HCI 2014 (3 of 10): Design Models and Methodologies

Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
design models & methodologies
Human-Computer Interaction

“Machines certainly can solve problems,
store information, correlate,
and play games – but not with pleasure.”
Leo Rosten

Goal
Developing digital products

Goal
Developing digital products
product as functionality
versus
product as information
mainly in
the Web context

Goal
Alan Cooper et al., About Face (3rd Edition), 2007

Reality
Software engineering is mainly focused on
the communication between applications
and developers or between teams of developers

Reality
Human-Computer Interaction
considers the communication with the user

Reality
Interface design requires
an important development effort

Reality
Interface design represents 50% of…
design time
implementation time
maintenance time
source-code volume

Necessity
Within the design processes, we’ll need to employ:
theories
models
frameworks
Rogers, 2007

Necessity
Theory
gives a (rigorous, formal) clarification
of certain aspects regarding a phenomenon

Necessity
Model
simplifies a given aspect about interaction
in order to facilitate choosing and/or evaluating
alternatives of design

Necessity
Framework
denotes a set of interconnected concepts
and/or a set of specific problems regarding HCI

Aspects concerning the UI design

involved disciplines & persons (Challis Hodge)

Aspects concerning design
Interaction Design
story creating
story telling

story creating & telling used in the context of prototyping

Sensorial Design
conventional interaction

Sensorial Design
conventional interaction
graphic design, illustration & photography
sound design, musical performance, vocal talents
videography, cinema

Sensorial Design
natural interaction

Sensorial Design
natural interaction
tactile design
olfactory design
kinosthatic design
…

Sensorial Design
natural interaction
new paradigms & expectations
augmented and virtual reality, physical computing, etc.

the role of sensorial design in the automotive industry
initiatives: CarPlay (for iOS) and
MirrorLink (works with Android devices)
case study

Task-centered interface design
focused on the developer’s (producer’s) goals:
easiness of implementation, the use of technology, etc.

ignores the user – e.g., usability

creating a feature-centric software:
many – never used – features

mammoth applications

encouraged by the classical
software engineering methodologies

User-centered interface design
software must please, help, protect the user

design must consider the user expectations

applications must simplify the humans’ tasks

the user is automatically
“opted in”
courtesy of Patricia Saravesi (2014)

“User experience and interface design in the context of
creating software represents an approach that
puts the user, rather than the system,
at the center of the process.
This philosophy, called user-centered design,
incorporates user concerns and advocacy from
the beginning of the design process and dictates
the needs of the user should be foremost
in any design decisions.”
MSDN, User Interface Design & Development section

User model versus implementation model
the most simple model must be adopted
Alan Cooper, 1995, 2007

When a model is adopted,
a certain perspective is considered
perspectives:
system
dialogue (interaction)
tools (computer as a tool)
environment (computer as a partner)

System perspective
a Gelstalt view of the whole application

System perspective
interaction is taking place in a standard,
pre-defined (sometimes rigid) format

“I am thinking about something much more important than bombs.
I am thinking about computers.” – John von Neumann (1946)

System perspective
too often, user mental model is ignored

“Demanding that users register or log in before
they can use an app or see Website information
has high interaction cost.” – Raluca Budiu (2014)
www.nngroup.com/articles/login-walls/
login wall
potential customers have
no way of knowing if they are
interested in a certain available
product/service
case study

Dialogue perspective
both user and computer are seen as partners
of a certain conversation

communicative behavior similar to the human one

http://tinyurl.com/8xz8prs

reported by @johnbreslin

text
hypertext
direct manipulation
pictures & illustrations
gestures
emotional factors
…

factors concerning the choose of a dialogue type
(Stefan Trausan-Matu, 2000):
information category
images, numbers, names, relationships,…

context: data visualization
for other examples, visit http://firsttimeux.tumblr.com/

information structure
limited set of values, lists of pairs (name, value), graphs,…

designed by Dr. Stefan Negru (2014)

information structure
datainformationknowledge

user profile and preferences
age, abilities, ethnicity, social aspects, etc.

user profile and preferences
age, abilities, ethnicity, social aspects, etc.
remember
personas?

activity type + concurrency
(collaborative) work, leisure, real-time task,…

context
spatial, temporal

Touch-based interaction
hand obstruction
inaccuracy of tapping
lack of haptic feedback
multi-touch issues
etc.
www.slideshare.net/pankorho/touch-uis-are-quite-different
discussion

discussion
perceptual blindness
“How do I close this pop-up?”

