at Osgoode Hall, which it is said he should have abandoned long before he at last consented, when probably too late, so to do. It was thought by many of his friends that Mr. Van Koughnet was unwise to bury himself, as in their opinion he was doing, in the mere literary work of the profession, as that of a reporter is said to imply, and that he should have thrown himself more into the active work of the bar, for which his undoubted talents and his display of forensic ability on several occasions amply fitted him; but his inclinations were always of a literary tendency, and he has been heard to say that he could not condescend to many of the tricks and almost dishonesties which seemed inseparable from the successful career of a nisi prius counsel in particular. These considerations, and the demands of a rapidly increasing family upon his purse decided him upon accepting the more quiet but congenial position of reporter to the courts; besides, as he used to say, he got rid of the profanum vulgus in the shape of clients. In politics Mr. Van Koughnet was always a strong Conservative, but, though no family was ever better entitled to it, he neither sought, it is said, nor ever received government patronage of any kind, unless, indeed, having acted as secretary to the celebrated Royal commission in connection with the Pacific Railway investigation is to be looked upon as partaking of that character. For that position,
- 47. however, he was designated by the late Hon. J. H. Cameron, and suddenly called to Ottawa by telegram, hardly knowing for what. The duties of the office in question he discharged with marked ability, though he had never before acted in a similar capacity, largely assisting in organising the whole work of the commission, advising on difficult questions of law as they arose, and drawing from the commissioners at the conclusion of his work a flattering testimonial, from which what is above written has been in fact taken. The report of that celebrated investigation was drawn by him, and was considered a highly able document, covering, as it did, many pages of an octavo pamphlet. Mr. Van Koughnet, we have heard, bitterly regretted having given up his original intention of taking orders; in fact it was said he considered many a disappointment in after life and many a sorrow but the consequence of his change of intention in that respect. Among the several distinctions he was honored with were those of M.A., D.C.L. (by examination), and Q.C., which he was created some five years ago. Most markedly belonging to the old school in social life, now fast dying out in Canada—shall we not say on many accounts to be regretted?—Mr. Van Koughnet for many years past has been little seen in society, which he seemed to avoid, though of a most genial nature and with a vein of humor not alien to the family. His bearing to all, whether high or low, was ever courteous and obliging; and at Osgoode Hall, where he was perhaps best known, he was a recognised favorite, particularly among the younger bar, with whom in his position as reporter he was necessarily much brought into contact, and to whom he always lent a ready and sympathetic ear. Mr. Van Koughnet married in early life, and whilst still a student, a daughter of the late Senator Seymour. Six children comprise his family, his eldest daughter being married to Albert Nordheimer, of Toronto, and two younger daughters to the only son of Sir John Macdonald and Rev. Canon Machray, of St. John’s College, Winnipeg, respectively. His fourth daughter is still unmarried, and two sons are engaged in banking business. It may be added that the learned gentleman’s children are noted for their almost phenomenal beauty.
