![International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD)
Volume 4 Issue 2, February 2020 Available Online: www.ijtsrd.com e-ISSN: 2456 – 6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD29791 | Volume – 4 | Issue – 2 | January-February 2020 Page 66
Healthcare 4.0: An Introduction
Matthew N. O. Sadiku, Adedamola A. Omotoso, Sarhan M. Musa
Roy G. Perry College of Engineering, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, Texas
ABSTRACT
The rapid increase in population, rising burden of noncommunicable chronic
diseases (such as diabetes and obesity),carecostsskyrocketing,andtheglobal
shortage of doctors, nurses, and technicians are leading to an increasing
demand for resources to support healthcare. These global challenges will
seriously affect the healthcare delivery is the US and around the world. The
current technological advancements are leading to the emergence of the so-
called Health 4.0 revolution. Healthcare 4.0 has the potential to enable new
healthcare-related processes (such as home care and personalized
treatments) and transform them into services. This paper provides an
introduction to the emerging area of Healthcare 4.0 and identify its
opportunities, benefits, and challenges.
KEYWORDS: Industry 4.0, Healthcare 4.0, Health 4.0
How to cite this paper: Matthew N. O.
Sadiku | Adedamola A. Omotoso | Sarhan
M. Musa "Healthcare4.0:AnIntroduction"
Published in
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Research and
Development
(ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-
6470, Volume-4 |
Issue-2, February
2020, pp.66-68, URL:
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Copyright © 2019 by author(s) and
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License (CC BY 4.0)
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by
/4.0)
INRODUCTION
Healthcare plays a major tole inthegrowthandwell-being of
any nation. The healthcare industry sector can be divided
into four segments [1]: (1) Healthcareservicesandfacilities;
(2) Medical devices, equipment, and hospital supplies
manufacturers; (3) Medical insurance, medical services and
managed care; (4) Pharmaceuticals.
Healthcare is under tremendouspressuretodeliversuperior
health outcomes, comply with regulations,achievecustomer
satisfaction, reduce cost of care, ensure patient safety, and
handle financial constraints and budget reductions. Some of
the challenges are illustrated in Figure 1 [2]. The healthcare
industry is in dire need of the improvements that
digitalization will bring in terms of saving costs, improved
diagnostics, and more effective care. Healthcare 4.0 has the
potential to offer realistic solutions to handle these
challenges.
FUNDAMENTALS OF INDUSTRY 4.0
The fourth industrial revolution is commonly referred to as
Industry 4.0 (or I4.0). The term “Industry4.0”camefromthe
German term “Industrie 4.0,” which was firstusedin2011 in
a project sponsored by the German government that was
meant to promote the computerization of manufacturing.
Industry 4.0 is powered by the technologies originated from
manufacturing industries.
These technologies include the Internet of Things (IoT) or
Internet of Medical Things’ (IoMT), Internet of Services,
Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), big data analytics,
artificial intelligence (AI), cloud computing, cyber and
physical systems (CPS), robotics, advanced materials,
additive manufacturing, machine learning, cybersecurity,
and mobile devices. Some of these technologiesareshown in
Figure 2 [3]. They help create digitized healthcare products
and technologies, as well as digitizedhealthcareservicesand
enterprises.
Industry 4.0 refers to the current trend of automation and
mployment of Internet technologies in manufacturing. This
includes using machine-to-machine and Internet of things
(IoT) deployments to help manufacturers provideincreased
automation, improved communication and monitoring.This
trend of the Industry 4.0 affects most processes, people, and
processes throughout the society. Industry 4.0 is an
emerging network approach where components, processes,
and machines are becoming smart. It enables companies to
achieve faster innovation, increase efficiencies, produce
customized products of higher quality, and expand the
boundaries of innovative, new manufacturingopportunities.
Factories will gradually become automated and self-
monitoring as the machines are given the ability to
communicate with each other and their human co-workers.
The major applications of Industry 4.0 are smart factory,
manufacturing, smart product, and smart city [4].
