SlideShare a Scribd company logo

4. traffic engineering

holegajendra, profile picture
holegajendra

1. Traffic engineering deals with the safe and efficient movement of people and goods on roadways. It uses engineering techniques and applies scientific principles to achieve this. 2. A traffic study should be conducted when a new development is proposed, for financial assessments, major road projects, to address existing transportation problems, or for developments in sensitive areas. 3. Traffic signs, signals, markings, and islands are traffic control devices used to inform, guide, and regulate traffic and pedestrians.

Engineering
1 of 52
Downloaded 77 times
1
2
Most read
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
Most read
18
19
20
21
Most read
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
Unit 4 : TRAFFIC ENGINEERING By Prof. Hole G.R. Civil Engineering Department
Traffic Engineering • Traffic engineering is a branch of civil engineering that uses engineering techniques to achieve the safe and efficient movement of people and goods on roadways. • It deals with the application of scientific principles, tools, techniques and findings for safe, rapid ,economical and efficient movement of people and goods. • The basic object of traffic engineering is to achieve efficient, free and rapid flow of traffic with least no of accidents.
Traffic Engineering Study  Traffic Characteristics  Traffic Studies and Analysis  Traffic operation-control and regulation  Planning and analysis  Geometric Design  Administration and Management 1. Road user and Driver characteristics. 2. Vehicular characteristics. Traffic Characteristics
Road user and Driver characteristics.  Physical characteristics: Vision, hearing, strength and reaction to traffic situation  Mental characteristics: Knowledge, skill, intelligence, experience, literacy  Psychological characteristics: Emotional factors such as fear, anger, anxiety  Environmental factors: Traffic stream conditions, roadside features , atmospheric conditions, facilities to the traffic locality etc.
Vehicular characteristics.  Static characteristics • Dimensions • Weight • Maximum turning angle.  Dynamic characteristics • Speed • Acceleration • Braking characteristics 1. Effect of Width  Width of traffic lanes  Shoulders  Parking facilities 2. Effect of Height  Clearance under over bridges, under bridges, electric & other service lines.  Height of driver seat –provide clear vision of the road to his front & sides.  Height of headlight- affects sight distances at valley curves. 3. Effect of Length  Safe overtaking distance  Capacity of road  Extra widening  Minimum turning radius  Parking facilities  Design of valley curves. 1. Dimensions
Vehicular characteristics. • Design of pavement thickness • Limiting gradients are governed by weight & power of vehicles. • Depends on length of wheel base and features of steering system • Affects design of sharp curves. 2. Effect Of Weight 3. Minimum Turning Radius
Traffic Studies. • The process carried out for collecting traffic data is termed as traffic studies • It is also called as traffic census or surveys  A new development is proposed and it will generate substantial new traffic.  Financial assessments are implemented (transportation impact fees).  A major roadway improvement or reconstruction project is proposed.  Existing transportation problems are evident, such as a high crash location or at location with complex roadway geometrics.  When a development is proposed for a sensitive area.  At the judgment or discretion of jurisdiction staff based on unusual circumstances. When should a traffic study be conducted..?
Concept of Passenger Car Unit(PCU)  Definition:- “ It is an conversion factor which is used to convert all different types of vehicle in to one single unit Known as Passenger Car Unit” • Different classes such as Car, Bus, Truck, Rickshaw, Bikes etc. • Mixed traffic characteristics are difficult and complex for study. • With Mixed traffic condition it is difficult to estimate traffic Volume. • So Mixed traffic as one unit as PCU/Hr.  Factors Affecting PCU:- • Vehicle Characteristics:- Length, Power, Speed, etc. • Clearance Between Vehicles, • Traffic Stream Characteristics:- Vehicle Class, Mean Speed, Speed distribution on Stream etc. • Road Characteristics:- Curves, Gradients, Intersection Points etc. • Traffic Regulations:- Speed Limit, One Way Traffic, Traffic Control Devices etc. • Environmental and Climatic Conditions.
Concept of Passenger Car Unit(PCU)
Important Definitions of Traffic Study: 1. Traffic Density:- ( No. of Veh/Km) “It is the No. of Vehicles present in unit length of Road at particular Time” • In simple it is No. of Vehicle per Km at particular time of Instant. 2. Traffic Capacity:-(No. of Veh./hr) “ It is an Maximum No. of Vehicles that can pass through particular section of Road in per Unit Time” 1 km Time = 0 No. of Veh. = 0 Time = 1 hr No. of Veh. = 6 Veh./hr
Types of Traffic Studies. 1. Volume Studies 2. Speed Studies 3. O-D Surveys 4. Parking Studies 5. Accident Studies a. A new development is proposed and it will generate substantial new traffic; b. Financial assessments are implemented (transportation impact fees); c. A major roadway improvement or reconstruction project is proposed; d. Existing transportation problems are evident, such as a high crash location or at location with complex roadway geometrics; e. When a development is proposed for a sensitive area f. At the judgment or discretion of jurisdiction staff based on unusual circumstances When should a traffic study be conducted..?
1. Volume Studies. • Measure to quantify traffic flow • No. of vehicles passing across a givenn traverse line of the road during unit time • Expressed as no. of vehicles/hour or per day • Classified traffic volume : Volume of each vehicle class separately • Level of measurements of traffic volume a. Hourly flow ( Veh/hour) b. Annual Average Daily Traffic ( AADT) (Veh/day) c. Average Annual Flow ( Veh/year)  Purpose 1. To establish relative importance of any route or road facility. 2. To decide the priority for improvement and expansion of a road and to allot the funds accordingly. 3. To plan and design the existing and new facilities of traffic operations on the road. 4. To make analysis of traffic pattern and trends on the road. 5. To do structural design of pavements and geometrically design of roads by classified traffic volume study.
Methods Of Traffic Volume Studies • Manual counts are recorded using one of three methods: tally sheets, mechanical counting boards, or electronic counting boards  Equipment's needed Watch, Pencil, Eraser, Sharpener, Data Sheets, Clip Board Field summary sheets  Advantages:- • By this method traffic volume as well as vehicle classification and turning proportions can be obtained. • Data can be used immediately after collection.  Disadvantages:- • This method is not practicable for long duration count and when flow is high. • Error is common especially when volume is high. • Count cannot be cross checked. Count cannot be done in bad weather. A. Manual Method
Methods Of Traffic Volume Studies  Typical Sheet of Manual Method of Traffic Volume Study
Methods Of Traffic Volume Studies • In this method, vehicles are counted automatically without any human involvement. • Contact system based (pneumatic, mechanical, magnetic or piezoelectric method) • Contactless system based (electrical/optical, ultrasound/infrared radar, micro wave, CCTV/video image processing method etc.)  Advantages: • Besides traffic volume, several traffic parameters can be obtained from recorded film. • Data can be cross checked and quality can be ensured. • This method is suitable for long duration or continuous count. • Count is not affected by bad weather condition. • This method is applicable when volume is high. • It is suitable for non-lane based traffic operation.  Disadvantages: • A suitable elevated place is required for filming operation. • Data cannot be used immediately after collection. • It requires strict lane discipline. B. Automatic Method
Methods Of Traffic Volume Studies Video Recording Pneumatic Road Tube Counter Motion sensors Ultrasound, light beam
