Unit 1
- 1. By- MD MOZAFFAR MASUD Assistant Professor Department of Civil Engineering JIT, JETGI, Barabanki
- 2. Transportation engineering is the application of technology and scientific principles to the planning, functional design, operation and management of facilities for any mode of transportation in order to provide for the safe, efficient, rapid, comfortable, convenient, economical, and environmentally compatible movement of people and goods from one place to other.
- 3. MODES OF TRANSPORTATION Basic mode of transportation are Land Roadway railway Water Air
- 4. MODES OF TRANSPORTATION Highways Car, Bus, Truck, non- motorized ..etc • Railways Passenger and Goods Airways Aircraft and Helicopters
- 5. MODES OF TRANSPORTATION Waterways Ships, boats… Continuous Flow systems Pipelines,belts,elevetor,ropeway…etc.
- 6. Merits and Demerits: Based on accessibility, mobility, cost, tonnage.. Airways Fastest among all other modes More comfortable Time saving Uneconomical
- 7. Merits and Demerits: Waterways slowest among all other modes It needs minimum energy to haul unit load through unit distance. This can be possible between ports on the sea routes or along the river economical
- 8. Merits and Demerits: Railways The transportation along the railways track could be advantageous by railways between the stations both for the passengers and goods, particularly for long distance. It depends upon the road transport i.e. road could serve as a feeder system. Energy require to haul a unit load through unit distance by the railway is only ¼ to 1/5 of that required by road. Safety
- 9. Merits and Demerits: Highways It gives the maximum service to one and all It gives maximum flexibility for travel with reference to route, direction, time and speed of travel It provide door to door service Other modes are depend on it It requires small investment for the government Motor vehicles are cheaper than other carriers like rail locomotive and wagons It saves the time for short distance High degree of accident due to flexibility of movement
- 10. Scope of highway engineering Development, planning and location Highway design, geometric and structure Traffic performance and its control Materials, construction and maintenance Economic, finance and administration
- 11. ROLE /IMPACT OF TRANSPORTATION Economic Development Social Development Spatial Development Cultural Development Political Development
- 12. Characteristics of road transport Roads are used by various types of road vehicles, like passenger cars, buses, trucks, pedal cycle and animal drawn vehicle. It requires a relatively small investment for the government. It offers a complete freedom to road users to transfer the vehicle from one lane to another and from one road to another according to need and convenience. Speed and movement is directly related with the severity of accident. Road transport is the only means of transport that offers itself to the whole community alike.
- 13. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF ROAD CONSTRUCTION Oldest mode Foot paths- animal ways, cart path…….. As civilization evolved the need for transportation increased ROMAN ROAD-(500 B.C.) They were built straight regardless of gradient They were built after the soft soil was removed and a hard stratum was reached. Thickness varies from 0.75 m to 1.2m
- 14. Roman Road Construction Basic cross section
- 16. Other oldest road transport Tresaguet construction Metcalf construction Telford construction Mecadam construction
- 17. Indian Roads India has a large road network of over 3.314 million kilometers of roadways (2.1 million miles), making it 3rd largest road network in the world. At 0.66 km of highway per square kilometer of land the density of India’s highway network is higher than that of the United States (0.65) and far higher than that of China's (0.16) or Brazil's (0.20).
- 18. Highway Development in India Jayakar Committee (1927) Central Road Fund (1929) Indian Roads Congress (IRC), 1934 Central Road Research Institute (CRRI), 1950 Motor vehicle act (1936) National Highway Authority of India (NHAI),1995 First twenty year road plan ( 1943-61 ) Second twenty year road plan ( 1961-81 ) Highway Research board ( 1973 ) National Transport Policy committee ( 1978 ) Third twenty year road plan ( 1981-2001 )
- 19. Jayakar Committee,1927 After the first World War, motor vehicle using the roads increases, this demanded a better road network. In 1927,Indian road development committee was appointed by the government with M.R. Jaykar as chairman. Road development in the country should be made as a national interest since local govt. do not have financial and technical capacity for road development. An extra tax should be levied on petrol from road users to create the road development fund. To establish a semi-official ,technical institution to pool technical knowledge, sharing of ideas and to act as an advisory body. To create a national level institution to carry research , development works and consultation.