CONCEPT OF HEALTHCARE 4.0
The healthcare extension of Industry 4.0 is known as
Healthcare 4.0 or Health 4.0 in short. Healthcare 4.0 extends
the concept of Industry 4.0 in a scenario where healthcare
organization is an integrated center capableofprovidingthe
IJTSRD29791](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/16healthcare4-200512070438/85/Healthcare-4-0-An-Introduction-1-320.jpg)
![International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD29791 | Volume – 4 | Issue – 2 | January-February 2020 Page 67
patient with a personal care service. ThescopeofHealthcare
4.0 is broad and is characterized by a fusion of technologies
across physical, digital, and biological domains. The major
technologies that can significantly contributeinrealizingthe
objectives of Healthcare 4.0 include [5]:
The Internet of Medical Things (IoMT): This is a
healthcare application of IoT technologiesand envisions
a network of connected devices that sense vital data in
real time. It drives the next generation of connected
healthcare, with the capability to store and process
scalable sensor data (big data) for health care
applications. The Internet of Services (IoS) paradigm
can connect gadgets intelligently.
Artificial Intelligence (AI): In AI, machines are
programmed to develop cognitive functionsforlearning
and problem solving. AI uses the power of predictive
analytics to accelerate healthcare.Ithastheabilitytosift
through large amounts of information. AI-based
technology has the potential to assist physicians in
diagnosing diseases. Without doubt, AI will drive the
healthcare of tomorrow.
Cybersecurity: Healthcare is one the most targeted
industries when it comes to cyberattacks.Thiscouldput
patients in danger. Patient records, such as EHRs, are
sought after by hackers. It is up to suppliers and the
hospitals to work together to deliver security to the
patient's identity.
Other technologies include genetic engineering, synthetic
biology, nanotechnology, data science, bioinformatics, the
healthcare informatics, the cyber-physical systems, the
Internet of things (IoT), robotics, drones, blockchain, cloud
computing, 3D printing (additive manufacturing), and the
information security. These technologies are shaping the
way we treat patients.
APPLICATIONS
Healthcare 4.0 is a disruptive process of transformation of
the entire healthcare value chain ranging from medicine,
medical equipment production, hospital care, remote care,
healthcare logistics to healthy living environment.However,
the implementation of Industry 4.0 in healthcare will be a
transitional process for the healthcare industry because of
the importance in retaining compliance and the need to
prove quality systems. The following are common
applications of H4.0 [6].
Personalized Medicine: This is basically tailoring of
disease treatment to a specific person, taking into
account their genetic and biological makeup, the
environment in which they live. It also identifies what
the best sequence of care is for a given patient.
Collaboration, coherence, and convergence will make
healthcare more predictive, precise, and personalized.
Smart Manufacturing: More and more technologies
incubated in manufacturing industries driven by
Industry 4.0 are being adopted in healthcare industries
and services. Medical device manufacturers are facing
challenges in terms of price, speed to market, increased
product complexity, and more stringent regulatory
compliance.Thepharmaceutical manufacturinghaspaid
much attention on producing safe and quality products.
The manufacturing control of pharmaceutical
production should be self-organizedandflexibleenough
to meet external market’s demands.Providersofservice
and goods need to work together with consumers to
ensure their adaptability to smart product
characteristics.
Smart Hospitals: Many hospitals are still working
towards becoming “connected” or smart. The digital
revolution is arriving at a hospital near you. Smart
hospitals are dictating the way in which they purchase
equipment. The demand on hospitalsistomaketheman
integrated center able to provide the patient with a
personal care service. Besides improving patient
outcomes, leveraging on Healthcare 4.0 will help
hospitals address global operational challenges.
Other applications include Intensive Care Unit (ICU),
telemedicine, and digitalized surgery (or surgery 4.0).
BENEFITS AND CHALLENGES
Healthcare 4.0 is about capturing the huge amounts of data
and putting it to work in applications. It offers medical
device manufacturers some benefits. Healthcare 4.0 is a key
enabler for high value care. Pharmaceutical industry
industries tend to shift from being just medications
manufacturers to being healthcare service providers.
pharmaceutical industries tend to shift from being only
medications manufacturers to become healthcare service
providers pharmaceutical industriestendtoshiftfrombeing
only medications manufacturers to become healthcare
service providers.
Healthcare 4.0 faces some significant challenges including
the reliability and latency issues of high speed data
networks, the acceptance of robotics in clinical practice, the
human safety issue during human-robot interaction,andthe
corresponding legal issues. The field of healthcare is
burdened with regulatory compliance and strict regulation.
Healthcare organizations, governmental agencies, and
healthcare professionals need to discuss the challenges
involved in implementing healthcare 4.0.
