HCD Class 2 readings-zh-tw 中文重點摘要以人為本的設計

1The Course for Human-Centered Design
Class 2
Inspiration Phase
Inspiration Phase
The Design Process
INSPIRATION IDEATION IMPLEMENTATION
2

Class 2
Inspiration Phase
Class 2
Inspiration Phase
Readings
Overview of Inspiration Phase
Step 1: Choose a Design Challenge
Step 2: Plan Your Research Methods
Step 3: Build Your Interview Guide
Step 4: Additional Research Methods
Step 5: Capture Your Learnings
Case Study: Vroom
Methods in Action
Table Of Contents

Class 2
Inspiration Phase
Overview of the Inspiration Phase
Creating meaningful solutions begins with gaining a
deep understanding of people’s needs.
In the Inspiration phase, you’ll learn directly
from the people you’re designing for as you
immerse yourself in their lives and come to
deeply understand their needs and aspirations.
The Inspiration phase is about learning on the fly,
opening yourself up to creative possibilities, and
trusting that as long as you remain grounded in
desires of the people you’re designing for, your
ideas will evolve into the right solution.
INSPIRATION IDEATION IMPLEMENTATION

Class 2
Inspiration Phase
As part of this course, you will either be selecting one of three precrafted design
challenges or you’ll be scoping your own challenge. You’ll spend time with your team
to select the design challenge that you wish to tackle and then create a common
understanding of what you are working toward.
INSPIRATION
Step 1: Choose a Design Challenge
Collect Thoughts
As a team, your first step will be to talk
about the design challenge you choose
to work on. You’ll collect and write down
thoughts about your challenge. Your
team will discuss how you can refine
the challenge if it feels too broad, or too
specific.
Review What You Already Know
Chances are good that members of your
team will have some knowledge about the
design challenge you choose. It will be
important for your team to share what you
already know, so you can build upon it and
then focus on discovering what you don’t
yet know.
Define What You Don’t Know
You’ll also want to write down and
share what you don’t know or don’t yet
understand about the challenge. And
remember, an important part of human-
centered design is embracing your
beginner’s mind. It’s not a bad thing if there
are aspects of the design challenge that you
don’t yet grasp.
Review Constraints or Barriers
Your team will review a list of constraints
or barriers that might prevent you from
tackling the design challenge. You’ll also
brainstorm solutions for overcoming or
working around these barriers.
This design team working on reproductive health in Zambia spent time as
a team reviewing their assumptions, knowledge of existing barriers, and
questions of things they didn’t know, before heading to the field.

Class 2
Inspiration Phase
Step 2: Plan Your Research Methods
Research is the fuel for your ideas. During the Inspiration phase you’ll want to plan
research activities to learn from the people you’re designing for and explore unfamiliar
contexts. As part of this course, we’ve selected four good starting points—learn from
people, learn from experts, immerse yourself in context, and seek analogous inspiration.
Human-centered design is built upon deeply empathetic research. It’s spending quality
time with people to gain insight about and inspiration from the people you’re designing for.
But learning from people requires practice and preparation. Here’s where to start.
Define Your Audience
Before you dig into your research, it’s
critical to know who you’re designing for.
Think about the people or groups that are
directly involved in or reached by your
challenge, and then add those who are
peripherally relevant. Those are the people
you want to talk to.
Extremes & Mainsteams
When recruiting people to interview, target
both the big broad mainstream and those
on either extreme of the spectrum. An
idea that suits an extreme user will nearly
certainly work for the majority too. More
importantly, talking to extremes can spark
creativity by exposing you to use cases that
you’d never have imagined on your own.
Plan Logistics
Think about what exactly you want to do
with each participant. Where do you want to
meet them? How much time will you spend
with them? Is there an activity you can do
together to enrich conversation? What will
you ask them to show you?
Recruitment Tools
It’s important to have a strategy around who
you talk to, what you ask them, and what
pieces of information you need to gather.
Don’t be afraid to tap into your personal
network: people are generally happy to
share what they know, particularly if you
tell them that you are learning a new design
process for creating positive social change
in the community.
Create a Trusted Atmosphere
Start the conversation on a casual note.
Talk about a subject that is unrelated to
your research first to make the interviewee
feel comfortable. Be considerate of the
space you are in and make sure you have an
appropriate level of privacy.
A. Learn From People
This team working on improving urban food security in Nairobi gathered information from
vegetable sellers at a local market.
This Gives You
In-depth insight into
people’s needs and
motivations.
Keep in Mind
Experts are everywhere—
and you don’t need
a degree to be one.
Treat your interviewee
as an expert. You’re
interviewing them about
their life, and in that,
they are the expert. Be
curious and always give
them the respect they
deserve.

