Introduction to highway engineering
- 2. ROLE OF TRANSPORTATION Economic role of transportation Place, time, quality and utility of goods Changes in location of activities Social role of transportation Formation of settlements Size and pattern of settlements Growth of urban centers Political role of transportation Administration of an area Political choices in transport
- 3. Environmental role of transportation Safety Air Pollution Noise pollution Energy consumption Other impacts Land use Aesthetics of a region Relocation of residents
- 4. SCOPE OF TRANSPORTATION Development,Planning & Locations Highway design, Geometrics & Structures Traffic Performance & its control Materials, construction & Maintenance Economics, Finance & Administration
- 5. History of Roads in India Ancient civilizations existence of planned roads in India as old as 2500-3500 BC Mauryan period(Arthashastra written by Kautilya) contained rules for regulations for traffic, depths of roads for various purposes, and punishments for obstructing traffic Mughal period Roads linked North-West and the Eastern areas through gangetic plains British period Grand-Trunk road connecting North and South Neglect the road system in India Military and administrative purpose only Introduction of railways Feeder roads to the railways 5
- 6. Cross Section of Early Roads Introduction to Transportation Engineering 6 Telford Pavement Macadam Pavement
- 7. Jayakar Committee (1927) Central government should take the proper charge from local governments Gave more stress on long term planning programme, for a period of 20 years (hence called twenty year plan) One of the recommendations paved the way for the establishment of a semi-social technical body called Indian Road Congress (IRC) (HRB) in 1934 The committee suggested imposition of additional taxation on motor transport which includes duty on motor spirit, vehicle taxation, license fees for vehicles plying for hire, called Central road fund in 1929 Central Road Research Institute (CRRI),dedicated research organization was constituted to carry out research in 1950
- 8. Central Road Fund 1929 Extra levy of 2.64 paisa per litre 20 % as Central reserve & 80 % is alloted for development Now,revised cess is Rs.2/- per litre of petrol and HSD Motor Vehicle Act 1939 Control of drivers Vehicle ownership Vehicle operations on roads & traffic streams Revised in 1988
- 9. National Highway Act 1956 powers; Declared selected highways as “National Highways To enter into any land for surveys To acquire land and take possession for the development of national highways Revised in 1988 and NHAI started operating on Feb 1995
- 10. Road Development in India National Highway Development Projects Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana Road Development Plan : Vision 2021 Rural Road Development Plan : Vision 2025
- 11. Nagpur road congress 1943 –1963 Was first attempt to prepare a co-ordinated road development programme in a planned manner. Roads were divided into four classes: National highways, State highways, Major district roads, Other district roads & Village roads Committee planned to construct 2 lakh kms of road across the country within 20 years. Recommended the construction of star and grid pattern of roads throughout the country. Road length should be increased so as to give a road density of 16kms per 100 sq.km
- 12. Bombay road congress(1961-1981) Total road length targeted to construct was about 10 lakhs. Rural roads were given specific attention by introducing scientific method of construction Suggested that the length of the road should be increased so as to give a road density of 32kms/100 sq.km Construction of 1600 km of expressways was also then included in the plan.