2. Traffic Speed Studies • Speed studies are necessary because the actual speed of vehicles over a particular may vary depending on various factors such as geometric features, traffic conditions, time, place, environment and driver.  Speed studies can be studied under following heads- • Travel time- it is the reciprocal of speed and is simple measure of how well road network is operating. • Spot Speed- it Is the instantaneous speed of a vehicle at a specified section or location. • Average speed- it is the average of the spot speeds of all the passing vehicles at a given point on the highway. • Running speed- it is the average speed maintained by a vehicle over a particular stretch of road, while the vehicle is in first motion. • Overall speed and travel speed- it Is the effective speed with which a vehicle transverses a particular route between two terminals.  There are two types of speed studies carry out- 1. Spot speed study 2. Speed and delay study
2. Traffic Speed Studies  The speed at a particular moment of time at a point or cross section is termed as instantaneous or spot speed.  Uses Of Spot Speed Studies:- 1. Planning traffic regulation and control measure such as speed limit etc. 2. Design or redesign of various road geometry elements 3. To design the speed 4. In accident studies and preventive measure 5. Study of traffic capacity 6. To compare the behavior of diverse type of driver and vehicles under specified set of conditions  Measurement Method Of Spot Speed • By calculating time taken to cover a short distance • By graphic recorder, electronic meter, photo electric meter, radar speed meter etc. A. Spot speed study
2. Traffic Speed Studies A. Spot speed study
2. Traffic Speed Studies • It gives the particulars of running speed or fluctuation in speed the location and duration of delays or stoppages and the overall travel speed between two desired location along a road. • It gives information such as time, location, cause, duration and frequency of delays.  Objectives 1. To identify the location of congestion and its cause for better improvement 2. To reduce delays and increase the travel time In benefit cost analysis  Causes Of Delays 1. Turning vehicles 2. Parking and unparking 3. Pedestrian etc.  Method Of Conduction 1. Floating car or riding check method 2. License plate or vehicle number method 3. Interview technique 4. Elevated observation 5. Photographic technique B. Speed and delay study
4. Parking Studies • To bring a moving vehicle to halt or temporarily standing or static position is termed as parking of vehicle • Parking is one of the major problems that is created by the increasing road traffic.  Types of Parking:- 1. On-Street Parking 2. Off-Street Parking • It means parking your vehicle on the street, anywhere on or along the kerb of streets, in contrast to parking it in a parking garage. • In some streets you can always park your vehicle on the street, but sometimes there are restrictions through traffic signs usually controlled by government agencies itself.  Types Of On-street Parking 1. Parallel parking 2. 30 parking 3. 45 parking 4. 60 parking 5. Right angle parking With increase of angle of parking the capacity of vehicles increases but it requires more kerb width. 1. On-Street Parking
4. Parking Studies
4. Parking Studies • It means parking your vehicle anywhere but not on the streets. • These are usually parking facilities like garages and lots. • Off-street parking also includes private lots, garages and driveways 2. Off Street Parking
5. Accident Studies  Objectives 1. To Study the causes of accidents and to suggest corrective treatments at potential locations 2. To evaluate existing design, regulations and control measures 3. To carryout before and after studies after implementing changes 4. To make computations of financial loss due to accidents 5. To provide economic justifications for the improvement measures suggested by engineers  Causes of Accident:- 1.Drivers Excess speed, Rash driving, Violation of rules, Failure to understand the situation,fatigue,alcohol 2.Pedestrians Violating regulations, carelessness 3.Passengers While alighting from or getting into vehicles 4.Vehicle defects Failure of brakes, Steering, Lighting Systems, Tyre defects 5.Road conditions Slippery/Skidding surface, pot holes, Ruts, Obstructions to sight
5. Accident Studies 6. Road design Defective geometric design, Inadequate sight distance & width 7. Traffic Conditions Vehicles moving ahead, Presence of disable vehicles 8. Weather Like mist, Fog, Snow, Dust, Heavy Rain 9. Animals Stray animals on the road
Traffic Regulation And Control • It is the law rules designed to control of the movement of vehicles and pedestrians, chiefly on city streets to prevent collisions. • Objective of traffic regulation is safety of drivers, passengers, pedestrians, vehicles and goods.  Consequence Of Disobeying Traffic Rules 1. Loss of life 2. Injury to people involved 3. Loss of some parts of body 4. Traffic hold up 5. Damage to the vehicle.  Methods of Traffic Regulation • Driver control • Vehicle control • Traffic flow regulation • General controls
Traffic Control Devices • Traffic control devices are markers, signs and signal devices used to inform, guide and control traffic, including pedestrians, motor vehicle drivers and bicyclists • These devices are usually placed adjacent, over or along the highways, roads, traffic facilities and other public areas that require traffic control • It includes... 1. Traffic signs 2. Signals 3. Markings 4. Island
1. Traffic Signs • Traffic signs are signs which use words and/or symbols to convey information to road users. • These devices are made with retro reflective materials that reflect light from headlights back towards the driver's eyes. This is to achieve maximum visibility especially at night.  Types of Traffic Signs:- 1. Regulatory Signs. 2. Warning Signs. 3. Informatory Signs. • Traffic signs are signs which use words and/or symbols to convey information to road users. • These devices are made with retro reflective materials that reflect light from headlights back towards the driver's eyes. This is to achieve maximum visibility especially at night.  Types of regulatorysign 1)Stop and give way sign 2) Prohibitory sign 3) No parking and no stopping sign 4) Speed limit and vehicle control sign 5) Compulsory direction control sign 6) Restriction ends 1)Stop and give way sign 1. Regulatory Signs.
1. Regulatory Signs 2) Prohibitory sign . 3) No parking and no stopping sign
1. Regulatory Signs 4. Speed Limit and Vehicle Control Sign . 6. Restriction End Sign:- 5. Compulsory Direction Sign
2. Warning Signs • The road signs are used to warn Road users of the hazardous conditions either on or adjacent to the road way are called warning sign. • The warnings sign are in the shape of equilateral triangle with its epics. • They have a white background, red border and black symbol  Location of warning sign • Urban areas- warning science should be located at about 50 in advance from the situation warned against Sr.No Road Plain Area Hilly Area 1 NH & SH 120m 60m 2 MDR 90m 50m 3 ODR 60m 40m 4 VR 40m 30m
3. Informatory Signs • The road signs used to guide Road user along route, inform them about destination and distance, and provide other information so as to make the road travel is here, safe and pleasant are called information sign and guiding sign. • This science also include all such science which guide users to identify points of geographical and historical interest  Informatory sign are of following type 1. Direction and place identification sign 2. facility information sign 3. parking sign 4. route marker sign 5. kilometer stone 6. other useful sign
Road Marking • The lines, patterns, words, symbols or reflectors applied to the carriage way, kerb, sides of island or two fixed objects near the roadway are known as traffic Road marking • Traffic marking promote road safety and ensure smooth flow of traffic sometimes Road marking are used to supplement the message of road signs and other devices  Classification of traffic marking a. Carriageway marking/ pavement marking b. Kerb marking c. Object marking d. Reflector marking a. Carriageway marking/ pavement marking The traffic marking applied to the surface of road pavement are known as carriageway marking Types of carriageway marking 1 .centerline These lines are provided on the roads to separate the streams of traffic moving in opposite directions and to facilitate their moments 10 to15 cm wide, length and 4.5 meter gap