- 48. [Note.—The above facts were with difficulty secured from Mr. Van Koughnet’s family, by whom access was given, after more than one application, to several old family documents, from which the particulars were obtained.] Aikins, William T., M.D., LL.D., Dean of the Medical Faculty of Toronto University, was born in the county of Peel, Ontario, on the 4th of June, 1827. His father, James Aikins, emigrated from the county of Monaghan, Ireland, to Philadelphia, in the year 1816, and after a residence of four years there removed to Upper Canada with his family, and purchased a quantity of land in the first concession north of the Dundas road, in the township of Toronto, about thirteen miles from the town of York. This was over sixty-seven years ago, when that township, like nearly every other part of the province, was sparsely settled, and there was not a church or place of worship in the neighborhood; the itinerant Methodist preacher being the only exponent of the Gospel to the people. Mr. Aikins, like the greater part of the immigrants from the north of Ireland, had been brought up in the Presbyterian faith, but soon after settling in Peel he joined the Methodist body, and his house became a well known place of meeting for worship among the people of the settlement. Dr. Aikins received his education, like his brother, the Hon. James Cox Aikins, the lieutenant-governor of Manitoba, in the public schools of the neighborhood, and afterwards attended Victoria College, Cobourg. After passing through that university he removed to Toronto, where he took up the study of medicine, and was granted a license to practise in 1849. He, however, to better fit himself for his important calling went to Philadelphia and entered the Philadelphia College of Medicine, and graduated in 1850 with the degree of M.D. On his return to Toronto Dr. Aikins soon began to take a foremost position in the profession, especially in surgery, and is now one of the leading surgeons of the present day. He is one of the first members of the College of Physicians and Surgeons, and has been the treasurer of the same
- 49. since its foundation. For about twenty-four years he was one of the medical staff of the Toronto General Hospital, and is now consulting surgeon of the same institution. He also holds the position of surgeon to the Central Prison, Toronto. But it is in his connection with the Toronto School of Medicine that Dr. Aikins has most signally distinguished himself. He has been one of its faculty from its inception, first as professor of anatomy, and subsequently on surgery, as well as dean of the faculty. For thirty-eight years Dr. Aikins has been engaged in assisting the young members of the profession to qualify themselves for the duties of life; and in order that he might be the better enabled to accomplish this, he took a trip to the principal seats of learning in Great Britain and the continent of Europe, so as to study the latest scientific methods of treatment and see experiments performed that would be of benefit to his pupils on his return. The question of organizing a medical faculty to the University of Toronto having become a public matter, Dr. Aikins and the faculty of the Toronto School of Medicine were invited by the senate to amalgamate their school and become part of our national university. This, after mature consideration, was acceded to, and in the fall of 1887 Toronto School of Medicine ceased to exist as a separate institution, and is now an integral part of Toronto University, Dr. Aikins being elected dean of the medical faculty and professor of surgery in the new medical branch of the university. In 1884 his alma mater, Victoria University, conferred upon him the honorary degree of LL.D. In religion he is a member of the Methodist church, and takes an active interest in everything that helps to advance her interests. In politics he is a Reformer. Mackenzie, John Mills, Mayor of Moncton, New Brunswick, was born at Moncton, county of Westmoreland, N.B., on the 27th April, 1825. He is, on the paternal side, of Scotch descent, his grandfather having come from Scotland many years ago, and settled in the maritime provinces. His father, William Mackenzie, was born in Halifax, Nova Scotia, and his mother, Charlotte Mills, of
- 50. English descent, first saw the light in Moncton, having been the first child by English parents born in the locality in which her father and mother resided after coming from Poughkeepsie, state of New York, at the close of the American revolutionary war. Mr. Mackenzie was educated at Moncton, and received a sound English course. When quite a young man he started out in life and was engaged from 1842 to 1851 as a school teacher in his native county and the adjoining county of Albert; and afterwards he engaged in commercial pursuits for a period of nine years. He then became deputy-sheriff of Westmoreland county, and from 1861 to 1867 held this office, and became curator of the Westmoreland bank—having been appointed to that position by the Supreme Court of New Brunswick—and wound up its affairs. Subsequently he was appointed official assignee by the Dominion government under the then Insolvency Act. He was by the local government appointed to the office of justice of the peace and commissioner for taking special bail, and for taking affidavits to be read in the Supreme Court. Mr. Mackenzie took an active part in the purchase of the Moncton Tannery Company’s property, and assisted in the organization of a new company which was successfully operated until its property was destroyed by fire. The company immediately rebuilt its premises, but before the expiration of the second year the building was again destroyed by fire, when the company paid their liabilities in full and gave up business. After this he helped to organize the following companies, namely: The Moncton Gas-Light and Water Company, the Moncton Sugar Refining Company, and the Moncton Cotton manufacturing Company, all of which have since been successfully carried on. Mr. Mackenzie is connected with the Masonic brotherhood, and is a member of Keith Lodge, and also of the Botsford Royal Arch Chapter, both of which he helped to organize. He has occupied the position of town councillor for several terms; and was elected to the position of mayor of the town in March, 1887, and this honorable position he still occupies. He is one of Moncton’s most spirited citizens, and takes great interest in every movement that has for its object the moral and material interests of its inhabitants. In religion he belongs to the Baptist denomination. On
