High-speed Power Line Communications

Matthew N. O. Sadiku et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 11, (Part - 4) November 2015, pp.70-72
www.ijera.com 70 | P a g e
High-speed Power Line Communications
Matthew N. O. Sadiku, Mahamadou Tembely, and Sarhan M. Musa
Roy G. Perry College of Engineering Prairie View A&M University Prairie View, TX 77446
Abstract
This is the idea of using existing power lines for communication purposes. Power line communications (PLC)
enables network communication of voice, data, and video over direct power lines. High-speed PLC involves
data rates in excess of 10 Mbps. PLC has attracted a lot of attention and has become an interesting subject of
research lately.
I. Introduction
Electrical power lines were originally designed
to transmit power from the generators to consumers
at 50 or 60 Hz. Now efforts are being made to use
the same ubiquitous power grid for long-haul data
communication. This is a challenging task because
power lines and communication systems operate at
two extremes. Power lines operate at very low
frequency and high power, while communication
systems operate at very high frequency and very low
voltage. While early power line communication
(PLC) mainly employed narrowband
communications, broadband (or high-speed) PLCs
have emerged in the later 1990s [1].
PLC technology allows us to use the existing
power infrastructure to provide high-speed
networking. For example, in the home, a PLC
network can be used in sharing Internet, printers,
files, games, and distributed video.PLC competes
with other in-home technologies such as wireless
network. A typical, simplified high-speed PLC test
bed is shown in Figure 1.
II. Advantages and Limitations
PLC has the following advantages [2]:
 Low cost: The obvious advantage of PLC is the
deployment costs are limited to connecting
modems to the power grid.PLC provides the
mass provision of local access at a minimal cost.
 No wire: There is no need of laying new cables
for the purpose of communications.The power
line cables are already available. The existing
cable infrastructure can be used for dual
purposes.
 High date: The current rate has reached 200
Mbps and the theoretical limit is higher.
 Regulation: The regulatory restrictions on PLC
are relatively minimal, provided it does not cause
interference.
These advantages make PLC economically
viable for broadband communications networking for
homes and offices. PLC has become one of the most
competitive technologies to solve “the last mile”
problem of broadband network.
However, the use of PLC presents several
technical challenges. First, the power grid differs
from nation to nation and even within a nation.
Second, power-line channels are inherently harsh,
noisy, and frequency-selective. They have
attenuation and phase shifts. Whenever a device turns
on or off, it causes a pop or click on the line.
Electromagnetic compatibility problems arise when
electronic devices interfere with the power
lines.Third, the power-line channel has a time-
varying impedance [3].Fourth, cable attenuation at
frequencies of interest is usually large and repeaters
maybe needed to compensate for cable losses.
Power lines are generally unshielded and will radiate
as antennas. This results in electromagnetic
interference (EMI) on other communication systems.
To minimize EMI, PLC needs to operate with limited
signal power, which in turn may reduce its data rate.
III. Power Line Characteristics
PLC uses high-voltage (HV), medium-voltage
(MV), and low-voltage (LV) power grids. High-
voltage lines, with voltages ranging from 110 kV to
380 kV, consist of nationwide long overhead lines.
Early PLC used narrow bandwidths on high-voltage
lines. Their potential for broadband communication
is limited. Medium-voltage lines, with voltages
ranging from 10 kV to 30kV, network at a size of
large cities. These typically may involve three phase
transmission of few kilometers. Low-voltage lines,
with 110 V in the US or 220 V in Europe, are used in
private homes or buildings. These may typically
involve three phase transmission of several hundreds
of meters. Medium- and low-voltage lines are used as
a communication network. Utility companies want to
use this network to provide value added services to
customers, especially for home networking, where
every room in the house has multiple power outlets.
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS

IV. PLC Medium Access Control
PLC employs advanced physical (PHY) and
medium access control (MAC) technologies to
provide a high-speed network for transmitting voice,
video, and data. The PHY layer is responsible for
providing a 150 Mbps information rate over noisy
power line channels. The MAC layer specifies how
the resources are shared among multiple users.
Carrier sense multiple access with collision detection
(CSMA/CD) has been proposed for PLC [4]. This is
a contention based protocol in which each user listens
to the line before transmitting. When it senses
collision, it waits for a random amount of time before
transmitting again. CSMA with collision avoidance
(CSMA/CA) is used in HomePlug standards. The
MAC layer is based on a hybrid mechanism
combining CSMA/CA and time division multiple
access (TDMA).
Standardization
In spite the advantages of PLC, the fundamental
obstacle for adopting this technology is lack of
national or international standards [5]. Various
associations such as IEEE Communications Society,
HomePlug Alliance, andPLC Forum are working on
developing standards. The PLCforum
(www.plcforum.org) was created in 2000 as a
leading international association that represents the
interests of manufacturers, energy utilities and other
organizations who are interested in PLC.
The first standard for PLC is the European
CENELEC EN 50065 in 1991. The HomePlug
Power Alliance was formed in 2000 to provide a
forum for standardizing home power line networking
products and services. It consists of 65 member
companies such as GE, Intel, Comcast, Motorola,
Sony, and Samsung. One of the standards is
HomePlug 1.0.
V. Conclusion
PLC involves transferring satisfyingly both
energy and information over the electrical power
distribution grid. With the ever-increasing need for
high-speed communication within the home, PLC has
become a good candidate as it exploits an already
existing infrastructure. PLC is becoming a viable
alternative to existing wireless technology for a home
network environment. Important applications of PLC
include broadband Internet access, wired local area
networks, smart grid applications, automatic meter
reading, direct load control, and distributed energy
generation. In most of these applications, data rate
and the associated bandwidth requirements are
modest. The field of PLC is still evolving, aiming at
utilizing power lines for the transmission of data.The
field still constitutes an open and attractive research
area. The major barrier to the widespread adoption of
PLC technology is the lack of international standards.
References
[1] M. O. Ahmed and L. Lampe, “Power line
communications for low-voltage power grid
tomography,” IEEE Transactions on
Communications, vol. 61, no. 12, Dec. 2013,
pp. 5163-5175.
[2] H. Li, Y. Sun, and F. Jia, “Application of
power line communication to the home
network,” Proceedings of IEEE
International Conference on
Communication Technology, 2008, pp. 521-
524.
[3] T. E. Sung and A. Bojanczyk, “Power-line
communications and smart grid,” in K.
Iniewski (ed.), Convergence of Mobile and
Stationary Next-Generation Networks.
Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2010, pp.
317-348.
[4] A. Majumder and J. Caffery, “Power line
communications: an overview,” IEEE
Potentials, vol. 23, no. 4, Oct./Nov., 2004,
pp. 4-8.
[5] S. Galli and O. Logvinov, “Recent
developments in the standardization of
power line communications within the
IEEE,” IEEE Communications Magazine,
July 2008, pp. 64-71.
[6] C.K. Lim et al., “Development of a test bed
for high-speed power line communications,”
Proceedings of PowerCon 2000, pp. 451-
456.
About the authors
Mathew N.O. Sadiku( sadiku@iee.org) is a professor
at Prairie View A&M University, Texas. He is the
author of several books and papers. He is an IEEE
fellow.
Mahamadou Tembely
(mtembely@student.pvamu.edu) is PhD student at
Prairie View A&M University, Texas. He has been
the 2014 Outstanding MS Graduated Student for the
department of electrical and computer engineering.
He is the author of several papers.
Sarhan M. Musa (smmusa@pvamu.edu) is an
associate professor in the Department of Engineering
Technology at Prairie View A&M University, Texas.
He has been the director of Prairie View Networking
Academy, Texas, since 2004. He is an LTD Spring
and Boeing Welliver Fellow.

Figure 1 – A typical high-speed PLC test bed [6].

High-speed Power Line Communications

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