Road Marking 2. Non passing zone marking- Provided to indicate to the road users that over taking is not permitted in that much portion of road 3. pedestrian crossing or crosswalk lines- provided at places where pedestrian are to cross the road 4.stop lines- provided near the pedestrian crossing and at signalized intersection to indicate the drivers to stop and then proceed when the signal is clear distance between pedestrian crossing and stop line at signalized intersection varies from 2 to 3 meter
Road Marking b. Kerb Marking • The marking provided to kerbs of object lying within the carriageway are known as kerb marking. • Provided to all islands, dividing strips of carriageway and two kerbs directly ahead of traffic at T junctions. • They are used to indicate certain regulations or increase the visibility of object s within the carriageway from long distance. c. Object marking • The traffic marking provided to Physical obstructions on or near roadway are known as object marking. • Provided to support the grade separation post of signs and signals, narrow bridges, guard rails, drums and trees etc for their clear visibility for a long distance.
Road Marking d. Reflector Marking • Replacing buttons or clusters for small panels covered with reflecting coatings provided at kerbs are known as Reflector marking or markers. • Provided at kerbs to increase their visibility specially during night hours. e. Traffic Delineated • Road delineators are devices or treatment of outline the roadway or a portion there of to provide • visual assistance to drivers about the alignment of road ahead, especially at night hours. • Three types of delineators that may be used or roadway indicators, hazard makers and object makers.
Traffic Signals • A set of automatically operated coloured lights, typically red, amber, and green, for controlling traffic at road junctions, pedestrian crossings, and roundabouts. • Used to alternately assign right-of-way to traffic moving in conflicting directions at an intersection  Advantages 1. Provide for orderly movement of traffic 2. Increase traffic-handling capacity of an intersection 3. Reduce frequency and severity of certain types of crashes, especially rightangle collisions 4. Provide for continuous movement of traffic at a definite speed along a given route 5. Interrupt heavy traffic at intervals to permit other vehicles or pedestrians to cross  Types 1. Traffic control 2. Pedestrian 3. Special traffic
Traffic Signals
Traffic Island • A small raised area in the middle of a road which provides a safe place for pedestrians to stand and marks a division between two opposing streams of traffic. • A traffic island may be solid or painted object in a road that channelizes traffic. • It can also be a narrow strip of island between roads that intersect at an acute angle  Types of Traffic Island:- 1. Channelizing islands • These are designed to control and direct traffic movement, usually turning. 2. Divisional islands • These are designed to divide opposing or same direction traffic streams, usually through movements 3. Refuge or pedestrian islands • Pedestrian islands are provided to serve as safety zones for the aid and protection of persons on foot. • If a divisional island is located in an urban area where pedestrians are present, portions of each island can be considered a refuge island 4. Rotary island • A traffic circle is a type of intersection that directs both turning and through traffic onto a one-way circular roadway, usually built for the purposes of traffic calming or aesthetics
Traffic Island • A small raised area in the middle of a road which provides a safe place for pedestrians to stand and marks a division between two opposing streams of traffic. • A traffic island may be solid or painted object in a road that channelizes traffic. • It can also be a narrow strip of island between roads that intersect at an acute angle  Types of Traffic Island:- 1. Channelizing islands • These are designed to control and direct traffic movement, usually turning. 2. Divisional islands • These are designed to divide opposing or same direction traffic streams, usually through movements
Traffic Island 3. Refuge or pedestrian islands • Pedestrian islands are provided to serve as safety zones for the aid and protection of persons on foot. • If a divisional island is located in an urban area where pedestrians are present, portions of each island can be considered a refuge island 4. Rotary island • A traffic circle is a type of intersection that directs both turning and through traffic onto a one-way circular roadway, usually built the purposes of traffic calming or aesthetics
Road Intersection • The places where two or more roads are arranged to join or cross at same or different level are known as a road intersection . • At a road intersection there are true turning and crossing traffic and their movements are handled in different ways depending on the type of intersection and its design. • The efficiency, safety, speed, cost of operation and capacity off road system is very much dependent on the intersection design. Types of road intersection:- 1.Intersection at grade 2.Grade separated intersection
Road Intersection 1.Intersection at grade:- • The road intersection where all the Roadways join or cross at the same level are called intersection at grade. • Such Road intersections can be easily and economically constructed as compared to grade separated intersection but intersections at grade provide comparatively less facility to the crossing traffic and cause delay and resulting more number of accidents and less controlled by traffic signals or police
Road Intersection  Types off road intersection at grade:- 1.Cross intersection 2.T Intersection 3.staggered intersection 4.skewed intersection 5.cross skewed 6. skewed staggered 7.wye intersection 8.multiple intersection
Road Intersection  Types off road intersection at grade:- 1.Cross intersection 2.T Intersection 3.staggered intersection 4.skewed intersection 5.cross skewed 6. skewed staggered 7.wye intersection 8.multiple intersection
Road Intersection 2. Intersection at Separate Grade:- (Grade Separation) • The road intersection at which the separation in grade of the intersecting roads is achieved by providing a bridge is called grade separated intersection • This type of intersection causes least delay and obstruction to the crossing traffic. • The great separation may be achieved either by an over bridge or an underpass. • Transfer of root at grade separated intersection is provided by interchange facilities of ramps.
Road Intersection  Types of grade separated intersection • The choice of type of grade separated intersection depends on topography, vertical alignment, drainage, economy aesthetic features for the major highways. • The various grade separated intersections are classified into the following two types 1. Over Pass 2. Under Pass 1. Over pass The grade separated intersection in which the major Highway is taken in embankment across the other Highway by constructing and over bridge called overpass or flyover • Types of Over Pass 1. Clover Leaf Flyover 2. Trumpt Type Flyover 3. Diamond Overpass
Road Intersection  Types of Overpass 1. Clover Leaf Flyover
Road Intersection  Types of Overpass 2.Trumpt Type Flyover
Road Intersection  Types of Overpass 3. Diamond Overpass
Road Intersection 2. Underpass • The grade separated intersection in which one highway is taken by depressing it below ground level across the highway by constructing and under bridge is called under pass • The underpass is advantages when the main Highway is taken along the existing grid without alteration of its vertical alignment and the crossroad is depressed and taken underneath by constructing and under Bridge.
4. traffic engineering