- 51. the 3rd April, 1855, he was married to Sarah Caroline Cornwall, who is of English loyalist descent. Gibbons, Robert, Goderich, Sheriff of the County of Huron, belongs to an old Birmingham family (of England), where his father, William Gibbons, and his ancestors for several generations, were born, though he himself dates his birth to Glasgow, Scotland, December the 24th, 1811. His father was an ingenious machinist, and was engaged for years in turning, finishing and fitting up machinery. The maiden name of the Sheriff’s mother was Margaret M. McDonald, who was born in Scotland. In June, 1820, the family left the old world for Canada, landing at Quebec in August, and settled on land in the county of Lanark. About four hundred persons came out on the same vessel from Glasgow, and made their home in the same county, each head of the family having received 100 acres of land from the government, on condition that they would occupy and improve it. Robert aided his father in clearing a farm there. In 1827, he went with the family to Pottsdam, St. Lawrence county, New York, where he spent five years in cultivating the soil, and where he received most of his education. On leaving here on 16th May, 1832, he reached Goderich, walking all the way from Toronto, a distance of 135 miles. The place then contained about two hundred and fifty inhabitants, and he has seen it expand into a town of about six thousand people. When Mr. Gibbons reached this point he had but a few dollars left, but he had the wealth of a sound constitution, two hands already toil-hardened, and a disposition to use them to good advantage. After working a few months at farming, he opened a meat shop, and for sixteen years was a butcher and cattle buyer, in which he proved himself a very energetic business man. After a short time, he again turned his attention to farming and stock- raising, which he continued until a few years ago. When the rebellion broke out he went into the militia as a sergeant, and retired in March, 1838, a lieutenant. In 1867 Mr. Gibbons was elected to the Ontario legislature, to represent South Huron; lost his seat during
- 52. the second session; was re-elected in 1871, serving two sessions, and in November, 1872, resigned, and accepted the shrievalty of the county, which position he still holds, and is an efficient and obliging officer. In politics he is a Reformer, and has spent much time and money for the benefit of the cause and in disseminating the principles of his party. Mr. Gibbons has done an unusual amount of work in the town and county municipalities. Commencing in the district council in 1848, he served as reeve nearly twenty years, and warden thirteen years in succession, first in the united counties of Huron and Bruce, then of Huron alone. He was elected mayor in 1853, 1854 and 1855, and his labors in the town and county have been of great value to the community. In 1868 he was elected a member of the Board of Agriculture and Arts Association of Ontario, and served in that position for nine years. He was vice-president in 1873, and president, in 1874, and his address the latter year was ordered to be printed in pamphlet form, and was widely distributed. He is an adherent of the Presbyterian church, is one of the most liberal supporters of the gospel in Goderich, and has assisted many houses of worship in the county as well as in the town. Although he has been always a hard-working man, and is now well up in years, yet he is well preserved; has a cheerful disposition, and a good share of bonhomie, which qualities shorten no one’s days. He has been twice married, first in November, 1835, to Jane Wilson, of Cumberland, England, who died in May, 1873, leaving five children, one of whom shortly afterwards died; another, the only son, dying in February, 1879. His second marriage took place in June, 1874, to Alice Roddy, also from England. Robertson, Hon. Thomas, Hamilton, Ontario, Judge of Chancery Division, High Court of Justice, was born in the village of Ancaster, on the 25th January, 1827. At that time Ancaster was the most important business centre west of York. His father, the late Alexander Robertson, of Goderich, a remote descendant of the clan Donnachie, came to Canada in 1820, from Foxbar, in Renfrewshire,