Class 2
Inspiration Phase
CAPTURE...
Pay Attention to the Environment
Try to meet in the person’s context—in their
home, office, or workplace. This will help
you get a better sense of what’s important
to them. During the conversation, be
curious about the environment. Ask about
objects or spaces you find interesting, and
if you sense the person might be willing, ask
for a tour.
Capture Quotes
During your interview, capture important
quotes directly rather than interpreting
what you think the person is saying. Later,
when sharing back with your team, you’ll
have a more accurate record of who the
person is—on their terms, in their language.
Take Photographs
Photographs help you remember who you
talked to and what you saw. Photographs
taken during your interviews will make
your research more visual, meaningful,
and easier to recall and navigate. But
make sure to ask interviewees if it’s OK
to take photographs, and never use those
photographs for anything beyond internal
project use.

Class 2
Inspiration Phase
Though human-centered design is all about talking with people, there are moments where
you’ll need more context or history than a typical interview can afford. This is where both
expert interviews and secondary research come into play.
Expert Interview
Experts can often give you a systems-
level view of your project area, tell you
about recent innovations—successes and
failures—and offer the perspectives of
organizations like banks, governments,
or NGOs. You will want to choose experts
based on your objective. Are you looking for
someone with a radical opinion, or do you
want to gain a more historical overview of
what’s worked and what hasn’t? Get a few
different perspectives to balance out your
information. You might also look to experts
for specific technical advice.
Plan For The Conversation
Ask smart, researched questions and plan
how you want the conversation to flow.
Though you should come prepared with an
idea of what you’d like to learn, make sure
your game plan is flexible enough to allow
you to pursue unexpected lines of inquiry.
You could even consider asking the expert
to actively help you work on an early
concept.
Using videoconferencing tools like Skype
will allow you to share and build on visual
concepts in real time.
Secondary Research
Social sector challenges can be really
thorny, which is why secondary research,
whether done online, by reading books, or
by crunching numbers, can help you ask
the right questions. A firm foundation of
knowledge is the best place from which
to tackle a design challenge. Try to find
recent innovations in your particular area.
They could be technological, behavioral,
or cultural. Better yet, take a look at other
solutions in your area. Which ones worked?
Which ones didn’t?
This Gives You
Access to in-depth
knowledge in a certain
area of expertise.
Keep in Mind
Find the balance between
using experts to get a
good understanding of
the current situation
and preserving space to
think beyond the existing
models.
B. Learn From Experts
When designing a campaign for early learning, this team talked with an expert in child
development who is working a continent away.