More Related Content

PDF
Traffic engineering
RonakModi34
 
PPTX
Traffic studies and importance
SACHIN NAGAYACH
 
PPTX
traffic characteristics
kamariya keyur
 
PDF
Ce2026 traffic engineering and management notes
Nayana 54321
 
PPTX
Unit 3
MD MOZAFFAR MASUD
 
PPTX
Transportation Engineering I
GAURAV. H .TANDON
 
PPTX
traffic engineering
Eddy Ankit Gangani
 
PPTX
Traffic engineering
Aavani Thampi
 
Traffic engineering
RonakModi34
 
Traffic studies and importance
SACHIN NAGAYACH
 
traffic characteristics
kamariya keyur
 
Ce2026 traffic engineering and management notes
Nayana 54321
 
Unit 3
MD MOZAFFAR MASUD
 
Transportation Engineering I
GAURAV. H .TANDON
 
traffic engineering
Eddy Ankit Gangani
 
Traffic engineering
Aavani Thampi
 

What's hot (20)

PDF
Highway notes (planning, alignment, & geometric design )
mohit kumar panchal
 
PPTX
Chapter 7 Maintenance of railway track
KHUSHBU SHAH
 
PPTX
Highway failure & their maintenance ppt
Being Deepak
 
PPTX
Chapter 2 traffic studies
Ankit Patel
 
PPTX
Railway Track Maintenance
Hari Krishna Velpula
 
PPTX
Unit 1
MD MOZAFFAR MASUD
 
PDF
Chapter 7
EWIT
 
PPT
Elements of road x-section
Rana Ibrahim
 
PDF
Highway planning and alignment
Poornima Institute of Engineering and Technology, Jaipur
 
PDF
Railway engineering
Shanmugaraj M
 
PPTX
Chapter 1 traffic characterstics
Ankit Patel
 
PPT
Flexible and-rigid-pavements
HARITSEHRAWAT
 
PPTX
Superelevation
abhishek verma
 
PPTX
Geometric design of highway
Junaid Jamadar
 
PDF
Module 1(highway planning and scope of highway engineering)
Pankti Jethi
 
PPTX
11.track junctions and layouts
Mani Vel
 
PPTX
Pavement design
husna004
 
PPTX
Traffic control devices
Ashish kumar Yadav
 
PDF
Station and Yards in Indian Railway
Arbaz Kazi
 
PPTX
Signals on Railway
Satyapal Singh
 
Highway notes (planning, alignment, & geometric design )
mohit kumar panchal
 
Chapter 7 Maintenance of railway track
KHUSHBU SHAH
 
Highway failure & their maintenance ppt
Being Deepak
 
Chapter 2 traffic studies
Ankit Patel
 
Railway Track Maintenance
Hari Krishna Velpula
 
Unit 1
MD MOZAFFAR MASUD
 
Chapter 7
EWIT
 
Elements of road x-section
Rana Ibrahim
 
Highway planning and alignment
Poornima Institute of Engineering and Technology, Jaipur
 
Railway engineering
Shanmugaraj M
 
Chapter 1 traffic characterstics
Ankit Patel
 
Flexible and-rigid-pavements
HARITSEHRAWAT
 
Superelevation
abhishek verma
 
Geometric design of highway
Junaid Jamadar
 
Module 1(highway planning and scope of highway engineering)
Pankti Jethi
 
11.track junctions and layouts
Mani Vel
 
Pavement design
husna004
 
Traffic control devices
Ashish kumar Yadav
 
Station and Yards in Indian Railway
Arbaz Kazi
 
Signals on Railway
Satyapal Singh
 
Ad

Similar to 4. traffic engineering (20)

PPTX
Traffic Engineering And Drainage
Prashant Ranjan
 
PDF
TRAFFIC ENGINEERING & HIGHWAY DRAINAGE_.pdf
Priya Sarita Mane
 
PPTX
TRAFFIC SURVEYS- TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
surekha1287
 
PPTX
Unit 3 i ppt
UMASAI8
 
PPTX
Unit 3 i ppt
PALURUUMASAI
 
PPTX
He final ppt
ShahIshani1996
 
PPTX
Traffic studies (transportation engineering)
Civil Zone
 
PDF
Transport Eng. Chap 3..pdf and road safety
b2575150
 
PPTX
Traffic volume studies
Janak Parmar
 
PPTX
TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING 2222222222222222222
DIVYA8090
 
PPTX
ATE - U-I.pptx
Civilhod15
 
PPTX
Basic information about Traffic rule and regulations
bharatkumarsingh917
 
PPTX
Traffic volume study
Stone Rayhan
 
PDF
NIT ROURKELA Traffic engineering materials.pdf
keshabakumar19
 
PPTX
FINAL PPT FOR PROJECT 012312312312312312
JaySarang1
 
PPTX
Presentation on Traffic Volume Study for the course CE 454
nazifa tabassum
 
PPTX
TRAFFIC VOLUME STUDY AT SECTOR 18 NOIDA SECTION AND FUTURE FORECASTING USING ...
Sukrati Pandit
 
PDF
TRAFFIC PARAMETERS: VOLUME COUNT, SPOT SPEED STUDY, SATUARATION FLOW
IRJET Journal
 
PDF
Chapter 3&4
EWIT
 
PDF
A Report on Spot Speed Study.pdf
Lisa Riley
 
Traffic Engineering And Drainage
Prashant Ranjan
 
TRAFFIC ENGINEERING & HIGHWAY DRAINAGE_.pdf
Priya Sarita Mane
 
TRAFFIC SURVEYS- TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
surekha1287
 