- 20. Central road fund It was formed on 1st march 1929 The consumers of petrol were charged an extra levy of 2.64 paisa per litre of petrol to built up this road development fund. From this 20% of annual revenue is to be retain as a central revenue for research and experimental work expenses..etc Balance 80% is allowed by central govt. to various states based on actual petrol consumption or revenue collected.
- 21. Central Road Fund , 1929 CRF Act , 2000 Distribution of 100% cess on petrol as follows: 57.5% for NH MORTH 30% for SH 12.5% for safety works on rail-Road crossing. 50% cess on diesel for Rural Road development
- 22. Indian Roads Congress, 1934 Central semi official body known as IRC was formed in 1934. To provide national forum for regular pooling of experience and ideas on matters related to construction and maintenance of highways. It is a active body controlling the specification, standardization and recommendations on materials, design of roads and bridges. It publishes journals, research publications and standard specifications guide lines. To provide a platform for expression of professional opinion on matters relating to roads and road transport.
- 23. Motor vehicle act It was formed in 1939 To regulate the road traffic in the form of traffic laws, ordinances and regulations. Three phases primarily covered are control of driver, vehicle ownership and vehicle operation It was revised on 1988
- 24. Central road research institute(1950) engaged in carrying out research and development projects. design, construction and maintenance of roads and runways, traffic and transportation planning of mega and medium cities, management of roads in different terrains, Improvement of marginal materials. Utilization of industrial waste in road construction. Landslide control. Ground improvements, environmental pollution. Road traffic safety.
- 25. Ministry of Road Transport & Highways Planning, development and maintenance of National Highways in the country. Extends technical and financial support to State Governments for the development of state roads and the roads of inter-state connectivity and economic importance. Evolves standard specifications for roads and bridges in the country. It stores the data related to technical knowledge on roads and bridges.
- 26. Highway Research Board To ascertain the nature and extent of research required To correlate research information from various organization in India and abroad. To collect and correlation services. To collect result on research To channelize consultative services
- 27. Classification of Highways Depending on weather All weather roads Fair weather roads Depending the type of Carriage way Paved roads(WBM) Unpaved roads(earth road or gravel road) Depending upon the pavement surface Surfaced roads(bituminous or cement concrete road) Un surfaced roads
- 28. Classification of Highways Based on the Traffic Volume Heavy Medium Light Based on Load or Tonnage Class 1 or Class 2 etc or Class A , B etc Tonnes per day Based on location and function ( Nagpur road plan ) National highway (NH) State highway (SH) Major district road (MDR) Other district road (ODR) Village road (VR)
- 29. Classification of Highways Based on modified system Primary Expressways National Highways Secondary SH MDR Tertiary ODR VR
- 30. Expressway •Heavy traffic at high speed (120km/hr) •Land Width (90m) •Full access control •Connects major points of traffic generation •No slow moving traffic allowed •No loading, unloading, parking. The Mumbai-Pune Expressway as seen from Khandala
- 31. National Highways • NH are the main highways running through the length and breadth of India, connecting major parts,foreign highways,capital of large states and large industrial and tourist centres including roads required for strategic movements for the defence of India. • The national highways have a total length of 70,548 kms. Indian highways cover 2% of the total road network of India and carry 40% of the total traffic. • The highway connecting Delhi-Ambala-Amritsar is denoted as NH-1, whereas a bifurcation of this highway beyond Jalandar to Srinagar and Uri is denoted NH-1-A • The longest highway in India is NH7 which stretches from Varansi in Uttar Pradesh to Kanyakumari in the southern most point of Indian mainland.