- 53. which had been the home of his family for several generations, since the time when the misfortunes of Prince Charles, having proved the ruin of so many of his adherents, not a few of the Robertsons had left their beloved Rannoch to seek for better fortunes in the, to them, unwontedly peaceful pursuits of the lowlands. He was married in 1824 to Matilda, eldest daughter of Col. Titus Geir Simons, high sheriff of the old Gore district, who had served in command of his regiment in the war of 1812-13, and fought at Lundy’s Lane, where he was dangerously wounded. Of this marriage the Hon. Mr. Robertson is the eldest child. He was educated at the London and Huron District Grammar Schools and the University of Toronto; studied law under the late Hon. John Hillyard Cameron; became an attorney in 1849, was called to the bar of Upper Canada in 1852; became a Queen’s counsel under patent from the Earl of Dufferin, governor-general in 1873, and a bencher of the Law Society of Ontario, in 1874. He began his professional career at Dundas, whence he subsequently removed to Hamilton, where he enjoyed a large practice, and a widely extended reputation as a leading nisi prius advocate. He was the first Crown attorney for Wentworth, and remained such until 1863, when he was superseded by the appointment by Sandfield Macdonald of the late S. B. Freeman, Q.C., to the clerkship of the peace, whereby he became also ex-officio Crown attorney. At the first general election after Confederation, Mr. Robertson contested South Wentworth with Mr. Rymal, the then sitting member for that constituency, at whose hands he suffered defeat by a majority of twenty-seven votes. Mr. Robertson and his colleague F. E. Kilvert, now collector of Customs for Hamilton, were elected at the general election of 1878, in opposition to Mr. Irving, Q.C., and Mr. Wood, the late members, to the representation of the constituency for which they were then returned, at the general election in 1882, and continued to represent that city until his elevation to the Bench of the High Court of Justice of Ontario of the Chancery Division in February, 1887. In politics he was a Liberal- Conservative and a supporter of the National Policy, which in its main features he strongly advocated in 1867, in his contest with Mr. Rymal in South Wentworth. He was also in favor of compulsory
- 54. voting, which he suggested as a desirable amendment of the law, both through the press and in letters to Hon. Edward Blake and other persons so long ago as 1870. Hon. Mr. Robertson married, in June, 1850, Frances Louisa, youngest daughter of the late Theodore Reed, one of the earliest pioneers of the Huron Tract, by whom he has three sons and one daughter living. Murray, William, Sherbrooke, Quebec, was born in the county of Armagh, Ireland, on the 15th day of August, 1845. He came to Canada with his parents when a lad, and was educated at St. Edwards, in the county of Napierville, P.Q., taking a commercial course. He was then apprenticed to the grocery trade in Montreal with Alexander McGibbon, and remained with him from 1861 to 1865. He then went to Sherbrooke, and opened a retail general store, in which he continued till the year 1881. By strict attention to business he succeeded in building up a large trade connection. In 1881, believing that he could increase his business still further, he sold out the retail store and started as a wholesale merchant, and his business at the present time is a large and lucrative one. Mr. Murray has always taken a great interest in municipal affairs, and has been a school trustee since 1876. He was appointed in 1878 by the government a member of the commissioners’ court for the township of Ascot, P.Q., and continued to hold this office until 1887, when, on the coming into office of the Mercier administration, his commission was revoked on political grounds. In 1885 Mr. Murray was elected for the first time to the city council, and was chosen chief magistrate of Sherbrooke in 1887. In January, 1888, his friends again elected him to the city council, and this time by acclamation. He is also one of the trustees of the St. Michael’s cemetery, being elected one of the first members of the board. He is a director of the Eastern Townships Colonization Company, and was elected its president in 1888. As the principal shareholders of this company are in Nantes, France, it will be seen that though not one of their countrymen, his fellow shareholders have the greatest confidence in
- 55. his financial abilities. He was also one of the founders of the Typographical Printing Company, has been a director since its organization, and in 1877 was its president. In politics Mr. Murray is a Liberal-Conservative, and in religion a Roman catholic. He was married on the 25th of May, 1868, to Amelia Moreau, daughter of Michael Moreau, of Montreal, a descendant of an old French family, by whom he has a family of three daughters and two sons. Young, Edward, A.M., Ph.D., Member of the Statistical Society of London; Member of the Geographical Society of France; United States Consul at Windsor, N.S., son of Clarke and Sarah Wingate Young, was born December 11, 1814, at the family household, in Falmouth, a village in Hants county, on the river Avon, opposite to Windsor. The Youngs are of Scotch descent; an ancestor, a Scotch covenanter, forced by persecution to leave his native land, settled in Massachusetts, from which colony Edward’s grandfather, Thomas Young, then a youth, came to Falmouth, with his widowed mother, about the year 1762. He afterwards married a sister of the celebrated evangelist, Rev. Henry Alline, called the Whitefield of Nova Scotia, who travelled and preached in Acadia from 1776 until a short time before his death in New Hampshire, February 8, 1783. His journal was published by his nephew, Clarke Young in 1806. The original in shorthand invented by himself, is now in the possession of the consul. A volume of hymns, entirely of his own composition, was published by Mr. Alline, one of which—“Amazing Sight, the Saviour Stands,” may be found, uncredited, in almost every hymnal now in use. The consul’s mother was a daughter of George Johnson—one of a family who came from Yorkshire to Norton about 1762—and of Mary, his wife, a daughter of Benjamin Cleaveland, who came from Connecticut, in 1760, with the New England colony that settled in Norton after the expulsion of the Acadians. “Deacon” Cleaveland, as he was called, was a brother or cousin to Rev. Aaron, great grandfather of President Cleveland, who, in 1755, or ’56, came from Connecticut to become the minister of the Mather (afterward, St.