Unit 3 i ppt
UMASAI8
 
Unit 3 i ppt
PALURUUMASAI
 
He final ppt
ShahIshani1996
 
Traffic studies (transportation engineering)
Civil Zone
 
Transport Eng. Chap 3..pdf and road safety
b2575150
 
Traffic volume studies
Janak Parmar
 
TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING 2222222222222222222
DIVYA8090
 
ATE - U-I.pptx
Civilhod15
 
Basic information about Traffic rule and regulations
bharatkumarsingh917
 
Traffic volume study
Stone Rayhan
 
NIT ROURKELA Traffic engineering materials.pdf
keshabakumar19
 
FINAL PPT FOR PROJECT 012312312312312312
JaySarang1
 
Presentation on Traffic Volume Study for the course CE 454
nazifa tabassum
 
TRAFFIC VOLUME STUDY AT SECTOR 18 NOIDA SECTION AND FUTURE FORECASTING USING ...
Sukrati Pandit
 
TRAFFIC PARAMETERS: VOLUME COUNT, SPOT SPEED STUDY, SATUARATION FLOW
IRJET Journal
 
Chapter 3&4
EWIT
 
A Report on Spot Speed Study.pdf
Lisa Riley
 
Ad

More from holegajendra (12)

PPTX
PRESENTATION ON SURGE ANTICIPATION VALVE.pptx
holegajendra
 
PDF
Introduction to Hydrology
holegajendra
 
PDF
Geometric design of highway
holegajendra
 
PDF
Introduction to irrigation engineering 19 07 1 (1)
holegajendra
 
PPTX
1.introduction to highway engineering
holegajendra
 
PPTX
Application of GIS and RS in Watershed Management
holegajendra
 
PPTX
Dam engineering
holegajendra
 
PPTX
Spillway and gates
holegajendra
 
PPTX
Diversion Headwork in Canal
holegajendra
 
PPTX
Maintenence of road
holegajendra
 
PPT
Hill roads and Drainage
holegajendra
 
PPTX
Cross Drainage Work
holegajendra
 
PRESENTATION ON SURGE ANTICIPATION VALVE.pptx
holegajendra
 
Introduction to Hydrology
holegajendra
 
Geometric design of highway
holegajendra
 
Introduction to irrigation engineering 19 07 1 (1)
holegajendra
 
1.introduction to highway engineering
holegajendra
 
Application of GIS and RS in Watershed Management
holegajendra
 
Dam engineering
holegajendra
 
Spillway and gates
holegajendra
 
Diversion Headwork in Canal
holegajendra
 
Maintenence of road
holegajendra
 
Hill roads and Drainage
holegajendra
 
Cross Drainage Work
holegajendra
 

Recently uploaded (20)

PPTX
Lecture Notes Electrical Wiring System Components
eedgecbhojpur
 
PPTX
Lesson 3_Tessellation.pptx finite Mathematics
quakeplayz54
 
PPT
Mechanical Engineering MATERIALS Selection
arsalanahmad705384
 
PPTX
Sustainable Sites - Green Building Construction
mhdumerali
 
PDF
Mohammad Mahdi Farshadian CV - Prospective PhD Student 2026
Educational Group Mohammad Farshadian
 
PDF
keyrequirementskkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk
mojeeburahmanwardak
 
PDF
composite construction of structures.pdf
AinieButt1
 
PPTX
CARTOGRAPHY AND GEOINFORMATION VISUALIZATION chapter1 NPTE (2).pptx
abhi1361yadav
 
PPTX
FINAL REVIEW FOR COPD DIANOSIS FOR PULMONARY DISEASE.pptx
rubeshbme
 
PPTX
Internet of Things (IOT) - A guide to understanding
Davies Chacko
 
PDF
Mitigating Risks through Effective Management for Enhancing Organizational Pe...
IJAEMSJORNAL
 
DOCX
573137875-Attendance-Management-System-original
AYUSHMANAV
 
PPTX
Welding lecture in detail for understanding
sahilpoonia10
 
PPTX
M Tech Sem 1 Civil Engineering Environmental Sciences.pptx
ShriNRPrasad
 
PDF
Model Code of Practice - Construction Work - 21102022 .pdf
AinieButt1
 
PPTX
Geodesy 1.pptx...............................................
abhi1361yadav
 
PPTX
MCN 401 KTU-2019-PPE KITS-MODULE 2.pptx
VinayB68
 
PDF
Arduino robotics embedded978-1-4302-3184-4.pdf
AbdullahEmam4
 
PDF
Evaluating the Democratization of the Turkish Armed Forces from a Normative P...
jpsjournal1
 
PPTX
Infosys Presentation by1.Riyan Bagwan 2.Samadhan Naiknavare 3.Gaurav Shinde 4...
bapushinde7218
 
Lecture Notes Electrical Wiring System Components
eedgecbhojpur
 
Lesson 3_Tessellation.pptx finite Mathematics
quakeplayz54
 
Mechanical Engineering MATERIALS Selection
arsalanahmad705384
 
Sustainable Sites - Green Building Construction
mhdumerali
 
Mohammad Mahdi Farshadian CV - Prospective PhD Student 2026
Educational Group Mohammad Farshadian
 
keyrequirementskkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk
mojeeburahmanwardak
 
composite construction of structures.pdf
AinieButt1
 
CARTOGRAPHY AND GEOINFORMATION VISUALIZATION chapter1 NPTE (2).pptx
abhi1361yadav
 
FINAL REVIEW FOR COPD DIANOSIS FOR PULMONARY DISEASE.pptx
rubeshbme
 
Internet of Things (IOT) - A guide to understanding
Davies Chacko
 
Mitigating Risks through Effective Management for Enhancing Organizational Pe...
IJAEMSJORNAL
 
573137875-Attendance-Management-System-original
AYUSHMANAV
 
Welding lecture in detail for understanding
sahilpoonia10
 
M Tech Sem 1 Civil Engineering Environmental Sciences.pptx
ShriNRPrasad
 
Model Code of Practice - Construction Work - 21102022 .pdf
AinieButt1
 
Geodesy 1.pptx...............................................
abhi1361yadav
 
MCN 401 KTU-2019-PPE KITS-MODULE 2.pptx
VinayB68
 
Arduino robotics embedded978-1-4302-3184-4.pdf
AbdullahEmam4
 
Evaluating the Democratization of the Turkish Armed Forces from a Normative P...
jpsjournal1
 