Class 2
Inspiration Phase
The Inspiration phase is dedicated to hearing the voices and understanding the lives of
the people you’re designing for. There’s no better way to understand the people you’re
designing for than by immersing yourself in their lives and communities.
Plan Your Observations
The best route to gaining an understanding
of the people you’re designing for is to
see in person, where they live, work, and
lead their lives. Choose an experience that
can inform your challenge. For example,
if you are looking for new ideas on ways
to provide healthier food options for
people in need, you might visit a low-cost
cafeteria or fast food restaurant during the
lunchtime rush. Wait in line, order a meal,
and observe the space as you eat. If you
have the opportunity, you can learn a lot by
shadowing someone for a few hours.
Capture What You See
It’s easy to interpret what’s in front of you
before you’ve fully understood it, but first
be sure you’re taking down concrete details
and quotes alongside your impressions.
Think of certain aspects you want to
capture, such as:
• Map out the different parts of your
experience from beginning to end (we
call this a “customer journey”).
• How did you feel at different parts of
the experience?
• What was unexpected? Challenging?
Seamless?
Reflect on What You’ve Observed
Immediately after your observation, take
some time to reflect upon the moments you
found most interesting. Capture them on
Post-its or in your notebook so you will be
able to share back with your team in a way
that is accurate, vivid, and visual.
This Gives You
Skills for learning from
what’s around you.
Keep in Mind
Approach your
observation with an
open mind and imagine
this as the first time you
have gone through this
experience. Look for
details you may have
overlooked before.
C. Immerse Yourself In Context
A team designing new ways to improve clean cookstove usage in Tanzania spent an entire
Saturday with a local family cooking a meal.

Class 2
Inspiration Phase
You’re probably familiar with what an analogy is: it’s an associative thought-process that
allows you to transfer meaning from one subject to another. Analogous research takes
inspiration from a different context to give you a fresh perspective.
Brainstorm Analogous Experiences
Start with a large sheet of paper, and list the
distinct activities, behaviors, and emotions
you’re looking to research in your own
design challenge. Next to each one, write
down a setting or situation where you might
observe this activity, behavior, or emotion.
For example, when one of our teams was
designing an online college experience, they
narrowed down one objective to learn how
to create a sense of community. This team
sought out and interviewed a former Navy
SEAL to understand how they structure
bootcamp to create intentional bonds
amongst recruits.
Make Arrangements
If you want to talk with people while in a
private (as opposed to public) space, it’s best
to get permission. For example, if you’re
going to a hotel for inspiration and want to
interview staff or take pictures of the space,
speak with a manager ahead of time.
This Gives You
A new perspective on the
challenge you’re working
on, as well as inspiration
and energy.
Keep in Mind
Explore with an open
mind, even if you do not
immediately understand
how to apply your
experiences. After
you regroup, spend
time relating what you
found interesting to the
challenge you’re tackling.
D. Analagous Inspiration
When helping surgical teams deal with complex procedures, designers looked at how car
racing pit-crews optimized their workflow for safety and efficiency.
Just Take It In
Don’t worry too much about making sense
of the experience in the moment. This part
of inspiration is all about gaining learnings
from unexpected places and experiences. In
fact, your design team may find it helpful to
keep an eye out for analogous experiences
throughout the process, not just in the
Inspiration phase. Later, it might influence
your project in ways you never imagined.

Class 2
Inspiration Phase
Step 3: Build Your Interview Guide
Having a good conversation with someone you don’t know isn’t always easy. When speaking
with research participants, you first have to help them feel comfortable. It might seem
odd, but conducting an interview with a casual tone and feel requires rigorous preparation.
Here’s where to start.
Identify Objectives
As a team, think about the goal of your
design challenge. Ask yourselves some basic
questions: Why are you doing the research?
What are you trying find out? Who are you
going to talk to or observe? Know that the
most valuable part of creating a discussion
guide is the thinking that goes into it.
Brainstorm Questions
When writing your guide, think about
the kind of feedback that’s going to be
most useful and inspiring. Interview
guides should not be seen as scripts for the
observation, but rather guide rails to make
sure you stay on track. Make questions
easily scannable so you can maintain more
eye contact with your interviewee.
Organize Your Questions
A good rule of thumb is to open with some
general questions, then go deep. This
will give your interviewee time to get
comfortable with you. Here’s some helpful
guidelines:
• Open General: Gather basic
demographics first. Ask people their
age, what they do for a living, if they
have children, etc. Begin with questions
your participants are comfortable
answering. For example, if you are
designing new savings products, you
might ask people to make a list of all of
the things they purchased yesterday.
• Go Deep: Ask more profound questions
about hopes, fears, and ambitions. It’s
best if these questions are open-ended,
but relate subtly back to your design
challenge. For example, if you were
working on a project related to saving
money, you might ask someone to draw
the five big things they’re saving money
for over the next ten years and how
those things fit into their life goals.
Word Questions Strategically
Frame questions in an open-ended way. This
helps you to further explore your challenge
and elaborate on interesting themes you
discover during the conversations. Try:
• “Tell me about an experience …”
• “What are the best/worst parts
about …?”
• “Can you help me understand about …?”
Encourage people to tell you their whole
story and avoid questions that lead to just a
yes/no answer.

