![Cont…
D=Development allowance of 15% of road length
calculated to be provided for agricultural and
industrial development during the next 20 yrs
R= Existing length of railway track, Km
For second category roads
ODR+VR(km)=[0.32V+0.8Q+1.6P+3.2S]+D
V=No of villages with population 500 or less
Q=No of villages with population range 501-1000
P=No of villages with population range 1001-2000
S=No of villages with population range 2001-5000
D=Development allowance of 15% for next 20 yrs](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/highwaydevelopmentinindia-250425101003-97d2809d/85/HIGHWAY-DEVELOPMENT-IN-INDIA-PRESENTATION-ppt-25-320.jpg)
HIGHWAY DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA PRESENTATION.ppt
- 2. ROAD IN ANCIENT INDIA • Excavation of Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa have revealed the existence roads,2500-3000 B.C • Old records reveals that old road meant for administrative and military purposes • The scriptures says that existence of roads during the Aryan period in the fourth century B.C • In Arthasastra rules have been mentioned about the depth of road and for different kinds of traffic • In 5th century A.D Ashoka had improved the roads
- 3. Roads in Mughal Period • During the Pathan and Mughal periods, the roads of were improved greatly • Mughals received great appreciation from the foreign visitors • Roads linking North-West and the eastern areas through gangetic plains were built during this time
- 4. Roads in Nineteenth century • After the fall of the Mughals and at the beginning of British rule, many existing roads were improved • The construction of Grand-Trunk road connecting North and South is a major contribution of the British • However, the focus was later shifted to railways, except for feeder roads to important stations
- 5. Jayakar Committee Recommendations • Committee found that the road development of the country has become beyond the capacity of local governments and suggested that Central government should take the proper charge considering it as a matter of national interest • They gave more stress on long term planning programme, for a period of 20 years (hence called twenty year plan) that is to formulate plans and implement those plans with in the next 20 years
- 6. Cont… • One of the recommendations was the holding of periodic road conferences to discuss about road construction and development. This paved the way for the establishment of a semi-official technical body called Indian Road Congress (IRC) in 1934 • The committee suggested imposition of additional taxation on motor transport which includes duty on motor spirit, vehicle taxation, license fees for vehicles plying for hire. This led to the introduction of a development fund called Central road fund in 1929. This fund was intended for road development
- 7. Cont… • A dedicated research organization should be constituted to carry out research and development work. This resulted in the formation of Central Road Research Institute (CRRI) in 1950
- 8. Central Road Fund • Central Road Fund (C.R.F) was formed on 1st march 1929 • Extra 2.64 Paise per litre of petrol were charged from consumers • Form this they got 20% of annual revenue to build up this roads • Balance 80% is allowed by central govt for various works based on actual consumption petrol • CRF are maintained by the accountant General of central revenue and control on the expenditure is exercise by the Roads wing of Ministry of Transport
- 9. Indian Roads Congress • Central semi official body known as Indian Road Congress (IRC) was formed in 1934 • Pooling of experience and ideas on the all matters affecting the planning, construction and maintenance • It is active body controlling the specifications, standardization and recommendations on materials, design of roads and bridges • it publishes journals, research publications, standard specifications guide lines
- 10. Motor Vehicle Act • It was formed in 1939 • To regulate the road traffic in the form of traffic laws, ordinances and regulations • 3 phases primarily covered are control of driver, vehicle ownership and vehicle operation • This was revised on 1988
- 11. Nagpur road congress 1943 • The second World War saw a rapid growth in road traffic and this led to the deterioration in the condition of roads • To discuss about improving the condition of roads, the government convened a conference of chief engineers of provinces at Nagpur in 1943 • The result of the conference is famous as the Nagpur plan.
- 12. • A twenty year development programme for the period (1943-1963) was finalized. It was the first attempt to prepare a co-ordinated road development programme in a planned manner • The roads were divided into four classes: • One of the objective was that the road length should be increased so as to give a road density of 16kms per 100 sq.km
- 13. • The length of roads envisaged under the Nagpur plan was achieved by the end of it, but the road system was deficient in many respects. • The changed economic, industrial and agricultural conditions in the country warranted a review of the Nagpur plan. • Accordingly a 20-year plan was drafted by the Roads wing of Government of India, which is popularly known as the Bombay plan.