CONCLUSION
The digital age has arrived. Digitalization of healthcare may
be denominated as “healthcare 4.0.” The digital revolution is
arriving at a hospital or clinic near you.
Healthcare 4.0 is a strategic concept derived from the
Industry 4.0 concept. Those who ignore the opportunities
I4.0 offers will be in serious danger of not being able to
compete in the near future as others drive down
manufacturing costs. More information on Healthcare 4.0
can be found in the books in [7,8].
REFERENCES
[1] M. Bause et al., “Design for Health 4.0: Exploration of a
new area,” Proceedings of the International Conference
On Engineering Design, Delft, The Netherlands, August
2019, pp. 887-896.
[2] M. Wehd, “Healthcare 4.0,” IEEE Engineering
Management Review, vol. 47, no. 3, Third Quarter,
September 2019, pp. 24-28.
[3] A. Luque et al., “State of the industry 4.0 in the
Andalusian food sector,” Procedia Manufacturing, vol.
13, 2017, pp. 1199–1205.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/16healthcare4-200512070438/85/Healthcare-4-0-An-Introduction-2-320.jpg)
![International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD29791 | Volume – 4 | Issue – 2 | January-February 2020 Page 68
[4] M. N. O. Sadiku, S. M. Musa, and O. M. Musa, “The
essence of Industry 4.0,” Invention Journal of Research
Technology in Engineering and Management, vol. 2, no.
9, September 2018, pp. 64-67.
[5] “Health and healthcare in the fourth industrial
revolution global future council on the future of health
and healthcare 2016-2018,” April 2019,
https://www.weforum.org/reports/health-and-
healthcare-in-the-fourth-industrial-revolution-global-
future-council-on-the-future-of-health-and-healthcare-
2016-2018
[6] Z. Pang et al., “Introduction to the special section:
Convergence of automation technology, biomedical
engineering, and health informatics toward the
Healthcare 4.0,” IEEE Reviews In Biomedical
Engineering, vol. 11, 2018, pp. 249-259.
[7] C. Thuemmler and C. Bai (eds.), Health 4.0: How
Virtualization and Big Data are Revolutionizing
Healthcare. Springer, 2017.
[8] J. Chanchaichujit et al., Healthcare 4.0: Next Generation
Processes with the Latest Technologies. Singapore:
Springer, 2019.
Figure1. Some healthcare challenges [2]
Figure2. Key technologies for Industry 4.0 [3]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/16healthcare4-200512070438/85/Healthcare-4-0-An-Introduction-3-320.jpg)
Healthcare 4.0 An Introduction
- 1. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) Volume 4 Issue 2, February 2020 Available Online: www.ijtsrd.com e-ISSN: 2456 – 6470 @ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD29791 | Volume – 4 | Issue – 2 | January-February 2020 Page 66 Healthcare 4.0: An Introduction Matthew N. O. Sadiku, Adedamola A. Omotoso, Sarhan M. Musa Roy G. Perry College of Engineering, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, Texas ABSTRACT The rapid increase in population, rising burden of noncommunicable chronic diseases (such as diabetes and obesity),carecostsskyrocketing,andtheglobal shortage of doctors, nurses, and technicians are leading to an increasing demand for resources to support healthcare. These global challenges will seriously affect the healthcare delivery is the US and around the world. The current technological advancements are leading to the emergence of the so- called Health 4.0 revolution. Healthcare 4.0 has the potential to enable new healthcare-related processes (such as home care and personalized treatments) and transform them into services. This paper provides an introduction to the emerging area of Healthcare 4.0 and identify its opportunities, benefits, and challenges. KEYWORDS: Industry 4.0, Healthcare 4.0, Health 4.0 How to cite this paper: Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Adedamola A. Omotoso | Sarhan M. Musa "Healthcare4.0:AnIntroduction" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456- 6470, Volume-4 | Issue-2, February 2020, pp.66-68, URL: www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29791.pdf Copyright © 2019 by author(s) and International Journal ofTrendinScientific Research and Development Journal. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative CommonsAttribution License (CC BY 4.0) (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by /4.0) INRODUCTION Healthcare plays a major tole inthegrowthandwell-being of any nation. The healthcare industry sector can be divided into four segments [1]: (1) Healthcareservicesandfacilities; (2) Medical devices, equipment, and hospital supplies manufacturers; (3) Medical insurance, medical services and managed care; (4) Pharmaceuticals. Healthcare is under tremendouspressuretodeliversuperior health outcomes, comply with regulations,achievecustomer satisfaction, reduce cost of care, ensure patient safety, and handle financial constraints and budget reductions. Some of the