Class 2
Inspiration Phase
RESEARCH TIPS
Establish Trust With Participants.
• Listen patiently. Do not interrupt, and allow
for pauses to give participants time to think.
• Use nonverbal gestures, such as eye contact,
nodding, and smiling, to reassure participants
you are engaged and interested in what they
are saying.
Encourage Participants To Show As Well As Tell.
• Have participants draw what they’re talking
about. Visuals often prompt more conversation.
• Try asking “why?” in response to five
consecutive answers.
Use Tangible Conversation Starters
It can be helpful to share early ideas or
concepts in your conversation, particularly
when you are working on an abstract
challenge. You can create a sketch, build
a simple cardboard representation, or
describe a scenario to elicit a reaction or
response from participants. These are called
conversation starters.
Confirm Your Plans
You should confirm date, time, and location
for your research activities. Agree on
logistics, including transportation, with
your team. Can you conduct your research
during the Class 2 Workshop? Consider
scheduling Class 2 on a weekend so that
your team has more time to talk with and
meet people. We encourage you to take as
much time as you need for the research
activities. Don’t feel like you must complete
Class 2 within the allotted workshop time.
Assign Roles
As part of your field research, you’ll
designate one person to lead the
conversation and a different team member
to take notes. Remember to encourage them
to write down direct quotes and capture the
details we’ve outlined on page 6. The team
should also select someone to photograph
your interview subject and the surrounding
environment. Make sure you ask for
permission before taking any photos. It’s
often best to build trust with your interview
subject before asking to take photos, so you
may want to leave this until you’ve finished
the interview.
Know What To Look For.
• What people “say” is often different than
what they actually “do.” Look for cues in the
things that people keep around them or the
way they carry themselves.
• Notice workarounds that people have created
in order to make a system or tool serve their
needs better.
Capture What You See.
Take lots of notes and photos of what you see,
hear, feel, smell, and taste during a field visit.
Capture direct quotes when possible. Write
down immediate thoughts without worrying
about interpretation.

Class 2
Inspiration Phase
Step 4: Additional Research Methods
Though likely difficult to explore given the time constraints of this course, these are some
other methods we use at IDEO.org to gain a deeper understanding of the people you’re
designing for. Just some food for thought!
Personal Diaries
Ask participants to reflect at the end of
the day on certain moments or themes.
This gives them time for personal and
uninterrupted thinking, and gives you an
interviewee’s thoughts captured in their
own words.
Use this when: You want to get a longer
view of a participant’s experience over an
extended amount of time.
Photo Essays
Give participants a disposable camera
and a list of objects and/or experiences to
photograph throughout their day. This gives
you a firsthand, visual perspective about
your participants through things that are
important to them, or are part of
their everyday lives.
Use this when: You want to compare and
contrast the different daily experiences and
realities of a set of participants.
Customer Journey
Have participants create a personal timeline
of an experience, then have them map how
they felt at different points along the way.
Use the map as a visual jumping off point
for conversation.
Use this when: You want to discuss a
complicated system or series of interactions
with a participant. (The process of buying a
car is a good example.)
Card Sorts
Create a series of cards with a single word or
image on it and ask participants to prioritize
what’s most/least important, interesting,
or relevant to them. Ask them talk through
their decision process during this activity
so you can understand why they make the
choice they make.
Use this when: You want multiple
participants to narrow down a set of ideas.
Concept Provocations
These are a series of concept drawings with
accompanying explanations. Concepts
could be outliers meant to elicit a strong
reaction, or early ideas you might want to
build into prototypes.
Use this when: You want early feedback on
why participants like or don’t like certain
features.