Infosys Presentation by1.Riyan Bagwan 2.Samadhan Naiknavare 3.Gaurav Shinde 4...
bapushinde7218
 

4. traffic engineering

  • 1. Unit 4 : TRAFFIC ENGINEERING By Prof. Hole G.R. Civil Engineering Department
  • 2. Traffic Engineering • Traffic engineering is a branch of civil engineering that uses engineering techniques to achieve the safe and efficient movement of people and goods on roadways. • It deals with the application of scientific principles, tools, techniques and findings for safe, rapid ,economical and efficient movement of people and goods. • The basic object of traffic engineering is to achieve efficient, free and rapid flow of traffic with least no of accidents.
  • 3. Traffic Engineering Study  Traffic Characteristics  Traffic Studies and Analysis  Traffic operation-control and regulation  Planning and analysis  Geometric Design  Administration and Management 1. Road user and Driver characteristics. 2. Vehicular characteristics. Traffic Characteristics
  • 4. Road user and Driver characteristics.  Physical characteristics: Vision, hearing, strength and reaction to traffic situation  Mental characteristics: Knowledge, skill, intelligence, experience, literacy  Psychological characteristics: Emotional factors such as fear, anger, anxiety  Environmental factors: Traffic stream conditions, roadside features , atmospheric conditions, facilities to the traffic locality etc.
  • 5. Vehicular characteristics.  Static characteristics • Dimensions • Weight • Maximum turning angle.  Dynamic characteristics • Speed • Acceleration • Braking characteristics 1. Effect of Width  Width of traffic lanes  Shoulders  Parking facilities 2. Effect of Height  Clearance under over bridges, under bridges, electric & other service lines.  Height of driver seat –provide clear vision of the road to his front & sides.  Height of headlight- affects sight distances at valley curves. 3. Effect of Length  Safe overtaking distance  Capacity of road  Extra widening  Minimum turning radius  Parking facilities  Design of valley curves. 1. Dimensions
  • 6. Vehicular characteristics. • Design of pavement thickness • Limiting gradients are governed by weight & power of vehicles. • Depends on length of wheel base and features of steering system • Affects design of sharp curves. 2. Effect Of Weight 3. Minimum Turning Radius
  • 7. Traffic Studies. • The process carried out for collecting traffic data is termed as traffic studies • It is also called as traffic census or surveys  A new development is proposed and it will generate substantial new traffic.  Financial assessments are implemented (transportation impact fees).  A major roadway improvement or reconstruction project is proposed.  Existing transportation problems are evident, such as a high crash location or at location with complex roadway geometrics.  When a development is proposed for a sensitive area.  At the judgment or discretion of jurisdiction staff based on unusual circumstances. When should a traffic study be conducted..?
  • 8. Concept of Passenger Car Unit(PCU)  Definition:- “ It is an conversion factor which is used to convert all different types of vehicle in to one single unit Known as Passenger Car Unit” • Different classes such as Car, Bus, Truck, Rickshaw, Bikes etc. • Mixed traffic characteristics are difficult and complex for study. • With Mixed traffic condition it is difficult to estimate traffic Volume. • So Mixed traffic as one unit as PCU/Hr.  Factors Affecting PCU:- • Vehicle Characteristics:- Length, Power, Speed, etc. • Clearance Between Vehicles, • Traffic Stream Characteristics:- Vehicle Class, Mean Speed, Speed distribution on Stream etc. • Road Characteristics:- Curves, Gradients, Intersection Points etc. • Traffic Regulations:- Speed Limit, One Way Traffic, Traffic Control Devices etc. • Environmental and Climatic Conditions.
  • 9. Concept of Passenger Car Unit(PCU)
  • 10. Important Definitions of Traffic Study: 1. Traffic Density:- ( No. of Veh/Km) “It is the No. of Vehicles present in unit length of Road at particular Time” • In simple it is No. of Vehicle per Km at particular time of Instant. 2. Traffic Capacity:-(No. of Veh./hr) “ It is an Maximum No. of Vehicles that can pass through particular section of Road in per Unit Time” 1 km Time = 0 No. of Veh. = 0 Time = 1 hr No. of Veh. = 6 Veh./hr
  • 11. Types of Traffic Studies. 1. Volume Studies 2. Speed Studies 3. O-D Surveys 4. Parking Studies 5. Accident Studies a. A new development is proposed and it will generate substantial new traffic; b. Financial assessments are implemented (transportation impact fees); c. A major roadway improvement or reconstruction project is proposed; d. Existing transportation problems are evident, such as a high crash location or at location with complex roadway geometrics; e. When a development is proposed for a sensitive area f. At the judgment or discretion of jurisdiction staff based on unusual circumstances When should a traffic study be conducted..?
  • 12. 1. Volume Studies. • Measure to quantify traffic flow • No. of vehicles passing across a givenn traverse line of the road during unit time • Expressed as no. of vehicles/hour or per day • Classified traffic volume : Volume of each vehicle class separately • Level of measurements of traffic volume a. Hourly flow ( Veh/hour) b. Annual Average Daily Traffic ( AADT) (Veh/day) c. Average Annual Flow ( Veh/year)  Purpose 1. To establish relative importance of any route or road facility. 2. To decide the priority for improvement and expansion of a road and to allot the funds accordingly. 3. To plan and design the existing and new facilities of traffic operations on the road. 4. To make analysis of traffic pattern and trends on the road. 5. To do structural design of pavements and geometrically design of roads by classified traffic volume study.
  • 13. Methods Of Traffic Volume Studies • Manual counts are recorded using one of three methods: tally sheets, mechanical counting boards, or electronic counting boards  Equipment's needed Watch, Pencil, Eraser, Sharpener, Data Sheets, Clip Board Field summary sheets  Advantages:- • By this method traffic volume as well as vehicle classification and turning proportions can be obtained. • Data can be used immediately after collection.  Disadvantages:- • This method is not practicable for long duration count and when flow is high. • Error is common especially when volume is high. • Count cannot be cross checked. Count cannot be done in bad weather. A. Manual Method
  • 14. Methods Of Traffic Volume Studies  Typical Sheet of Manual Method of Traffic Volume Study
  • 15. Methods Of Traffic Volume Studies • In this method, vehicles are counted automatically without any human involvement. • Contact system based (pneumatic, mechanical, magnetic or piezoelectric method) • Contactless system based (electrical/optical, ultrasound/infrared radar, micro wave, CCTV/video image processing method etc.)  Advantages: • Besides traffic volume, several traffic parameters can be obtained from recorded film. • Data can be cross checked and quality can be ensured. • This method is suitable for long duration or continuous count. • Count is not affected by bad weather condition. • This method is applicable when volume is high. • It is suitable for non-lane based traffic operation.  Disadvantages: • A suitable elevated place is required for filming operation. • Data cannot be used immediately after collection. • It requires strict lane discipline. B. Automatic Method