- 14. • It was the second 20 year road plan (1961-1981) • The total road length targeted to construct was about 10 lakhs. • Rural roads were given specific attention. Scientific methods of construction was proposed for the rural roads. The necessary technical advice to the Panchayaths should be given by State PWD's • They suggested that the length of the road should be increased so as to give a road density of 32kms/100 sq.km • The construction of 1600 km of expressways was also then included in the plan.
- 15. • This plan has been prepared keeping in view the growth pattern envisaged in various fields by the turn of the century • • Some of the salient features of this plan are as given below:
- 16. • This was the third 20 year road plan (1981- 2001). It is also called Lucknow road plan • It aimed at constructing a road length of 12 lakh kilometres by the year 1981 resulting in a road density of 82kms/100 sq.km • The plan has set the target length of NH to be completed by the end of seventh, eighth and ninth ve year plan periods.
- 17. It aims at improving the transportation facilities in villages, towns etc. such that no part of country is farther than 50 km from NH. One of the goals contained in the plan was that expressways should be constructed on major traffic corridors to provide speedy travel Energy conservation, environmental quality of roads and road safety measures were also given due importance in this plan.
- 18. Highway planning in India First twenty year road development plan for India called it as Nagpur plan for the period of 1943-63 Second twenty year road development plan for India called it as Bombay plan for the period of 1961-81 Third twenty year road development plan for India called it as Lucknow plan for the period of 1981-2001
- 19. Classifications of roads Non urban road National highways State highways Major district roads Other district roads Village roads
- 20. Cont… Urban roads Arterial Sub arterial Collector street Local street
- 21. Non-urban roads • National highways: Major ports, foreign highways, state capitals, large industries and tourist centers • State highways: Linking the district headquarters and important cities with in the state • Major district roads: Important roads with in the district, serving areas of production and markets • Other district roads: production-markets, taluka and tehsil head quarters • Village roads: connecting villages or group of villages with each other
- 22. Urban roads • Arterial :Exiting or proposed expressway to provide distribution and collection. Parking, loading and unloading restricted and regulated. • Sub arterial: Carrying through traffic, it has less traffic mobility • Collector street: Collect and distributes the traffic from and to local streets and provide access to arterial street • Local streets: Access to residences and business areas
- 23. Nagpur Road Plan • The conference of chief engineer held at Nagpur in 1943 finalized the first twenty year road plan • The road network in the country classified into five categories National highways (N.H) State highways (S.H) Major district roads (M.D.R) Other district roads (O.D.R) Village roads (V.R)
- 24. Cont… • Recommendations were made for roads and bridges specifications • Nagpur conference for deciding two categories of roads or two plan formulae • Two plan formulae assumed the star and grid pattern The total length of first category or metalled road NH+SH+MDR(km)= {A/8+B/32+1.6N+8T}+D-R A= Agricultural area, km2 B= Non-agricultural area, km2 N= No of towns and villages with population range 2001-5000 T=No of villages with population over 5000
- 25. Cont… D=Development allowance of 15% of road length calculated to be provided for agricultural and industrial development during the next 20 yrs R= Existing length of railway track, Km For second category roads ODR+VR(km)=[0.32V+0.8Q+1.6P+3.2S]+D V=No of villages with population 500 or less Q=No of villages with population range 501-1000 P=No of villages with population range 1001-2000 S=No of villages with population range 2001-5000 D=Development allowance of 15% for next 20 yrs
- 26. Cont… • From the above two formulae, road length based on agricultural and non agricultural area town and villages of different population ranges • 1.6 km 1st category road, population 2001 to 5000 • 3.2km 2nd category road, population 2001 to 5000 • 0.32km second road population <500 • A/8 • 32km first cat road for 256 sq km agricultural area
- 27. Salient features of Nagpur road plan • Responsibility of construction and maintenance of N.H was assigned to the central govt • Aim 2 lakh km of surface road remaining unsurface road, total length 5,32,700 km • Formulae based on star and grid pattern • Grid bringing the farthest points in developed and agricultural area within 8 km of metal road • From villages avg distance 3.2 km • 2nd cat roads meant for linking villages with 1st cat roads • 15% taken for agricultural and industrial development • Length of railway track considered for deciding the first category
