Hazloc overview
3 likes1,016 views
The document provides an overview of hazardous locations, including definitions, causes of explosions, potential ignition sources, classification schemes, and protection concepts. It emphasizes the importance of certification for industries that deal with explosive atmospheres and outlines the design guidelines for safety in such environments. Key topics include the 'fire triangle', flammability limits, temperature classifications, dust hazards, and various protection techniques to mitigate explosion risks.
Hazloc overview
- 1. www.intertek.com Hazardous Locations Overview Presented By: Ryan Parks Hazardous Locations Team Leader
- 2. www.intertek.com Topics of Discussion • What is a Hazardous Location? • What causes an explosion? • Potential ignition sources • Protection concepts 101 • Classification Schemes (ATEX/IEC vs. NEC) • Designing/Certification for HazLoc
- 3. www.intertek.com Hazardous Locations Overview, Ignitions Sources, and Protection Concepts
- 4. www.intertek.com What is Potentially Explosive Atmosphere Certification and why might you need it? Any industry that processes, uses or manufactures materials that may give rise to a flammable atmosphere (gas, mist, liquid, dusts or even small fibres) may have a potentially explosive atmosphere. Such industries/processes include: Oil and Gas Drilling Petrochemical Refining and Processing Fuel Storage Chemical manufacturing Car Manufacturing Water Treatment Power Generation Pharmaceutical Distilleries Food manufacturers Aviation Military Painting
- 6. www.intertek.com Facts about Disaster • 11 Missing, presumed dead • $350,000,000 cost for rig (now 5,000 ft below water) • $350,000,000 spent so far – BP • 200,000 gallons (5,000 barrels) leaking per day in the Gulf - $75/barrell = $375,000/day • $2 – 14 billion estimated in clean-up and compensation (preliminary) • Damage to shipping lanes, tourism, fishing/shrimping industry, and wildlife/environment • Faulty cement casing around well; failed pressure testing hours before explosion • Faulty BOP; Kill Switch not activated
- 7. www.intertek.com In order to create an explosion there has to be fuel (for example and explosive gas such as hydrogen), and oxidizer (such as the oxygen in air) and a source of ignition energy (for example, a hot surface or an electrical spark). These three items are commonly referred to as ‘the fire triangle’. What is an explosion?
- 8. www.intertek.com The explosion properties of our fuel (gasses, vapours, combustible dusts) have been studied and organized by their fammability limits and ignition temp etc. in order to suitably assess the potential of an explosion and to take appropriate preventative measures to avoid an explosion. The Fuel
- 9. www.intertek.com Fuel Properties All flammable gasses, vapours and mists require to be mixed with oxygen to make them burn. There is about 20-21% of oxygen in the air we breath. Mixtures of a flammable gas and certain percentages of air will burn if ignited. Too much or too little oxygen, the mixture will not ignite. The upper and lower concentrations of gas in atmospheric air, by volume, are known as their flammability or explosive limit.
- 10. www.intertek.com Lower Explosive Limit (LEL) The concentration of flammable gas or vapour in air, below which the gas atmosphere is not explosive. Upper Explosive Limit (UEL) The concentration of flammable gas or vapour in air, above which the gas atmosphere is not explosive. Explosion Properties
- 11. www.intertek.com Explosion Properties 75.64Hydrogen 1003Acetylene 342.7Ethylene 9.52Propane 155Methane UEL (%)LEL (%)Substance Examples of Explosive Limits
- 12. www.intertek.com – At a critical concentration called the most easily ignited concentration (MEIC), the amount of energy required to cause ignition is minimal. – The critical energy at the MEIC is called minimum ignition energy (MIE). Explosion Properties
- 13. www.intertek.com Temperature Every material has a spontaneous ignition temperature, SIT (or AIT, auto ignition temperature) at which it will ignite spontaneously. If the temperature of a mixture is raised, the amount of electrical energy required for ignition will decrease, reaching zero at the AIT. Fuel Properties
- 14. www.intertek.com Temperature classification • Equipment is identified with a temperature class • Either identified by a ‘T’ rating or by a temperature in degrees C. • The temperature class identifies the hottest temperature that the equipment can obtain. • This can be a either the inside or the outside of the equipment depending on the protection concept.
- 15. www.intertek.com Temperature Class The full list of temperature codes are
- 16. www.intertek.com The resulting temperature codes for the substances listed previously (temperature classification) are shown below: T1Hydrogen T2Acetylene T2Ethylene T1Propane T1Methane Temp ClassSubstance Temperature Class
- 17. www.intertek.com Gas Grouping Example: IIAT163033.615NAAmmonia IIAT153717.04.4-188Methane IIAT32105.00.738Kerosene Gas Group T Class Ignition Temp (deg C) UEL (%) LEL (%) Flashpoint (deg C) Material
- 18. www.intertek.com Combustible Dust Around 50 explosions are reported per year, ranging from small deflagrations to building destroying detonations which lead to large numbers of fatalities. They are usually associated with the grain and mining industries, however they can occur whenever a process uses particulate materials, either as feed stocks, intermediates or products.