  • 16. Methods Of Traffic Volume Studies Video Recording Pneumatic Road Tube Counter Motion sensors Ultrasound, light beam
  • 17. 2. Traffic Speed Studies • Speed studies are necessary because the actual speed of vehicles over a particular may vary depending on various factors such as geometric features, traffic conditions, time, place, environment and driver.  Speed studies can be studied under following heads- • Travel time- it is the reciprocal of speed and is simple measure of how well road network is operating. • Spot Speed- it Is the instantaneous speed of a vehicle at a specified section or location. • Average speed- it is the average of the spot speeds of all the passing vehicles at a given point on the highway. • Running speed- it is the average speed maintained by a vehicle over a particular stretch of road, while the vehicle is in first motion. • Overall speed and travel speed- it Is the effective speed with which a vehicle transverses a particular route between two terminals.  There are two types of speed studies carry out- 1. Spot speed study 2. Speed and delay study
  • 18. 2. Traffic Speed Studies  The speed at a particular moment of time at a point or cross section is termed as instantaneous or spot speed.  Uses Of Spot Speed Studies:- 1. Planning traffic regulation and control measure such as speed limit etc. 2. Design or redesign of various road geometry elements 3. To design the speed 4. In accident studies and preventive measure 5. Study of traffic capacity 6. To compare the behavior of diverse type of driver and vehicles under specified set of conditions  Measurement Method Of Spot Speed • By calculating time taken to cover a short distance • By graphic recorder, electronic meter, photo electric meter, radar speed meter etc. A. Spot speed study
  • 19. 2. Traffic Speed Studies A. Spot speed study
  • 20. 2. Traffic Speed Studies • It gives the particulars of running speed or fluctuation in speed the location and duration of delays or stoppages and the overall travel speed between two desired location along a road. • It gives information such as time, location, cause, duration and frequency of delays.  Objectives 1. To identify the location of congestion and its cause for better improvement 2. To reduce delays and increase the travel time In benefit cost analysis  Causes Of Delays 1. Turning vehicles 2. Parking and unparking 3. Pedestrian etc.  Method Of Conduction 1. Floating car or riding check method 2. License plate or vehicle number method 3. Interview technique 4. Elevated observation 5. Photographic technique B. Speed and delay study
  • 21. 4. Parking Studies • To bring a moving vehicle to halt or temporarily standing or static position is termed as parking of vehicle • Parking is one of the major problems that is created by the increasing road traffic.  Types of Parking:- 1. On-Street Parking 2. Off-Street Parking • It means parking your vehicle on the street, anywhere on or along the kerb of streets, in contrast to parking it in a parking garage. • In some streets you can always park your vehicle on the street, but sometimes there are restrictions through traffic signs usually controlled by government agencies itself.  Types Of On-street Parking 1. Parallel parking 2. 30 parking 3. 45 parking 4. 60 parking 5. Right angle parking With increase of angle of parking the capacity of vehicles increases but it requires more kerb width. 1. On-Street Parking
  • 23. 4. Parking Studies • It means parking your vehicle anywhere but not on the streets. • These are usually parking facilities like garages and lots. • Off-street parking also includes private lots, garages and driveways 2. Off Street Parking
  • 24. 5. Accident Studies  Objectives 1. To Study the causes of accidents and to suggest corrective treatments at potential locations 2. To evaluate existing design, regulations and control measures 3. To carryout before and after studies after implementing changes 4. To make computations of financial loss due to accidents 5. To provide economic justifications for the improvement measures suggested by engineers  Causes of Accident:- 1.Drivers Excess speed, Rash driving, Violation of rules, Failure to understand the situation,fatigue,alcohol 2.Pedestrians Violating regulations, carelessness 3.Passengers While alighting from or getting into vehicles 4.Vehicle defects Failure of brakes, Steering, Lighting Systems, Tyre defects 5.Road conditions Slippery/Skidding surface, pot holes, Ruts, Obstructions to sight
  • 25. 5. Accident Studies 6. Road design Defective geometric design, Inadequate sight distance & width 7. Traffic Conditions Vehicles moving ahead, Presence of disable vehicles 8. Weather Like mist, Fog, Snow, Dust, Heavy Rain 9. Animals Stray animals on the road
  • 26. Traffic Regulation And Control • It is the law rules designed to control of the movement of vehicles and pedestrians, chiefly on city streets to prevent collisions. • Objective of traffic regulation is safety of drivers, passengers, pedestrians, vehicles and goods.  Consequence Of Disobeying Traffic Rules 1. Loss of life 2. Injury to people involved 3. Loss of some parts of body 4. Traffic hold up 5. Damage to the vehicle.  Methods of Traffic Regulation • Driver control • Vehicle control • Traffic flow regulation • General controls
  • 27. Traffic Control Devices • Traffic control devices are markers, signs and signal devices used to inform, guide and control traffic, including pedestrians, motor vehicle drivers and bicyclists • These devices are usually placed adjacent, over or along the highways, roads, traffic facilities and other public areas that require traffic control • It includes... 1. Traffic signs 2. Signals 3. Markings 4. Island
  • 28. 1. Traffic Signs • Traffic signs are signs which use words and/or symbols to convey information to road users. • These devices are made with retro reflective materials that reflect light from headlights back towards the driver's eyes. This is to achieve maximum visibility especially at night.  Types of Traffic Signs:- 1. Regulatory Signs. 2. Warning Signs. 3. Informatory Signs. • Traffic signs are signs which use words and/or symbols to convey information to road users. • These devices are made with retro reflective materials that reflect light from headlights back towards the driver's eyes. This is to achieve maximum visibility especially at night.  Types of regulatorysign 1)Stop and give way sign 2) Prohibitory sign 3) No parking and no stopping sign 4) Speed limit and vehicle control sign 5) Compulsory direction control sign 6) Restriction ends 1)Stop and give way sign 1. Regulatory Signs.
  • 29. 1. Regulatory Signs 2) Prohibitory sign . 3) No parking and no stopping sign
  • 30. 1. Regulatory Signs 4. Speed Limit and Vehicle Control Sign . 6. Restriction End Sign:- 5. Compulsory Direction Sign
  • 31. 2. Warning Signs • The road signs are used to warn Road users of the hazardous conditions either on or adjacent to the road way are called warning sign. • The warnings sign are in the shape of equilateral triangle with its epics. • They have a white background, red border and black symbol  Location of warning sign • Urban areas- warning science should be located at about 50 in advance from the situation warned against Sr.No Road Plain Area Hilly Area 1 NH & SH 120m 60m 2 MDR 90m 50m 3 ODR 60m 40m 4 VR 40m 30m
