Introduction to tranportation

1
Introduction to Transportation
Engineering

Role of Transportation
Transport and economic growth
Place utility of goods
Time utility of goods
Producer and consumer
Preservation of quality of goods
Mass production
Exploitation of natural resources
Transport and urbanization
Transport and industrial development
Introduction to Transportation Engineering 2

Role of Transportation…
Transport and agricultural development
Costs of goods
Defense and strategic needs
Tourism
Transport facilities and social activities

Modes of Transport
Railways
Surface
Underground
Elevated
Light rail transit (LRT)
Road Transport
Air Transport
Water Transport
Pipelines

Transport Modes Characteristics
Speed
Safety
Regularity
Integration
Responsibilities
Cost
Cheapness
Fuel efficiency

Transport modes in India
Railways :
62500 km, Passengers- 300 bpk/year (20% of total
traffic)
Freight traffic- 257 bt/year (40% of total traffic)
Road Transport
3 million km
National Highways: 66900 km
Total vehicles- 67 million and growth rate of 10%

Transport modes in India…
Air India and Indian airlines, other private airlines
7.1 million passengers (2004-2005)
Domestic air traffic increasing 10% per anum
Indian coast-line: 5660 km, 176 ports – 10 major
ports and 23 intermidiate

Advantages and Disadvantages of Road
Transport
Wide geographical coverage provided by roads
Low capital investments
Quick and assured deliveries
Flexibility
Door-to-door service
Simpler packaging
Personalized service
Personalized travel

Advantages and Disadvantages of Road
Transport….
Short hauls
Safety
Environmental pollution
Parking problem
Long-hauls
Energy

Cross Section of Early Roads
Telford Pavement
Macadam Pavement

Development of Roads in India during
British Period
Neglect of the road system in India
Military and administrative purpose only
Introduction of railways
Jayakar Committee (1927)
Landmark in the planned development of roads
Central road fund as road development fund
The Indian Roads Congress (1934)
Produced standards and codes of practices for the
planning, design, operation and management of roads

Development of Roads in India
Road Development Plans
Nagpur Plan ( 1943)
Twenty year road development plan (Bombay
Plan) 1961-1981
Twenty year road development plan (Lucknow
Plan) 1981-2001

Roads in the World Today
USA has the largest network of roads (6.3 M-km)
India with its 3.3 M-km road network comes second
Density of roads (km/sq km) is very high in Germany and
Japan which are small in area
India : 1 km/sq km, USA: 0.67 and China : 0.12 km/sq km
Percentage of paved roads
UK : 100%
Germany : 99%
USA : 91%
India : 50%

International Comparison of
Expressways USA – 88400 km
Germany- 11000 km
Japan – 8500 km
China – 6000 km
UK – 4000 km
Malaysia – 1500 km
India – 200 km

Classification of Urban Roads in India
Expressways
Arterial Streets
Sub-arterial streets
Collector streets
Local Streets

Classification of non-urban roads in India
Primary system
Expressways
National Highways
Secondary System
State highways
Major district roads
Tertiary System
Other District Roads
Village Roads

Road Research
Central Road Research Institute
State Highway Research Laboratories
Highway Research Station, chennai
Maharashtra Engineering Research Institute, Nashik
Gujarat Engineering Research Institute, Vadodara
Highway Staff Training Institute
National Institute for training of highway engineers,
NOIDA
IITs, NITs or institutions like BITS

Traffic Studies
Traffic volume in vehicles per day, annual average
daily traffic, peak and design hourly traffic volume
Origin and destination studies
Traffic flow patterns
Mass transportation facilities
Accidents, cost analysis and causes
Future trend and growth in traffic volume and goods
traffic, trend in traffic pattern
Growth of passenger trips and the trends in the
choice of modes

Engineering Studies
Topographic surveys
Soil surveys
Location and classification of existing roads
Estimation of possible developments in all
aspects due to proposed highway development
Road life studies
Special problems in drainage, construction and
maintenance of roads

Bombay road congress 1961
It was the second 20 year road plan (1961-1981)
The total road length targeted to construct was about 10 lakhs.
Rural roads were given specific attention. Scientific methods of
construction was proposed for the rural roads.
The necessary technical advice to the Panchayaths should be
given by State PWD's.
They suggested that the length of the road should be
increased so as to give a road density of 32kms/100 sq.km
The construction of 1600 km of expressways was also then
included in the plan.

Formulae
DRQPNMk
CBA
kmMDRSHNH +++++++





++=++ ]4.24.66.92.112448[
24168
)(
DMK
CBA
kmNH +++++= ]832[]
968064
[)(
DPNMk
CBA
kmSHNH +++++





++=+ ]6.12.112448[
322420
)(
DTSRQPNMk
CBA
kmODRMDRSHNH +++++++++





++=+++ ]32.08.048.126.92.112448[
1632
3
16
3
)(
DVTSRQPNMk
CBA
kmVRODRMDRSHNH ++++++++++



++=++++ ]2.064.06.19.58.126.92.112448[
1284
)(

Formulae…
Where,
A is agricultural area sqkm
B is semi developed area sqkm
C is undeveloped area sqkm
K is number of towns with population over 1,00,000
M is number of towns with population range 1,00,000-50,000
N is number of towns with population range 50,000-20,000
P is number of towns with population range 20,000-10,000
Q is number of towns with population range 10,000-5,000
R is number of towns with population range 5,000-2,000
S is number of towns with population range 2,000-1,000
T is number of towns with population range 1,000-500
V number of towns with range below 500
D development allowance of 5 % of road length for next 20 years


Lucknow road congress 1984This was the third 20 year road plan (1981-2001). It is also called
Lucknow road plan.
It aimed at constructing a road length of 12 lakh kilometres by the
year 1981 resulting in a road density of 82kms/100 sq.km
The plan has set the target length of NH to be completed by the
end of seventh, eighth and ninth five year plan periods.
It aims at improving the transportation facilities in villages, towns
etc. such that no part of country is farther than 50 km from NH.
One of the goals contained in the plan was that expressways
should be constructed on major traffic corridors to provide speedy
travel.
Energy conservation, environmental quality of roads and road
safety measures were also given due importance in this plan.

Basis of the Formulae
Primary Road System
 Expressway – 2000 km : Based on some project formulation
 National Highways: concept of 100 km Square grids
 Length of the NH in country, km = 3287782/50 = 65,756 km
Secondary System: length of SH
 NH and SH should pass through every town and urban area: 3364 towns in the
country (Based on census data: 1981)
 Area of each square grid = 3287782/3364 = 977.3 Sq km (31.26 km each side)
 Total SH +NH = 2*31.26* 3364 = 2,10,250 km
 SH length = 2,10,250 km – 66000 km = 1,45,000 km.
 By Total Area, SH , Length (km) = Area of the state/ 25 (Double of NH)
 By total number of towns: {(62.5 * no of towns in the state) – (Area of state/ 50)}

Length of MDR, ODR and VR
Major District Roads
 Total length of MDR in the country = 3,00,000 km
 By Total Area, MDR , Length (km) = Area of the state/ 12.5 (Double of SH)
 By total number of towns in state : {(90*no of towns in the state)}
Tertiary System
 Total road length for the state
 Density to be achieved per 100 sq km.
The area of a certain district in India is 13,400 sq km and there were
12 towns as per 1981 census. Determine the lengths of different
categories of roads to be provided in this district by the year 2001.

THANK YOU
Introduction to Transportation Engineering
26

Introduction to tranportation

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