- 13. Lucknow road congress (1981 – 2001) Third Road Delevopment Plan Aimed at a road length of 12 lakh kilometres by the year 1981 resulting in a road density of 82kms/100 sq.km Target was set as length of NH to be completed by the end of seventh, eighth and ninth five year plan periods Improvement in transportation facilities in villages, towns etc. such that no part of country is farther than 50 km from NH Expressways should be constructed on major traffic corridors to provide speedy travel Energy conservation, environmental quality of roads and road safety measures were also given due importance in this plan
- 14. Basis of the Formulae Primary Road System Expressway – 2000 km : Based on some project formulation National Highways: concept of 100 km Square grids Length of the NH in country, km = 3287782/50 = 65,756 km Secondary System: length of SH NH and SH should pass through every town and urban area: 3364 towns in the country (Based on census data: 1981) Area of each square grid = 3287782/3364 = 977.3 Sq km (31.26 km each side) Total SH +NH = 2*31.26* 3364 = 2,10,250 km SH length = 2,10,250 km – 66000 km = 1,45,000 km. By Total Area, SH , Length (km) = Area of the state/ 25 (Double of NH) By total number of towns: {(62.5 * no of towns in the state) – (Area of state/ 50)} Introduction to Transportation Engineering 14
- 15. Length of MDR, ODR and VR Major District Roads Total length of MDR in the country = 3,00,000 km By Total Area, MDR , Length (km) = Area of the state/ 12.5 (Double of SH) By total number of towns in state : {(90*no of towns in the state)} Tertiary System Total road length for the state Density to be achieved per 100 sq km. The area of a certain district in India is 13,400 sq km and there were 12 towns as per 1981 census. Determine the lengths of different categories of roads to be provided in this district by the year 2001. Introduction to Transportation Engineering 15
- 16. Classification of Roads General : Usage during seasons All weather roads Fair weather roads Type of carriage way Paved roads Un paved roads Type of pavement surfacing Surfaced roads Un-surfaced roads Traffic Volume Heavy Medium Low Load Transported /tonnage Class I Class II Class III
- 17. As per Nagpur Road Plan:
- 18. As per Third ( Lucknow)Road Plan:
- 19. Classification of Urban Roads
- 20. Road Patterns Rectangular or Block Pattern Hexagonal Pattern Radial Pattern Star and Block Pattern Star and Circular Pattern Star And Grid Pattern
- 21. Rectangular or Block Pattern The whole area is divided into rectangular blocks of plots, with streets intersecting at right angles. The main road which passes through the center of the area should be sufficiently wide and other branch roads may be comparatively narrow
- 22. Rectangular or Block Pattern
- 23. Advantages: The rectangular plots may be further divided into small rectangular blocks for construction of buildings placed back to back, having roads on their front. In this pattern has been adopted for the city roads. The construction and maintenance of roads of this pattern is comparatively easier. The main road is provided a direct approach to outside the city Limitations: This pattern is not very much convenient because at the intersections, the vehicles face each other.
- 24. Rectangular or Block Pattern
- 26. Star and Block Pattern
- 27. Star and Block Pattern In this pattern, the entire area is divided into a network of roads radiating from the business outwardly. In between radiating main roads, the built-up area may be planned with rectangular block. Advantage: Reduces level of congestion at the primary bottleneck location. Prevents traffic from accessing local flow routes in the direction of the event venue that operate in favor of egress traffic flow. Vehicles face each other less than block pattern.
- 28. Star and Circular Pattern In this system, the main radial roads radiating from central business area are connected together with concentric roads. In these areas, boundary by adjacent radial roads and corresponding circular roads, the built-up area is planned with a curved block system
- 29. Star and Circular Pattern
- 30. Star and Circular Pattern
- 31. Star and Grid Pattern
- 32. Star and Grid Pattern Advantages: Keep vehicular traffic safe. Improve traffic flow in both directions using cellular structure. Improve land use efficiency and unit density. Limitations: Islands separating the approach and exit lanes, known as splitter islands, should extend far enough. Examples: The Nagpur road plan formulae were prepared on the assumption of Grid pattern.
- 33. PLANNING SURVEYS Fact finding studies carried out in a scientific manner Studies included are Economic studies Financial studies Traffic studies Engineering studies
- 34. Data collected are: EconomicStudies • Existing road facility • Estimated cost • Total population and classified distribution • Per capita income • Development & future trends FinancialStudies • Source of income & estimated revenue from taxes • Standard of living • Resource at local level • Anticipated development • Future trends in income Traffic/RoaduseStudies • Existing traffic conditions • Classified volume count • Annual Average Daily Traffic • Design Hourly Traffic Volume • Origin – Destination studies • Flow patterns • Future trends in growth of traffic volume, pattern EngineeringStudies • Topographic • Soil • Location of roads • Assessment of other developments • Road Life studies • Maintenance of roads, Drainage etc
