Harmonic AnalysisofDistribution System Due to Embedded Generation Injection

International Journal of Research in Engineering and Science (IJRES)
ISSN (Online): 2320-9364, ISSN (Print): 2320-9356
www.ijres.org Volume 5 Issue 8 ǁ August. 2017 ǁ PP. 68-73
www.ijres.org 68 | Page
Harmonic AnalysisofDistribution System Due to Embedded
Generation Injection
*
Achadiyah A.N.1
,Suyono H.2
,Hasanah R. N.3
(Department Of Electrical Engineering, Faculty OfEngineering, Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia)
Corresponding author
*
Achadiyah A.N.
ABSTRACT:The increased demand for electricity and the depletion of fossil energy sources are a challenge
to exploit new and renewable energy sources. Relatively cheap renewable energy sources are Wind Power Plant
(WPP) and Photovoltaic System (PV). Currently, many small scale generating plants are being evolved into
conventional systems known as Embedded Generation (EG). EG as a source of electricity in the distribution
system will affect the flow of system power, system reliability, voltage profile and others. Besides, with the
placement of converter technology in WPP and PV system will give contribution of harmonic enhancement to
the system. This paper presents the harmonic analysis of WPP and PV designs that are injected into
conventional distribution system in one bus at Pujon feeder station Malang, Indonesia. The bus is chosen
because in this area the need for electric power in the area is very high and the existing system has a harmonic
value of 11%. Hybrid Active Filter (HAF) is designed to lower the voltage harmonics due to EG injection into
existing systems without affecting harmonics in other buses. To analyze the harmonics in this study there are 4
scenarios offered: Scenario 1 starts with analysis on existing system, scenario 2 existing in WPP 2 MVA
injection, scenario 3, injection1.3 MVA PV, scenario 4 injected EG (WPP and PV). The simulation result using
PSCAD 4.5 shows in scenario 4 to generate harmonic voltage of 18.6% and after added with HAF, the harmonic
value of the voltage becomes 2.434%.
Keywords: Embedded Generation, Harmonic, Photovoltaic System, Wind Power Plant.
I. INTRODUCTION
As 87.8% of electrical power requirement in Indonesia still utilizes fossil fuel, while the renewable
energy usage is only in a level of 12.2%, i.e. water potential power (9.1%), biomass power (2.66%), wind power
(0.002%), and solar power (0.16%) [1]. The renewable energy source utilizes natural resources by using small-
scale power plant which is known as EG. Hakim [2] creates a feasibility study of hybrid power plant with
maximum capacity of WPP for 2 MVA and of PV for 1.3 MVA located in Mount Banyak, Batu City. Jenkins
[3][4] conducted a research about distributed small-scale power plant which is injected to the distribution system
called the Embedded Generation (EG), which in turn helps electric power requirement.
Suyono [5] shows that injection from EG influences the power system reliability. It consists of voltage
profile, power flow, losses on system, e.g. harmonic. Hasan [6] reduces harmonic value inside WPP using
hybrid filter, i.e. serial connected active filter with shunt passive filter. Kalbat [7] analyzes total harmonic in PV
system design and simulated with PSCAD software.This paper analyzes harmonic voltage from EG design with
hybridized from 2 MVA WPP and 1.3 MVA PV. The design was simulated with PSCAD and the EG was
injected into Pujon Feeder Distribution System.Leopold [8] uses hybrid active power filter for filtering the
harmonic current in EG system by connecting active filter in series circuit with passive filter. Sushare [9] uses
passive filter to eliminate load harmonic and active filter for improving the performance of passive filter. Tzung-
Ling [10] designs Hybrid Active Filter Unit (HAFU) to supress harmonic resonance and to decrease hasrmonic
distortion. The design of EG is then simulated by injecting hybrid system with bus in Pujon Feeder Station with
20 kV medium voltage. The design is expected to give solution to the lack of power supply and the high
harmonic in Pujon Feeder Station.
According to the PT. PLN Gardu Induk Sengkaling, the Pujon Feeder Station still has power shortage
and voltage harmonic as high as 11%, exceeding IEEE 519-1992 standard. Generally, the power shortage in
Pujon is caused by the settlement located in hilly region, while the harmonic high value is mostly caused by tour
sites operating many electric motors. Such problems lead this research into designing EG-injected grid system
and adding HAF in order to decrease harmonic value, which in turn would resulting a reliable electrical power.
II. WIND POWER PLANT (WPP)
According to Ana [11], WPP is consisting of one or more wind turbine. The turbine selection will
determine the quality of power produced. Patel [12] says that wind turbine in WPP system are arranged in
parallel to produce electricity. The choice of turbine type is then based on wind speed, tower structure, count of
rotor blades, the shaft, the generator, the fan, and the control system. Controlling the stability of power