- 56. Matthew’s Presbyterian) Church, in Halifax. Benjamin Cleaveland, who died in 1811, published a hymn book, one of the hymns, of his own composition—“O, could I find from day to day, a nearness to my God,”—appears in many modern hymnals. The Cleavelands are noted for their longevity, averaging nearly ninety years at death. One of Benjamin’s daughters died in 1877, aged 101 years and 4 months. The consul is one of a family of five, all living; the oldest, William H., emigrated to Australia, George and Margaret, both unmarried, reside at the old homestead, while the older sister, Mrs. William Church, is also a resident of Falmouth. After receiving the best education the common schools of that day could give, Edward was one of the first pupils at Norton Academy in April, 1829, of whom the “Records of Students” says: — Though quite a lad, he showed aptness for learning. Subsequently he left the province and became Chief of the Bureau of Statistics at Washington, received the degree of M.A. from Acadia College, and afterwards Ph.D. from Columbian University, Washington. He has proved himself the constant friend of Acadia. As donor for several years of an annual gold medal for proficiency in the higher mathematics, he is remembered with interest, respect and affection. He lived several years in Windsor, acquired a knowledge of mercantile business, and believing that the United States offered greater advantages to young men, left his native place in October, 1835, went to the west, and settled in Indiana. There he engaged in business and to some extent in politics. His first vote was given for General Morrison, the Whig candidate for president, who failed of election in 1836, but succeeded in 1840. The severe and long continued illness of Mr. Young’s father induced him to return and remain some years in his native province, during which period he was united in marriage to Maria Bishop, of Horton, some of whose ancestors, the Bishops and Gores, of Connecticut, came with the New England colony in 1760. She is a descendant also of Joseph Jencks, a colonial governor of Rhode Island. After his marriage in
- 57. December, 1840, he resided in Halifax, engaged partly in commercial pursuits, owning some vessels trading to the United States and the West Indies, himself visiting for purposes of trade the West India islands, South America and the Southern ports of the United States. He edited and published, from 1843 to 1845, a weekly paper, The Olive Branch, the first temperance paper in the Maritime provinces, if not in British North America, except, for a short period, one published also in Halifax, by Edmund Ward. Sustaining losses by shipping, he removed in 1849 to Boston, where he remained till 1851, when he engaged in permanent business in Philadelphia, as publisher of books and a weekly newspaper devoted to American industries, in copartnership with E. T. Freedly, author of a “Treatise on Business,” and other practical works. Their most important publication was “A History of American Manufactures, from 1608 to 1866,” 3 vols. octavo, edited by his wife’s brother, John Leander Bishop, M.D., who was for three years surgeon of a Pennsylvania regiment during the late war. Not only in the United States but by the London Times and other leading journals of England, by the “Westminster” and other reviews, was the highest praise awarded to the author. Even now it is the standard authority on the early history of manufactures in that colony and in the United States. Dr. Bishop was one of the earliest graduates of Acadia. The hardships he endured during the war hastened his death, which occurred in 1868. Not only as a historian and scholar was he lamented, but as the highest style of a man—a Christian gentleman. A statistical work compiled by Mr. Young, attracted the notice of the Washington authorities, and the superintendent of the census offered him a place in that bureau which he accepted, and removed to Washington in 1861, where as chief of division he superintended the compilation of the statistics of industry, and prepared for publication a voluminous report on the manufactures of the United States, the first of the kind. On the completion of this important work, in 1865, he accepted a place in the revenue commission tendered him by its chairman, Hon. David A. Wells, the celebrated economist, and in the following year and subsequently while Mr. Wells was special commissioner of the revenue, he was assistant or deputy