- 19. www.intertek.com Potential Ignition Sources • Hot surfaces • Flames • Mechanically generated sparks • Stray electric currents • Static • Lightening • Radio Frequency (Range 1 & 2) • Ionising Radiation • Ultrasonic • Adiabatic compression and shock waves • Exothermic reactions (inc. self ignition of dusts)
- 20. www.intertek.com ATEX, IEC and NEC 505 use the same protection concepts. NEC 500 only uses Ex d, Ex i, DIV 2 and Purge. Only intrinsic safety is very similar. European Equipment must meet Constructional Requirements & Tests. Protection Concepts
- 21. www.intertek.com It is assumed that the surrounding explosive atmosphere can enter the enclosure and that there will be internal explosions during the life of the equipment. The enclosure therefore has to be strong enough not to fracture or distort under the internal pressures generated. Contains explosions and prevents propagation Applications: Switchgear, motors, lights Flamepath Flameproof (Explosion-proof) Ex d
- 22. www.intertek.com Intrinsic Safety Low energy levels prevents incendive sparking and hotspots
- 23. www.intertek.com Purged and Pressurized Excludes gas by positive pressure differential 3 types: Static, leakage compensation and continuous dilution Applications: Control cabinets, analyser units and analytical instruments
- 24. www.intertek.com The apparatus must not arc, spark, or produce ignition capable hot surfaces in normal operation. X X X Increased Safety Ex e
- 25. www.intertek.com Oil Steel Vessel Electrical Apparatus OIL IMMERSIONN Ex o
- 26. www.intertek.com Powder Filling Enclosure Electrical Apparatus POWDER FILLING Ex q Protection of high power electronics Applications: starters for Ex e lighting, capacitors etc
- 27. www.intertek.com Encapsulation Protects by immersion in encapsulant Typical applications: Solenoid valves, power supplies
- 28. www.intertek.com Electrical Apparatus Encapsulant Explosive Atmosphere Cable Entry Encapsulation Ex ‘m’
- 29. www.intertek.com Methods: Non sparking/arcing parts Restricted breathing Simplified pressurization Energy limiting apparatus Type ‘n’ Protection for Zone 2 Sealed or encapsulated device Enclosed break Hermetically sealed Encapsulated
- 30. www.intertek.com The protection concept for dust hazards is to prevent the dust from entering the enclosure or apparatus. Additionally, the maximum surface temperature of the equipment to which the dust can be exposed shall not exceed the ignition temperature of the dust. The IP (Ingress Protection) rating system provides a means of classifying the degree of protection from foreign bodies and liquids. IEC/EN 60529 covers electrical equipment and apparatus. Protection Concept for Dust Classified Areas
- 31. www.intertek.com Classification Schemes, Certification, and Design Guidelines
- 32. www.intertek.com Manufacturers of electrical equipment (and non- electrical for Europe) must be aware that if they sell to industries that have potentially explosive atmospheres they may be asked for ‘certification’, and that often the equipment will need to be certified by a Notified or NRTL Body such as Intertek.
- 33. www.intertek.com Given the onerous nature of an explosion, special certification schemes have been set up to control the design and certification of equipment for potentially explosive atmospheres. *mandatory under law/procurement specifications
- 34. www.intertek.com An Explanation of ATEX, NEC and IEC Systems • Environments that generate potentially explosive atmospheres classify the dangerous areas based on the likelihood and duration of the explosive atmospheres presence. • This is referred to as a “Zone” (Europe and NEC 505) or “Division” (NEC 500)
- 35. www.intertek.com Apparatus is divided into Equipment groups: Group I for mines susceptible to methane (firedamp). Group II for explosive gases for locations other than mines Group III for dusts Equipment Groups
- 36. www.intertek.com Further divided into categories: M1and M2 for mining Category 1 (Zone 0, 20), 2 (Zone 1, 21) and 3 (Zone 2, 22) for all other industries. Equipment Categories
- 37. www.intertek.com A place in which an explosive atmosphere in the form of a gas/vapour (or cloud of combustible dust) in air…. Zone 0 (Zone 20) ….is present continuously, or for long periods or frequently. Zone 1 (Zone 21) ….is likely to occur in normal operation occasionally. Zone 2 (Zone 22) ….is not likely to occur in normal operation but if it does occur, will persist for a short period only. Zone Definitions
- 38. www.intertek.com Zone System Gases Mists & Vapours • Zone 0,1 or 2 Combustible Dusts • Zone 20, 21 or 22 Hazardous Area Classification: Europe