Harmonic Analysis of Distribution System Due To Embedded Generation Injection
produced, it also requires anemometer, sensors, stall controllers, power electronics, battery, and mechanical
transmission. Power electronic has a purpose to convert the electrical energy as needed. However, the
components inside power electronics tend to rise the harmonic in WPP system.
Fig.1.Working principle of WPP
Once the wind turns the blades of the turbine, the rotation is then transmitted to the generator rotor
located behind the wind turbine. The generator converts this mechanical rotation energy into electricity, which
generated by the alteration of magnetic flux in the stator and produces AC voltage and current. Prior to the
distribution, it is usually first stored in the batteries, hence it needs rectifier for converting from AC into DC.
The work of this rectifier plays a major role in harmonic generation in WPP system.Generally, the electrical
system of the WPP is divided in two, i.e. fixed speed and variable speed. Considering the wind source in Mount
Banyak, Batu as high as 12 m/s and located on hilly location, the design uses fixed speed turbine and 3-blade
horizontal axis. With this conversion from AC to DC, further analysis about voltage harmonic caused by the
conversion is required.
III. PV SYSTEM
Patel [12] says that the PV system main components are PV cell module, solar radiation, and the
module surface temperature. P System possesses an ability to convert photon from solar radiation into DC
power. The amount of voltage and current depends on the intensity of photon hit the PV cell surface. With the
intensity of the solar rays on the earth surface of 1000 watts with 25 °C, the PV is designed to have 1.3 MVA
capacity. The electricity generated by the PV is then charged into battery, and then converted into AC by
inverter to the transformer and injected directly into Pujon Feeder Station distribution grid.
The presence of inverter, however, leads to harmonic voltage increasing in the system. It can be
reduced by filter. The main purpose of the filter is to reduce the amplitude of specific frequencies of a current or
voltage. On the other side, installation of harmonic filters in the power system makes suppression in harmonic
current spreading to the entire grid.
IV. SIMULATION RESULT
4.1 Existing
The existing data used is originated from Sengkaling Relay Station, which has 2 150/20 kV
transformers with 30 MVA and 60 MVA capacities, respectively. The Pujon Feeder Station is a feeder in
Sengkaling Relay Station which is supplied from transformer of 150/20 kV 300 MVA with 300 A nominal load
capacity. The feeder station installs distribution relay as many as 71 units with each capacity ranged from 25
kVA to 250 kVA.
The Pujon Feeder Station currently operates in average load on 67th
bus with voltage harmonic value as
high as 11%. It exceeds the IEEE 519-1992 standard, which is 5% on 20 kV. By using data from Pujon Feeder
Station, simulation provides 10.853% harmonic voltage and 27.5% total harmonic distortion (THD). Visually,
simulated harmonic voltage and THD is shown in Figure 2. The primary side of 67th
bus experienced voltage
drop from 20 kV to 17 kV, as shown in Figure 3.

Fig.2.Harmonic voltage graphical representation (existing)
Fig.3.The 67th
bus voltage in graphical representation (existing)
4.2 Existing + WPP 2 MVA
The second scenario is to design 2 MVA WPP and connect it with the existing 20 kV. WPP is then
connected to the existing without both battery and control system. The 2 MVA WPP is designed with output
voltage 690 V and then connected to the step down transformer 0.69/0.38 kV. The WPP system is then injected
directly to the 67th
bus in the secondary side on 0.38 kV. And the simulation results in voltage harmonic less
than 1%, 0.3753 kV voltages and 1.2 MW power. The harmonic value in this scenario is small because of no
control system connected to the system. The graphical representation of the voltage and the harmonic is shown
in Figure 4.
(a) (b)
Fig.4.(a) Graphicalvoltageon bus 67th
, (b) Harmonic on bus 67th
4.3Existing + PV 1.3 MVA
The third scenario is to connect between Pujon existing feeder and PV system. It joins 1.3 MVA PV
system into 67th
bus on Pujon Feeder Station. This bus is selected since it is located in tourist area which has
high power demand and high harmonic. The output of the PV system will be 0.83 kV DC and 1.3 MVA and
then stored in the battery. The battery power drain is then converted into AC 380 V, and converted again into
HarmonikIndividual
100.0
0.0
[3] 10.5832
THDTegangan
100.0
0.0
[1] 27.5086
Harmonic (%)
100.0
0.0
[3] 0.0788124