- 58. commissioner. How faithfully Mr. Young performed his work, how thoroughly he mastered the then complicated revenue system of the United States, Mr. Wells has ever since taken pleasure in manifesting. The imperfect manner in which the commercial statistics were compiled in the treasury department induced Mr. Wells to have a statistical bureau established which was authorised by Act of Congress, and the bureau organized in September, 1866. In the administration of this important bureau the director failed to give satisfaction, and was afterwards legislated out of office, and Mr. Young, who had resigned and resumed his publishing business in Philadelphia, was induced by Mr. Wells to return to Washington and devoted his energies to the work of the bureau. For a few months as chief clerk, and for more than eight years as chief of the bureau, he so improved it that it was acknowledged to be peer of older institutions of Europe, and the work of its director commended, and the accuracy of his statements acknowledged on the floors of both houses of Congress and in foreign countries. A similar bureau was established in Chili, on a plan prepared by Mr. Young; and one in Japan, partly through correspondence and partly by exhibiting to commissioners sent to examine it, the operations of the Washington bureau, and explaining the details, of which full notes were taken. In addition to the monthly, quarterly and annual reports of the chief of the Bureau of Statistics, as required by law, Mr. Young prepared and published several special reports of great interest and value. In 1871 he published “A Special Report on Immigration,” “A Special Report on the Customs-tariff Legislation of the United States,” and other works. In consideration of these labors, Columbian University at Washington conferred upon him the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. The report on Immigration, or more properly “Information for Immigrants,” was welcomed with enthusiasm, as it gave detailed information as to the advantages offered by the sparsely settled states and territories to individuals and families in Europe who were desirous to emigrate to America. Tens of thousands of copies were distributed throughout Europe, not only by the United States government, but by steamship, transportation and other companies, who purchased the work in sheets from the public printer, and distributed it through
- 59. their agents. Dr. Young had it translated into the French and German languages, also into Swedish; and ten thousand copies in French and about twelve thousand in German were printed and circulated in European countries where those languages are spoken. The result was a great increase each year in the number of immigrants, especially of the more valuable classes, as compared with the arrivals in preceding years. So valuable was it regarded in other countries that the celebrated French economist, Michel Chevalier, in an extended article published in a French periodical, commended Dr. Young’s book, and suggested that a work on the same plan be prepared by the French government, showing the advantages offered by Algiers to those who desired to make their homes in a sparsely settled country. The German government, finding that its people in great numbers were emigrating to the United States, interposed obstacles to the general distribution of this volume full of information. The Marquis of Lorne personally solicited the author to prepare a volume on a similar plan, presenting the great advantages offered by Manitoba and the North-West Territories to those desirous of emigrating to some part of America. The author of the “Special Report on the United States Tariff” was gratified when, during the exciting tariff discussion in the Canadian House of Commons in 1879, his book was observed in the hands of members of both parties, and extracts read therefrom. His greatest work, however, completed in 1875, after years of preparation, was called, “Labor in Europe and America,” 864 pages, octavo, and was republished in 1879, by Dawson Brothers, Montreal, from the original stereotype plates. This is an elaborate special report on the rate of wages, the cost of subsistence, and the condition of the working classes in Great Britain, France, Belgium, Germany, and other countries of Europe, and also in the United States and British America. It is prefaced by a learned and exhaustive review of the condition of the working people among the nations of antiquity and during the middle ages. The following extracts are made from an extended review of this book by a well-known economic writer in Philadelphia: —
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