- 28. problem • The following data were collected for planning the road development programme of a backward district • Total area = 9600 km2 • Agricultural area = 3200 km2 • Existing railway track length = 105 km • Existing length of metalled road = 322 km • Existing length of unmetalled road= 450 km
- 29. Second 20 years road plan (1961- 1981) • Target 32 km /100 sqkm • Total length of road 10,57,330 km, cost 5200 crores based on 1958 rates • Initiated by IRC • Five different were frame to calculate the road lengths
- 30. Salient features of the 2nd 20 yrs plan • Target 32 km/ 100 sqkm • Agricultural area would be 6.4km from metalled road 2.4km from any cat roads • Max distance of semidevelopment area would be 12.8km from metalled road and 4.8km any road • Max distance of undevelopment area would be 19.2km from metalled road and 8km any road • Every town with population 2000 in plain,1000 in semi hilly, 500 hilly areas connect metalled road
- 31. cont • Express ways have also considered in this plan 1600 km of length, included in the proposed road • Length of track is considered independent of the road system and hence not subtracted • 5% for taken for development allowance for next 20 yrs
- 32. Comparison of Nagpur and Bombay plan S.No Nagpur Road Plan Bombay Road Plan 1 1st and 2nd category Can find each road length 2 Agricultural and non-agricultural Developed, semi developed, un developed 3 32km 16km 4 Max population 5000 Max population 100000 5 Railway track length subtracted Not considered 6 15% DA 5%DA 7 Not having 1600 km Express way proposed
- 33. Classification of roads Depending on whether All weather roads: Those which are negotiable during all weather Fair weather roads: Traffic may be interrupted during monsoon season at cause way where stream may over flow across the road
- 34. Based on the type of the carriage way • Paved roads: Provided with a hard pavement course which should be atleast WBM • Unpaved roads: Not provided with a hard pavement course which should be atleast WBM
- 35. Based on type of pavement • Paved roads: Provided with hard pavement course which should be atleast WBM • Unpaved roads: Not provided with hard pavement course which should be atleast WBM
- 36. Based on type of pavement surfacing • Surface roads: Provided with a bituminous or cement concrete surfacing • Unsurfaced roads: Not provided with a bituminous or cement concrete surfacing, the roads are provided with bituminous surfacing are also called as black toped roads
- 38. Third twenty years road plan • Duration 1981-2001 • Also called as Lucknow road plan • Target 82 km per 100 Sq km
- 39. Modified classification of road system by 3rd twenty road plan • Primary system: Express ways, N.H • Secondary system: SH, MDR • Tertiary system or rural roads: ODR,VR
- 40. Policies and objectives of 3rd 20 yrs road plan • Future development based on revised classifications of roads • All the villages with population over 500 should be connected by all weather roads • Overall road density 82km per 100 sq.km. Corresponding density 40,15 km for hilly areas • SH and MDR no. of town with population above 5000 • Expressways should be constructed along major traffic corridors to provide fast travel
- 41. Cont…. • All the towns and villages with population over 1500 should connected with MDR,1000-1500 connected with ODR • Road with in the distance 3 km for plain 5 km for hilly area villages with population less than 500 • Roads should also built in less industrial areas • Long term master plans for road development for taluk, district , state and national level • Existing roads should be improved
- 42. Road patterns • Rectangular or block pattern • Radial or star and block pattern • Radial or star and circular pattern • Radial or star and grid pattern • Hexagonal pattern • Min travel pattern
- 43. Rectangular or block pattern
- 44. Radial or star and block pattern
- 45. Radial or star and circular pattern
- 46. Radial or star and grid pattern
- 49. Planning survey • Economic studies • Financial studies • Traffic or road use studies • Engineering studies
- 50. Economic studies • Population and its distribution in each village • Trend of population growth • Agricultural and industrial development and future trend • Existing facilities with regard to communication, recreation and education etc • Per capita income
- 51. Financial studies • Source of income and estimated revenue • Living standards • Resources at local level, toll taxes, vehicle registration and fines • Future trend in financial aspects
- 52. Traffic or road studies • Traffic volume in vehicles per day, annual average daily traffic, peak and design hourly traffic volume • Origin and destination studies • Traffic flow patterns • Mass transportation facilities • Accidents, their cost analysis and causes • Future trend and growth of traffic