- 32. National Highways cont… • The shortest highway is NH47A which stretches from Ernakulam to Kochi and covers total length of 4 Kms. • Golden Quadrilateral – (5,846 K Kolkata-Chennai-Mumbai NH-2 Delhi- Kol (1453 km) NH 4,7&46 Che-Mum (1290km NH5&6 Kol- Che (1684 m) NH 8 Del- Mum (1419 km) ms) connecting Delhi- )
- 33. State Highways • They are the arterial roads of a state, connecting up with the national highways of adjacent states, district head quarters and important cities within the state. • Total length of all SH in the country is 1,37,119 Kms. • Speed 80 kmph
- 34. Major District Roads • Important roads with in a district serving areas of production and markets , connecting those with each other or with the major highways. • India has a total of 4,70,000 kms of MDR. • Speed 60-80kmph
- 35. Other district roads serving rural areas of production and providing or otherthem with outlet to market important roads like MDR or SH. Speed 50-60kmph Village roads centers • They are roads connecting villages or group of villages with each other or to the nearest road of a higher category like ODR or MDR. • India has 26,50,000 kms of ODR+VR out of the total 33,15,231 kms of all type of roads. • Speed-40-50kmph
- 36. Urban Road Classification • Arterial Roads • Sub Arterial • Collector • Local Street • Cul-de-sac • Pathway • Driveway
- 37. ARTERIAL • No frontage access, no standing vehicle, very little cross traffic. • Design Speed : 80km/hr • Land width : 50 – 60m • Divided roads with full or partial parking • Pedestrian allowed to walk only at intersection
- 38. SUB ARTERIAL ROAD • Bus stops but no standing vehicle. • Less mobility than arterial. • Spacing for CBD • Design speed • Land width : 0.5km : 60 km/hr : 30 – 40 m
- 39. Collector Street • Collects and distributes traffic from local streets • Provides access to arterial roads • Located in residential, business and industrial areas. • Full access allowed. • Parking permitted. • Design speed : 50km/hr • Land Width : 20-30m
- 40. Local Street • Design Speed : 30km/hr. • Land Width : 10 – 20m. • Primary access to residence, business or other abutting property • Less volume of traffic at slow speed • Unrestricted parking, pedestrian movements. (with frontage access, parked vehicle, bus stops and no waiting restrictions)
- 41. CUL–DE- SAC • Dead End Street with only one entry access for entry and exit. • Recommended in Residential areas
- 42. Driveway • A driveway is a type of private road for local access to one or a small group of structures, and is owned and maintained by an individual or group. • Driveways are commonly used as paths to private garages, fuel stations, or houses
- 43. Road Patterns • Rectangular or Block patterns • Radial or Star block pattern • Radial or Star Circular pattern • Radial or Star grid pattern • Hexagonal Pattern • Minimum travel Pattern
- 44. First 20-years road plan(1943-63) • The conference of chief engineer held at Nagpur in 1943 finalized the first 20-years road development plan for India called Nagpur road plan • Road network was classified into five categories. • The responsibility of construction maintenance of NH was assign to central govt. • The target road length was 5,32,700 km at the end of 1961. • Density of about 16km of road length per 100 sq. km area would be available in the country by the year 1963.
- 45. First 20-years road plan cont… • The formulae were based on star and grid pattern of road network. • An allowance of 15% is provided for agricultural industrial development during the next 20-years • The length of railway track in the area was also consider in deciding the length of first category road. The length or railway track is directly subtracted from the estimated road length of metalled roads.
- 46. Second 20-years road plan(1961-81) • It was initiated by the IRC and was finalized in 1959 at the meeting of chief engineers. • It is known as the Bombay road plan. • The target road length was almost double that of Nagpur road plan i.e. 10,57,330 km. • Density about 32 km per 100 sq. km. and an outlay of 5200 crores • Every town with population above 2000 in plans and above 1000 in semi hill area and above 500 in hilly area should be connected by metalled road
- 47. Second 20-years road plan cont… • the maximum distance from any place in a semi develop area would be 12.8 km from metalled road and 4.8 from any road • Expressways have also been considered in this plan and 1600km of length has been included in the proposed target NH • Length of railway trackis considered independent of road system • 5% are to be provided for future development and unforeseen factor
- 48. Third twenty years road plan (1981-2001) • The future road development should be based on the revised classification of roads system i.e. primary, secondary and tertiary • Develop the rural economy and small towns with all essential features. • Population over 500 should be connected by all weather roads. • Density increases to 82 km per 100 sq. km • The NH network should be expanded to form a square grids of 100 km sides so that no part of the country is more than 50 km away from the NH
- 49. Third twenty years road plan • Expressway should be constructed along major traffic corridors • All towns and villages with population over 1500 should be connected by MDR and villages with population 1000-1500 by ODR. • Road should be built in less industrialized areas to attract the growth of industries • The existing roads should be improved by rectifying the defects in the road geometry, widening, riding quality and strengthening the existing pavement to save vehicle operation cost and thus to conserve energy