Class 2
Inspiration Phase
Step 5: Capture Your Learnings
It’s easy to feel overwhelmed by the amount of information you have gathered after an
interview, so use a few minutes immediately after the session to capture what you’ve
observed, as well as any new ideas you have as a result.
Take Time To Regroup
Plan extra time so that you can share
your thoughts and impressions with your
teammates right after your interview or
observation. This may often happen in a
coffee shop or while in transit.
Share Your Impressions
What are the things you found most
interesting during the observation? Listen
to each others recollections. Compare
experiences and impressions, but don’t
worry about interpreting these stories yet.
To cover the most important topics, consider
using these prompts:
• Sound bites: What were the most
memorable quotes that people heard?
Why were they memorable?
• Interesting stories: What was most
surprising to you?
• Interactions: What was interesting
about the way he/she interacted with
his/her environment?
• Remaining questions: What questions
would you like to explore in your next
conversation?
Illustrate New Ideas
Did the observation spark a new thought
or idea for you? Sketch it out. Don’t worry
about the way your sketches look or feel
intimidated about being visual. These
illustrations will help you communicate
your ideas to others and give you all a head
start on brainstorming concepts.

Class 2
Inspiration Phase
Advances in neuroscience and child development confirm what many
educators have long believed: Children’s readiness for kindergarten (and life
beyond) hinges on positive engagement with their parents and caregivers
during the first five years of their lives. This is the most active period for
brain development—children’s brains form new connections at a rate of
700 synapses per second. But as a society, we underinvest in children
and families during the earliest years, leaving far too much opportunity
on the table. For low-income parents, who may have lacked good models
themselves, much of the parenting advice is unattainable. The Bezos Family
Foundation and IDEO.org set out to activate engagement through new
tools and messages, and to broaden the prescription beyond commonly
heard (but not uniformly embraced) directives about reading to children.
Could there be a way to communicate brain science directly to parents in
ways that positively influence behavior, and raises the value of all forms of
positive interaction with babies and toddlers?
Case Study: Vroom
A Human-Centered Take on Early Childhood Development

Class 2
Inspiration Phase
INSPIRATION
The IDEO.org team undertook a highly
immersive inspiration phase, visiting
low-income communities in California,
New York, and Pennsylvania to conduct
interviews with parents and to observe
existing programs aimed at improving
child development outcomes. The team
learned that many of the parents they met
had had very tough upbringings. These
parents didn’t feel fully equipped to engage
with their children, because their own
parents didn’t engage with them. One of
the most successful programs the team
witnessed during their research was one
in which nurses went into people’s homes
for several hours each week simply to play
with the children in front of the parents.
By modeling play, they were able to affect
behavior change and shift the parent-child
dynamic.
Interviews with child development
experts and pediatricians tended to
reinforce the direct findings: If parenting
advice is limited to reading books, those
who don’t feel comfortable reading aloud
may forego all forms of engagement. One
pediatrician in New York argued outright
that playing, talking to, and responding to
children trumps reading.
In the end, immersion turned out to
be absolutely critical to the design team
devising innovative solutions. Because
the designers found themselves working
on behalf of communities that are quite
different from them, they had to push the
boundaries of their own empathy, but in
The Outcome
After extensive interviews with parents, child development experts, and pediatricians
around the country, the team developed a large-scale messaging campaign celebrating
everyday moments as learning opportunities. Whether sitting in the laundromat or
shopping at the supermarket, the fundamental message was that taking advantage of
the many chances to engage with a child strengthens the foundation of that child’s brain
development. The Bezos Family Foundation built upon our design team’s key insights,
further developed them, and in the spring of 2014, launched Vroom. Vroom advocates for
the time parents do have and using it in different ways to help build their kids’ brains.