0.295/16.53 kV with 0.9 MW power as displayed in Figure 5. This system produces voltage harmonic 8.62%
and total THD of 22.622% as shown in Figure 6.
(a) (b)
Fig.5.(a) Primary Voltage , (b) Secondaryvoltage on bus 67th
(a) (b)
Fig.6 (a) THD Voltage, (b) Harmonic on bus 67th
4.4 Embedded Generation (Existing + WPP + PV)
The fourth scenario is to join WPP and PV design into existing. Prior to existing injection, WPP and
PV are joined together, and the WPP system has the output converted into DC by using rectifier. The output
voltage from WPP is then combined with PV output and DC link 1.76 F. The DC current is then stored in
battery with output voltage of0.453 kV. Just beforeinjection to the existing, the DC is supplied to the inverter
and passive filter to generate AC power of 0.3781 kV. Figure 7 displays the voltage before and after filtering.
Fig.7 Hybrid output voltage of the system
THDVoltage (%)
100.0
0.0
[1] 22.622
Harmonic (%)
100.0
0.0
[3] 8.62858

The hybrid of WPP and PV is then connected to the 0.38/20 kV step up transformer, and injected to the
67th
bus. As shown by the simulation, the injection of the hybrid system produce 18.6% voltage harmonic and
63.54% THD, and visually can be obtained from Figure 8. Generally, the EG system generates voltage of
0.3115/17 kV with voltage dropping more than 10% and 3.08 MW power. Figure 9(a) shows the graph of
voltage before injection of hybrid system, and Figure 9(b) shows the voltage after.
(a) (b)
Fig.8 (a) THD Voltage, (b) Harmonic on bus 67th
(a) (b)
Fig.9 (a) Voltage before injection, (b) Voltage after injection
The simulation result suggests that the hybrid injection produce distorted voltage, so it requires appropriate filter
to obtain sinusoidal voltage, as shown in Figure 8 and Figure 9. The installation of filter offered is using Hybrid
Active Filter (HAF) from the secondary side of 67th bus.
4.5 Embedded Generation (Existing + WPP + PV)by HAF
The final scenario is to join EG to HAF system. HAF is a combination of active and passive filter.
Akagi [13] stated that active filter works to improve the passive filter performance. HAF is connected to the
primary side of 67th
bus and it’s shown in Figure 10. Once the existing injected by EG, then the entire system is
then connected to the HAF. Simulation result before HAF showed 17.82/0.3374 kV voltage, 18.6% voltage
harmonic, and 63.54% THD. After HAF, simulation produces 17.82/0.3373 kV voltage, 2.43441% voltage
harmonic, and 23.4316% voltage THD. Table 1 shows distinction between the five different simulation.
Fig.10 Design Hybrid Active Filter (HAF)
THD Voltage (%)
100.0
0.0
[1] 63.5429
Voltage Harmonic (%)
100.0
0.0
[3] 18.6078
A
B
C
RLC
RLC
RLC
A
B
C
A
B
C
0.38 [kV]
#2#1
20 [kV]
100 [kVA]
5000[uF]
IdcLinkR
SIGA SIGB
5
SIGC
4
SIGAP
6
SIGBP
2
SIGCP
1 3
VdcLink
0.0001 [ohm]
0.1[uF]
V
V
A
V
A
V
A
Series
Active
Filter
N1 N2
BRK
Harmonic Series Active Filter
0.0009204303211[H]
0.0005692342284[H]252.517293[uF]
0.0005791819032[H]150.1337074[uF]
0.0004059864414[H]142.7955081[uF]
0.000407082963[H]102.3784571[uF]
0.0005877247729[H]53.26251836[uF]
306.0886924[uF]
Harmonic ShuntPassive Filter
Order5,7,9,11,13,15
V
A
V
A
V
A
Power
A
B
P
Iabc
P_in
Power
A
B
P
P_out
Idef
A
C
IM
B
W
S
T
2_PC_440
0.0
0.0
0.0