- 35. Preparation of plan Plans before final alignment Plan I General plan area showing most of the existing details Plan II Distribution of population groups with their categories Plan III Places with respective quantities of productivity Plan IV Existing networks with traffic flow and ‘Desired Lines’
- 36. Preparation of Master plan Final road development plan based on the four plans prepared Target Road Length On the basis of area/population/productivity Fixed during 20 year road development plans 16, 32, 82 km/100 sq.km area Optimum Road Length Balanced decision by comparing alternative proposals Concept of SATURATION SYSTEM is adopted based on U.S System of Highway Planning
- 37. Saturation System “Maximum Utility System” Optimum road length calculated, based on the concept of “maximum utility per unit length of road”. The steps taken are: Population Unit Productivity Unit Utility per unit length of road = Population Unit + Productivity Unit
- 38. Population Unit Total no. of towns and villages with population ranges served by each road system Plan II Convert it into Utility units served by each road Thus No. of Utility units based on population isobtained Productivity Unit Total no. of productivity units served by each road system Plan III Includes agricultural and industrial products Assign appropriate value of Utility Units per Weight Eg. 1000 tonnes = 1 Unit
- 39. Utility Per Unit Length of Road Utility per unit length of road = Population Unit + Productivity Unit Steps Utility rate per unit length of road = Total unit scored total road length of each system Proposal which gives Maximum Utility Per Unit Length may be chosen as Final Road System Balanced weightage should be provided Sound judgment based on professional skill & experience needed
- 40. Road Length as per Nagpur Pan Road density = 16 km/100 sq.km are Category I : ( NH,SH, MDR) A = Developed & agricultural area, Km2 B = Non – Agricultural area,Km2 N = No. of towns & Villages with population range 2001 – 5000 T = No. Of towns with population over 5000 D = Development allowance of 15 % of road length calculated for next 20 years R = Existing length of railway track, km RDTNlength 86.1 32 B 8 A roadof
- 41. Category II : ( ODR,VR) V = Total no. of villages with population 500/less Q = Total no. of villages with population 500-1000 P = Total no. of villages with population 1001-2000 S = Total no. of villages with population 2001-5000 D = Development allowance of 15 % of road length calculated for next 20 years D S3.2P1.6Q0.8V0.32roadoflength
- 42. Road Length as per Bombay Plan DMK CBA 832 968064 NHlengthof PNMK CBA length 6.12.112448 322420 SH)(NHof DRQPNMK CBA 4.24.66.92.112448 24168 MDR)SHNH(ofLength DTSRQPNMK CBA 32.08.048.126.92.112448 1632 3 16 3 ODR)MDRSH(NHoflength DVTSRQPNMK CBA 2.064.06.19.58.126.92.112448 1284 kmroad,oflengthTotal
- 43. A = developed or agricultural area, sq.km B = semi- developed area, sq.km C = undeveloped area, sq.km K = no. of towns with population over 100000 M = no. of towns with population 50000-100000 N = no. of towns with population 20000-50000 P = no. of towns with population 10000-20000 Q = no. of towns with population 5000-10000 R = no. of towns with population 2000-5000 S = no. of towns with population 1000-2000 T = no. of villages with population 500-1000 V = no. of villages with population less than 500 D = development allowance of 5 % of road length
- 44. ACCIDENT STUDIES Objectives To Study the causes of accidents and to suggest corrective treatments at potential locations To evaluate existing design, regulations and control measures To carryout before and after studies after implementing changes To make computations of financial loss due to acccidents To provide economic justifications for the improvement measures suggested by engineers
- 45. Causes of accidents Drivers Excess speed, Rash driving, Violation of rules,Failure to understand the situation,fatigue,alcohol Pedestrians Violating regulations,carelessness Passengers While alighting from or getting into vehicles Vehicle defects Failure of brakes, Steering,Lighting Systems,Tyre defects Road conditions Slippery/Skidding surface, pot holes, Ruts, Obstuctions to sight
- 46. Road design Defective geometric design,Inadequte sight distance & width Traffic Conditions Vehicles moving ahead, Presence of disable vehicles Weather Like mist, Fog, Snow, Dust, Heavy Rain Animals Stray animals on the road
- 47. Collision Diagram Drawn not to scale Depict the details of the accident location shows appropriate path of the vehicles and pedestrians involved in accident Shows other objects with which the vehicles have collided Most useful for Before and After studies
- 48. Condition Diagram Drawn to Scale Shows all important physical features of the road and adjoining area Important details to be shown are Width of roadway shoulders,medians,curves,kerb lines, Roadway conditions, Obstructions if any Both Collision & Condition diagrams can be combined together
- 49. Accident Reduction Measures EngineeringMeasures • Road Designs • Preventive Maintenance of Vehicles • Before and After Studies • Road Lighting EnforcementMeasures • Speed Control • Traffic Control Devices • Training and Supervision • Medical Check • Observance of law and regulations EducationalMeasures • Instructions in Schools • Poster exhibition • Publishing Highway Safety Code • Organizing Traffic Safety Awareness Programs