Tools perspective
users (need to) have full and continuous control
over all tools provided by the computer and
with their help want to accomplish their goals
software as a tool
www.designinginteractions.com/downloads/DesigningInteractions_2.pdf

Environment perspective
computer is considered as a communication environment
between persons
(e.g., via e-mail, chat, social applications,…)

the process of communication is the same,
even if software and/or types of interaction are different

the process of communication is the same,
even if software and/or types of interaction are different

proliferation of multi-platform (mobile) Web applications
able to integrate social networks

How about design values?
http://noisydecentgraphics.typepad.com/design/images/2008/03/11/yourproduct.jpg

Design values
Ethical
Purposeful
Pragmatic
Elegant
Alan Cooper et al., 2007

Design values
Ethical (helpful)
do no harm, improve human situations

discussion

Design values
Purposeful (useful, usable)
help users achieve their goals and aspirations
accommodate user contexts & capacities

Design values
user expectations regarding the interface (Peter Morville)

Design values
Pragmatic (viable, feasible)
help organizations achieve their goals
accommodate business and technical requirements

Design values

Design values
Elegant (efficient, artful, affective)
represent the simplest complete solution
possess internal
(self-revealing, understandable) coherence
appropriately accommodate/stimulate
cognition and emotion

Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busacohttp://pinterest.com/zimmatore/elegant-ui-design/ http://androidniceties.tumblr.com/
skeuomorphism versus flat design

Design values
“A visual bug seen by all your customers might do
more damage to your program’s reputation
than a rarely occurring crashing bug.”
Windows UX Guidelines, MSDN

Design values
“An application is powerful
when it enables its target users to realize
their full potential efficiently.”
Windows UX Guidelines, MSDN

Design models and methodologies

Models & Methodologies
Using “classical” software engineering
methodologies

Using “classical” software engineering
methodologies
cascade
spiral
RAD – Rapid Application Development
…

User-centered design methodologies
GUIDE
LUCID
STUDIO
concerning usability – ISO 13407

ideas
build
pro-
duct
mea-
sure
data
learn
iterative design methods are preferred
lean startup method (Eric Ries, 2011)

Methodologies
Jesse Garrett, The Elements of User Experience (2nd Edition), New Riders, 2011
bottom to top
conceptual
framework
each plane is
dependent on
the planes below it

Methodologies
Jesse Garrett, The Elements of User Experience (2nd Edition), New Riders, 2011

Agile design methodologies
many factors of uncertainty

work is organized into the smallest possible batch size
in order to quickly launch the product

UX activities occurring during
the course of a single sprint
example
Lynn Pausic (2012)

Agile development & Lean UX shared goals
shorten the time to market
working software over comprehensive documentation
collaboration over negotiation
responding to change over following a plan

Lean UX vs. Agile UX (Marcin Treder, 2013)

Lean UX processes
Will Evans & Jacklyn Burgan, Intro to Agile and Lean UX (2013)
http://www.slideshare.net/jacklynburgan/intro-leanux-turnerfinal
John Whalen, Implementing Lean UX (2013)
http://www.slideshare.net/johnwhalen/uxpa-2013-implementing-lean-ux
Figure out: who it’s for?
interviews, personas,
design target
What can the user do that
wasn’t possible before?
activity map, concept
drawing, storyboards
What features does the
user need for that?
sticky notes, sketches,
whiteboarding
Sketch it, (prototype it),
then build it
“fake it, then make it”

Lean UX

Lean UX
= design thinking + agile + lean startup principles
for details, see Amrita Aviyente,
Agile + Lean Startup principles + Lean UX (2013)
http://www.slideshare.net/amritacaviyente/agile-lean-uxfinal

UCD
(user-centered design)
Lean UX
learn from users learn from users
no agile concepts uses agile concepts
no validating hypothesis validating hypothesis
no way to measure
design outcomes
measure design outcomes

Methodologies could be based on certain models

conceptual models for designing a Web interface
Robert Baxley, 2003

QOC (Questions, Options, Criteria)
Maclean et al., 1991

questions regarding design key issues

possible options to response to each question

possible options to response to each question
evaluation criteria – e.g., ergonomics, accessibility,
preferred interaction method,… – concerning every option

QOC
question:
How user could pick a location for flower delivery?
discussion

QOC
question:
options:
listbox, combobox, textfield, using a map,…
discussion

QOC
question:
options:
listbox, combobox, textfield, using a map,…
criteria:
efficiency, keyboard-only interaction, using gestures, etc.
discussion

QOC
discussion

example: QOC for touch-based interaction
with a patient monitoring application
A. Berila, A. Bulai, C. Chiric & M. Plesca, 2012
patientmo.wordpress.com