Table 1.Embedded Generation (EG) Injection System Scenario
Scenario Existing
bus 67
WPP
2 MVA
PV
1.3 MVA
Harmonic Harmonic (%)
(%) Passive Active
1 √ - - 10.583 4.7 -
2 √ √ - 0.078 - -
3 √ - √ 11.0066 5.9 -
4 √ √ √ 18.6 6.72 2.43
V. CONCLUSION
The results of the analysis and simulation with 4 scenarios can be summarized as follows:
1. The harmonic analysis is performed to find the voltage profile, harmonic voltage and THD voltage.
2. In scenario 1, has a harmonics voltage of 10.583% and after the connect the passive filter down to 4.7%
3. Scenario 3, has a harmonic voltage of 11.0066% and after connected the passive filter drops to 5.9%.
4. Simulation in scenario 4 is generated HAF installation on EG system hence it will decrease harmonic
voltage value from 18.6% to 6.72% if only passive filter function. When the active filter is run as well then
the harmonic voltage becomes 2.43%.
5. The use of HAF generally improves the harmonic value of voltage on the system.
References
[1]. StatistikKetenagalistrikan. 2015. (Jakarta :EnergidanSumberDaya Mineral, 2016).
[2]. Hakim. L, Studikelayakanpembangkittenagahybridsurya-snginterhubunggriddi GunungBanyak Kota
Batu, thesis, Brawijaya University, Indonesia, 2015.
[3]. Jenkins N., Allan R., Cossley P., Kirschen D., and Strbac G., Embedded Generation, The Institution of
Electrical Engineers, London, UK, 2000.
[4]. Jenkins N., Ekanayake J.B., and Strbac G., Distributed Generation,The Institution of Engineering and
Technology, London, UK, 2010.
[5]. Suyono H. andHasanah R.N, Analysis of power losses due to distributed generation increase on
distribution system, Journal Technologi Science and Engineering, 78(6-3), 2016, 23-28.
[6]. HasanK.N.Md, KalleRauma, Alvaro Luna, Ignacio Candela J. and Rodriquez P., Harmonic resonances
damping using hybrid filter for WPP, Member IEEE, 2012, 1312-1319.
[7]. Kalbat A., PSCAD simulation of grid-tied photovoltaic systems and total harmonic distortion analysis, A
tutorial review, Proc. 3th IEEE International Conference on Electric Power and Energy Conversion
Systems,10 (2-4),Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey, 2013.
[8]. Leopold Herman, Igor Papic and BostjanBlazic, A proportional-resonant current controller for selective
harmonic compensation in a hybrid active power filter, IEEE Transaction on Power Delivery, 29(5),
2014, 2055-2064.
[9]. Sushree D.S., PravatK.R.andMohanty K.B., Voltage compensation and stability analysis of hybrid series
active filter for harmonic components, Annual IEEE India Conference (INDICON), 2013.
[10]. Tzung-Lin L., Yen-Ching W., Jian-Cheng L., and Josep M.G., Hybrid active filter with variable
conductance for harmonic resonance suppression in industrial power systems, IEEE Transactions on
Industrial Electronics, 62(2), 2015.
[11]. Ana I., A dynamic wind generation model for power systems studies, Member IEEE, Transaction on
Power System, 19(2), 2004, 1387-1401.
[12]. Patel M.R., Wind and solar power system, (U.S. Merchant Marine AcademyKings Point, New York,
U.S.A., 2005)
[13]. Akagi H., Active harmonicfilters :A tutorial review, Proc. vol93, no.12, IEEE,2005.
*Achadiyah A.N. "Harmonic Analysis of distribution System Due to Embedded Generation Injection."
International Journal of Research in Engineering and Science (IJRES) 05.08 (2017): 68-73.

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