- 39. www.intertek.com Class/Division Definitions Class I - Contains flammable gases or vapors in quantities large enough to produce an explosion. Class II - Is hazardous due to the presence of combustible dust in the air. Class III - Contains easily ignitable fibers or flyings in the air. However, the quantities of fibers and flyings suspended in the air are not likely to be large enough to cause an explosion. Division 1 - There is a high probability of an explosive atmosphere in normal operation. This can be for part of the time, up to all the time. Division 2 - There is a low probability of an explosive atmosphere being present during normal operation. *Group designations further define the types of gases, and dusts (A, B, C, D) (E, F, G) *Example of an American certification would be: – Class I, Div 1, Groups A, B and C; Class II, Div 2, Groups F and G
- 40. www.intertek.com Hazardous Area Classification: North America Class & Division System – Gases Mists & Vapors Class I Div 1 or 2 – Combustible Dusts Class II Div 1 or 2 – Fiber & Flyings Class III Div 1 & 2 Zone System – Gases, Mists & Vapors Only – Zone 0, 1 or 2 Note: The majority of Areas Classified in North America are Class and Division
- 42. www.intertek.com •Group II is further divided into three sub-divisions (groups): – IIA, for atmospheres containing propane or gases of an equivalent hazard. – IIB, for atmospheres containing ethylene or gases of an equivalent hazard. – IIC, for atmospheres containing hydrogen or gases of an equivalent hazard. Gas Groups (ATEX, IEC and NEC 505)
- 44. www.intertek.com
- 45. www.intertek.com Designing for Hazloc What Market? US, Canada, ATEX, IECEx, INMETRO, GOST-R/Roztechnadzor, ……etc What Classification? Class I, II, III Division 1, 2 Zone 0, 1, 2 What Protection Technique? What Enclosure Rating?
- 46. www.intertek.com Certification Differences Europe Notified Bodies IEC Ex TL’s & CB’s Standards • CENELEC • CEN • IEC Components • ATEX or IEC Ex • European Standards North America NRTL Standards • Nationally Published Standards (ie UL, CSA, FM, ISA, ANSI) Components • Must be either Listed or Recognized by NRTL • North American Standards
- 47. www.intertek.com Equipment that needs ATEX Product Certification- Electrical CAT 1 (Zone 0, 20) & CAT 2 (Zone 1, 21) Requires a Notified Body & QM CAT 3 (Zone 2, 22) Can be Self Certified Product Certification- Non-Electrical CAT 1 (Zone 0, 20) Requires a Notified Body & QM CAT 2 (Zone 1, 21) Requires A TCF to be Lodged CAT 3 (Zone 2, 22) Can be Self Certified
- 48. www.intertek.com North America NEC, Article 500 – 505 CEC, Article 18 Div. System with some use of Zone System (Zone Equipment sometimes accepted in Div.) Suitability per the following: 1. Listing/Labelling – Intertek 2. Evaluation by Qualified Agency – Intertek 3. Accepted by AHJ – Evidence…Intertek
- 49. www.intertek.com ETL & cETL Listing For Hazloc Requires Ordinary Location certification Potential Enclosure rating testing Certification to Protection Technique Standards
- 50. www.intertek.com Listing vs. Classification Examination of all risks: Explosion, along with shock, fire, mechanical, etc. HazLoc + OrdLoc = Listing HazLoc Only = Classification
- 51. www.intertek.com Other Evaluations Required… • Indoor vs. Outdoor Use – Type 1 (indoor only) – Type 3/3R (rain) - outdoor – Type 4/4X (hose) • Evaluation per UL 50/50E and CSA C22.2 #94
- 52. www.intertek.com IEC Ex Scheme • Multilateral Certification Scheme • Ex Product Certification • Ex Quality System Certification • Obtain National Certification Requires: • Evaluation and Testing by IEC Ex TL • Certification of Product and QA by IEC Ex CB
- 53. www.intertek.com Service Line Review • Product Certification – ATEX – EU and other adoptive regions (Middle East) – IECEx – Members of the International IECEx Scheme – US/CAN – cETLus • Field Labels • Site Safety – Consultancy – Inspections and Risk Assessments (Assemblies or Plant) – Audits & Certification • Training – Open – Bespoke
- 54. www.intertek.com • OSHA recognized Nationally Recognized Testing Laboratory (NRTL) for Hazardous Location Divisional Listing in the U.S. • Standards Council of Canada accredited Certification Body (CB) and Testing Organization (TO) • Notified Body and UKAS Accredited for the ATEX Directive, 94/9/EC. • IECEx Certification Body (CB) and Test Laboratory (TL) • Full Hazloc Training including an Accredited COMPEX Training Center - Chester • Site Safety Services (Risk Assessment, Area Classification and Inspection) • Specialist in Oil Tools, Rigs and Skids. • We certify products for compliance to National and International published standards which satisfy the applicable requirements of the National Electrical Code (NEC) in the U.S., the Canadian Electrical Code (CEC) in Canada, IECEX and the European Union's ATEX Directive. • Some of the standards we test to include those of ANSI, UL, IEC, CSA, MIL Specs, FM, and CENELEC and CEN. Our Hazardous Location Credentials