challenges are illustrated in Figure 1 [2]. The healthcare industry is in dire need of the improvements that digitalization will bring in terms of saving costs, improved diagnostics, and more effective care. Healthcare 4.0 has the potential to offer realistic solutions to handle these challenges. FUNDAMENTALS OF INDUSTRY 4.0 The fourth industrial revolution is commonly referred to as Industry 4.0 (or I4.0). The term “Industry4.0”camefromthe German term “Industrie 4.0,” which was firstusedin2011 in a project sponsored by the German government that was meant to promote the computerization of manufacturing. Industry 4.0 is powered by the technologies originated from manufacturing industries. These technologies include the Internet of Things (IoT) or Internet of Medical Things’ (IoMT), Internet of Services, Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), big data analytics, artificial intelligence (AI), cloud computing, cyber and physical systems (CPS), robotics, advanced materials, additive manufacturing, machine learning, cybersecurity, and mobile devices. Some of these technologiesareshown in Figure 2 [3]. They help create digitized healthcare products and technologies, as well as digitizedhealthcareservicesand enterprises. Industry 4.0 refers to the current trend of automation and mployment of Internet technologies in manufacturing. This includes using machine-to-machine and Internet of things (IoT) deployments to help manufacturers provideincreased automation, improved communication and monitoring.This trend of the Industry 4.0 affects most processes, people, and processes throughout the society. Industry 4.0 is an emerging network approach where components, processes, and machines are becoming smart. It enables companies to achieve faster innovation, increase efficiencies, produce customized products of higher quality, and expand the boundaries of innovative, new manufacturingopportunities. Factories will gradually become automated and self- monitoring as the machines are given the ability to communicate with each other and their human co-workers. The major applications of Industry 4.0 are smart factory, manufacturing, smart product, and smart city [4]. CONCEPT OF HEALTHCARE 4.0 The healthcare extension of Industry 4.0 is known as Healthcare 4.0 or Health 4.0 in short. Healthcare 4.0 extends the concept of Industry 4.0 in a scenario where healthcare organization is an integrated center capableofprovidingthe IJTSRD29791
- 2. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470 @ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD29791 | Volume – 4 | Issue – 2 | January-February 2020 Page 67 patient with a personal care service. ThescopeofHealthcare 4.0 is broad and is characterized by a fusion of technologies across physical, digital, and biological domains. The major technologies that can significantly contributeinrealizingthe objectives of Healthcare 4.0 include [5]: The Internet of Medical Things (IoMT): This is a healthcare application of IoT technologiesand envisions a network of connected devices that sense vital data in real time. It drives the next generation of connected healthcare, with the capability to store and process scalable sensor data (big data) for health care applications. The Internet of Services (IoS) paradigm can connect gadgets intelligently. Artificial Intelligence (AI): In AI, machines are programmed to develop cognitive functionsforlearning and problem solving. AI uses the power of predictive analytics to accelerate healthcare.Ithastheabilitytosift through large amounts of information. AI-based technology has the potential to assist physicians in diagnosing diseases. Without doubt, AI will drive the healthcare of tomorrow. Cybersecurity: Healthcare is one the most targeted industries when it comes to cyberattacks.Thiscouldput patients in danger. Patient records, such as EHRs, are sought after by hackers. It is up to suppliers and the hospitals to work together to deliver security to the patient's identity. Other technologies include genetic engineering, synthetic biology, nanotechnology, data science, bioinformatics, the healthcare informatics, the cyber-physical systems, the Internet of things (IoT), robotics, drones, blockchain, cloud computing, 3D printing (additive manufacturing), and the information security. These technologies are shaping the way we treat patients. APPLICATIONS Healthcare 4.0 is a disruptive process of transformation of the entire healthcare value chain ranging from medicine, medical equipment production, hospital care, remote care, healthcare logistics to healthy living environment.However, the implementation of Industry 4.0 in healthcare will be a transitional process for the healthcare industry because of the importance in retaining compliance and the need to prove quality systems. The following are common applications of H4.0 [6]. Personalized Medicine: This is basically tailoring of disease treatment to a specific person, taking into account their genetic and biological makeup, the environment in which they live. It also identifies what the best sequence of care is for a given patient. Collaboration, coherence, and convergence will make healthcare more predictive, precise, and personalized. Smart Manufacturing: More and more technologies incubated in manufacturing industries driven by Industry 4.0 are being adopted in healthcare industries and services. Medical device manufacturers are facing challenges in terms of price, speed to market, increased product complexity, and more stringent regulatory compliance.Thepharmaceutical manufacturinghaspaid much attention on producing safe and quality products. The manufacturing control of pharmaceutical production should be self-organizedandflexibleenough to meet external market’s demands.Providersofservice and goods need to work together with consumers to ensure their adaptability to smart product characteristics. Smart Hospitals: Many hospitals are still working towards becoming “connected” or smart. The digital revolution is arriving at a hospital near you. Smart hospitals are dictating the way in which they purchase equipment. The demand on hospitalsistomaketheman integrated center able to provide the patient with a personal care service. Besides improving patient outcomes, leveraging on Healthcare 4.0 will help hospitals address global operational challenges. Other applications include Intensive Care Unit (ICU), telemedicine, and digitalized surgery (or surgery 4.0). BENEFITS AND CHALLENGES Healthcare 4.0 is about capturing the huge amounts of data and putting it to work in applications. It offers medical device manufacturers some benefits. Healthcare 4.0 is a key enabler for high value care. Pharmaceutical industry industries tend to shift from being just medications manufacturers to being healthcare service providers. pharmaceutical industries tend to shift from being only medications manufacturers to become healthcare service providers pharmaceutical industriestendtoshiftfrombeing only medications manufacturers to become healthcare service providers. Healthcare 4.0 faces some significant challenges including the reliability and latency issues of high speed data networks, the acceptance of robotics in clinical practice, the human safety issue during human-robot interaction,andthe corresponding legal issues. The field of healthcare is burdened with regulatory compliance and strict regulation. Healthcare organizations, governmental agencies, and healthcare professionals need to discuss the challenges involved in implementing healthcare 4.0. CONCLUSION The digital age has arrived. Digitalization of healthcare may be denominated as “healthcare 4.0.” The digital revolution is arriving at a hospital or clinic near you. Healthcare 4.0 is a strategic concept derived from the Industry 4.0 concept. Those who ignore the opportunities I4.0 offers will be in serious danger of not being able to compete in the near future as others drive down manufacturing costs. More information on Healthcare 4.0 can be found in the books in [7,8]. REFERENCES [1] M. Bause et al., “Design for Health 4.0: Exploration of a new area,” Proceedings of the International Conference On Engineering Design, Delft, The Netherlands, August 2019, pp. 887-896. [2] M. Wehd, “Healthcare 4.0,” IEEE Engineering Management Review, vol. 47, no. 3, Third Quarter, September 2019, pp. 24-28. [3] A. Luque et al., “State of the industry 4.0 in the Andalusian food sector,” Procedia Manufacturing, vol. 13, 2017, pp. 1199–1205.
- 3. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470 @ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD29791 | Volume – 4 | Issue – 2 | January-February 2020 Page 68 [4] M. N. O. Sadiku, S. M. Musa, and O. M. Musa, “The essence of Industry 4.0,” Invention Journal of Research Technology in Engineering and Management, vol. 2, no. 9, September 2018, pp. 64-67. [5] “Health and healthcare in the fourth industrial revolution global future council on the future of health and healthcare 2016-2018,” April 2019, https://www.weforum.org/reports/health-and- healthcare-in-the-fourth-industrial-revolution-global- future-council-on-the-future-of-health-and-healthcare- 2016-2018 [6] Z. Pang et al., “Introduction to the special section: Convergence of automation technology, biomedical engineering, and health informatics toward the Healthcare 4.0,” IEEE Reviews In Biomedical Engineering, vol. 11, 2018, pp. 249-259. [7] C. Thuemmler and C. Bai (eds.), Health 4.0: How Virtualization and Big Data are Revolutionizing Healthcare. Springer, 2017. [8] J. Chanchaichujit et al., Healthcare 4.0: Next Generation Processes with the Latest Technologies. Singapore: Springer, 2019. Figure1. Some healthcare challenges [2] Figure2. Key technologies for Industry 4.0 [3]