Class 2
Inspiration Phase
provid feedback on which character they’d
trust for advice on child-rearing.
From this feedback period, the team
discovered that most parents, though they
weren’t drawn to an academic approach
to engaging their children, were very
interested in the science behind behavior
and brain development. Through a host of
interviews, the team heard parents talking
about a eureka moment after meeting
with a neurologist who explained how the
science worked. It was a revelation that had
a big impact on how they saw their role in
bringing up their child.
IMPLEMENTATION
By the end of the Inspiration and Ideation
phases, the IDEO.org team had created a
strong, well-defined creative brief that
could be handed to an advertising agency
and used as the foundation for a major
campaign. They came up with provocations
and prompts for people to play with their
kids as well as an advertising strategy that
included guerrilla interventions displayed
in laundromats instead of on big billboards.
After another couple years of refinement
and more design work, the Bezos Family
Foundation launched the pilot of Vroom in
2014 in King County in Washington State.
doing so, they came to really understand the
needs of low-income parents.
To the delight of the individual team
members and to the benefit of the project,
this approach eventually led to open
doors in the participating communities.
By immersing in the neighborhoods and
communities they were looking to serve, the
team established trust with a core group of
individuals who then told their neighbors
and referred friends, creating the critical
mass necessary for understanding the
audience and building the right brand voice.
IDEATION
When field research was complete, the team
returned to San Francisco to synthesize its
findings and look for patterns among the
interviews. As they synthesized everything
they learned, the team began to formulate a
voice, identity, and set of design principles
for the campaign.They came to some core
principles that still guide Vroom today,
ideas like Speak in the voice of their peers,
Withhold Judgment, and All parents want to
be good parents.
The team came up with a series of
personas, each of them representing a
woman from the communities being served,
then invited mothers to the office to review
mood boards, listen to sample voices, and

Class 2
Inspiration Phase
In 2012, IDEO.org began work on a project with the Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves, an
organization that seeks to advance the global market for clean cookstoves. A compelling technology,
clean cookstoves have the potential to improve health by reducing exposure to smoke from traditional
fires and stoves, improve livelihoods through increased savings from reduction of fuel use, and help
the environment via a decrease in carbon emissions. Emily Friedberg, a designer on the project, wrote
about a day spent cooking with a Tanzanian family as part of her team’s Inspiration phase research.
Given language and cultural barriers, it’s
relatively difficult to really get to know
people in Tanzania in a short amount
of time. To remedy this situation, our
IDEO.org cookstoves team arranged to
spend an entire day with one family,
casually hanging out and cooking an
afternoon meal.
Daniel and Gaudensia welcomed us into
their family of nine in the Tanzanian town
of Buhongwe. Our first stop was the market
where we bought everything we needed
for our feast including meat, beans, sweet
potato, ugali flour, fruits and vegetables,
and… a live chicken.
When we got home, the ladies quickly got
to work lighting the three charcoal stoves
and cutting up the meat and vegetables. The
oldest boy, Godwa, was told to slaughter
the squawking chicken. Cameras ready, we
watched as he cut through the bird’s neck,
drained the blood, and left the carcass
twitching in a bowl ready for plucking.
The meal took several hours to prepare.
There was swapping of pots and lids, lids
doubled as cutting boards, and each item
including water and the chicken went
through several discrete processes before
it reached the table. And when it was done,
three hours later, it was elaborately dished
onto plates for the men and the guests and
eaten out of cooking pots for women and
children, and all consumed in the space of
20 minutes.
And then, when it was cleared, they
lit the charcoal stove again and started
preparing for dinner.
Method in Action: Immersion

HCD Class 2 readings-zh-tw 中文重點摘要以人為本的設計

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