Iterative design may employ users
in the different phases of the project

Iterative design may employ users
in the different phases of the project
these persons could evaluate UI
in early stages of development

from idea to the final software product

Prototyping
overall view of the user interface

Prototyping
proposes a design solution
no full functionality required

Prototyping
could be dynamic
provides ways for experimentation

Prototyping
attract users in the development process
might have an important role in testing

Prototyping
adapted from Amrita Aviyente, 2013
fidelity tool
paper prototype paper + pencil
low – clickable wireframe OmniGraffle, Gliffy, MS Visio, UXPin
medium Axure RP, Adobe Illustrator
high code (e.g., HTML + CSS + JS)

paper prototype of main page for www.info.uaic.ro
(Sergiu Dumitriu, Marta Gardea, Sabin Buraga, 2006)

Original Twitter Concept
http://www.flickr.com/photos/jackdorsey/182613360/

Storyboard
describing the manner of presenting information,
without any functionality
http://storyboardcentral.blogspot.com/

A. Stanciu, I. Schiopu, A. Grigoriu, I. Lazar (2011) – aisquared.wordpress.com

Storyboard
in the Web context, it usually consists of wireframes

Wireframe
provides a general view of the structure of interface
and relationships between pages

wireframe-based design

Wireframe
created in the first stage of the project
gives instructions to both designers and programmers
regarding the interface look & behavior
conceptual page layouts

Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busacoA. Stanciu, I. Schiopu, A. Grigoriu, I. Lazar (2011) – aisquared.wordpress.com

Mockup
provides a low-fidelity – full-size or scaled – prototype:
paper illustration, screenshot,…

Mockup
provides a low-fidelity – full-size or scaled – prototype:
paper illustration, screenshot,…
used for demonstration, teaching, evaluation

mockups for a geolocation-based recommender system
A. Stanciu, I. Schiopu, A. Grigoriu, I. Lazar (2011) – aisquared.wordpress.com

Mockup
several examples of available software tools:
Balsamiq Mockups – www.balsamiq.com
HotGloo – www.hotgloo.com
MockFlow – mockflow.com
Mocking Bird – gomockingbird.com/mockingbird/
Moqups – moqups.com
Proto.io – http://proto.io/

Interface assistants (wizards)
help users to dynamically create the interface

interactive prototyping

Case study #1:
designing a Web interface for Apricado Music
http://jeff.io/posts/user-interface-wireframes

Step 1: paper prototype (sketch)
signup
form

step 2: wireframe

Step 3: design mockup
step 3: design mockup

step 4: implementation
real Web interface
(HTML+CSS)

Case study #2:
UI design for an iPhone application
able to manage personal expenses
Andrei Potorac, 2011

storytelling – includes useful notes for designer/developer

from mockup to UI prototype – using the iPhone emulator

For further information:
Philipp Schroeder, “Sketching, Wireframing, Prototyping –
How to Be Agile & Avoid Half-Baked UX” (2012)
http://www.ustream.tv/recorded/25221096
Craig Brewster, “Lean UX in practice” (2013)
http://wp.me/pV32M-aU

Necessity of specific HCI guidelines and standards

Necessity of specific HCI guidelines and standards
to assure the quality of user interface

Standards
Imposed by (inter)national organisms
examples:
ISO 9241
W3C Standards
StUX (Standards for User Experience)

Guidelines
Provides details and design suggestions
Could list abstract principles to be used
in early stages of UI development
May resolve certain design conflicts

Guidelines: examples
BBC GEL (Global Experience Language)
GNOME HIG – Human Interface Guidelines
Samsung Smart TV UX Guideline
UX Design Guidelines for Windows Phone
iOS Human Interface Guidelines
Web Content Accessibility Guidelines

ARIA (Accessible Rich Internet Applications)
context: Web Accessibility Initiative – www.w3.org/WAI/
case study

GNOME HIG: usability principles
Design for people
Don’t limit your user base
Create a match between your application & the real world
Make your application consistent
Keep the user informed
Keep it simple and pretty
Put the user in control
Forgive the user
Provide direct manipulation
for details, read https://developer.gnome.org/hig-book/3.10/
case study

Principles for Designing Apps for Samsung TV
Simplicity
Clarify
User Control
Consistency
Feedback
Aesthetic Considerations
see also https://www.samsungdforum.com/UxGuide/
case study

“Conclusion”
aspects regarding UI design
from methodologies to guidelines

next lecture:
information architecture & design patterns

HCI 2014 (3 of 10): Design Models and Methodologies

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