  • 32. 3. Informatory Signs • The road signs used to guide Road user along route, inform them about destination and distance, and provide other information so as to make the road travel is here, safe and pleasant are called information sign and guiding sign. • This science also include all such science which guide users to identify points of geographical and historical interest  Informatory sign are of following type 1. Direction and place identification sign 2. facility information sign 3. parking sign 4. route marker sign 5. kilometer stone 6. other useful sign
  • 33. Road Marking • The lines, patterns, words, symbols or reflectors applied to the carriage way, kerb, sides of island or two fixed objects near the roadway are known as traffic Road marking • Traffic marking promote road safety and ensure smooth flow of traffic sometimes Road marking are used to supplement the message of road signs and other devices  Classification of traffic marking a. Carriageway marking/ pavement marking b. Kerb marking c. Object marking d. Reflector marking a. Carriageway marking/ pavement marking The traffic marking applied to the surface of road pavement are known as carriageway marking Types of carriageway marking 1 .centerline These lines are provided on the roads to separate the streams of traffic moving in opposite directions and to facilitate their moments 10 to15 cm wide, length and 4.5 meter gap
  • 34. Road Marking 2. Non passing zone marking- Provided to indicate to the road users that over taking is not permitted in that much portion of road 3. pedestrian crossing or crosswalk lines- provided at places where pedestrian are to cross the road 4.stop lines- provided near the pedestrian crossing and at signalized intersection to indicate the drivers to stop and then proceed when the signal is clear distance between pedestrian crossing and stop line at signalized intersection varies from 2 to 3 meter
  • 35. Road Marking b. Kerb Marking • The marking provided to kerbs of object lying within the carriageway are known as kerb marking. • Provided to all islands, dividing strips of carriageway and two kerbs directly ahead of traffic at T junctions. • They are used to indicate certain regulations or increase the visibility of object s within the carriageway from long distance. c. Object marking • The traffic marking provided to Physical obstructions on or near roadway are known as object marking. • Provided to support the grade separation post of signs and signals, narrow bridges, guard rails, drums and trees etc for their clear visibility for a long distance.
  • 36. Road Marking d. Reflector Marking • Replacing buttons or clusters for small panels covered with reflecting coatings provided at kerbs are known as Reflector marking or markers. • Provided at kerbs to increase their visibility specially during night hours. e. Traffic Delineated • Road delineators are devices or treatment of outline the roadway or a portion there of to provide • visual assistance to drivers about the alignment of road ahead, especially at night hours. • Three types of delineators that may be used or roadway indicators, hazard makers and object makers.
  • 37. Traffic Signals • A set of automatically operated coloured lights, typically red, amber, and green, for controlling traffic at road junctions, pedestrian crossings, and roundabouts. • Used to alternately assign right-of-way to traffic moving in conflicting directions at an intersection  Advantages 1. Provide for orderly movement of traffic 2. Increase traffic-handling capacity of an intersection 3. Reduce frequency and severity of certain types of crashes, especially rightangle collisions 4. Provide for continuous movement of traffic at a definite speed along a given route 5. Interrupt heavy traffic at intervals to permit other vehicles or pedestrians to cross  Types 1. Traffic control 2. Pedestrian 3. Special traffic
  • 39. Traffic Island • A small raised area in the middle of a road which provides a safe place for pedestrians to stand and marks a division between two opposing streams of traffic. • A traffic island may be solid or painted object in a road that channelizes traffic. • It can also be a narrow strip of island between roads that intersect at an acute angle  Types of Traffic Island:- 1. Channelizing islands • These are designed to control and direct traffic movement, usually turning. 2. Divisional islands • These are designed to divide opposing or same direction traffic streams, usually through movements 3. Refuge or pedestrian islands • Pedestrian islands are provided to serve as safety zones for the aid and protection of persons on foot. • If a divisional island is located in an urban area where pedestrians are present, portions of each island can be considered a refuge island 4. Rotary island • A traffic circle is a type of intersection that directs both turning and through traffic onto a one-way circular roadway, usually built for the purposes of traffic calming or aesthetics
  • 40. Traffic Island • A small raised area in the middle of a road which provides a safe place for pedestrians to stand and marks a division between two opposing streams of traffic. • A traffic island may be solid or painted object in a road that channelizes traffic. • It can also be a narrow strip of island between roads that intersect at an acute angle  Types of Traffic Island:- 1. Channelizing islands • These are designed to control and direct traffic movement, usually turning. 2. Divisional islands • These are designed to divide opposing or same direction traffic streams, usually through movements
  • 41. Traffic Island 3. Refuge or pedestrian islands • Pedestrian islands are provided to serve as safety zones for the aid and protection of persons on foot. • If a divisional island is located in an urban area where pedestrians are present, portions of each island can be considered a refuge island 4. Rotary island • A traffic circle is a type of intersection that directs both turning and through traffic onto a one-way circular roadway, usually built the purposes of traffic calming or aesthetics
  • 42. Road Intersection • The places where two or more roads are arranged to join or cross at same or different level are known as a road intersection . • At a road intersection there are true turning and crossing traffic and their movements are handled in different ways depending on the type of intersection and its design. • The efficiency, safety, speed, cost of operation and capacity off road system is very much dependent on the intersection design. Types of road intersection:- 1.Intersection at grade 2.Grade separated intersection
  • 43. Road Intersection 1.Intersection at grade:- • The road intersection where all the Roadways join or cross at the same level are called intersection at grade. • Such Road intersections can be easily and economically constructed as compared to grade separated intersection but intersections at grade provide comparatively less facility to the crossing traffic and cause delay and resulting more number of accidents and less controlled by traffic signals or police
  • 44. Road Intersection  Types off road intersection at grade:- 1.Cross intersection 2.T Intersection 3.staggered intersection 4.skewed intersection 5.cross skewed 6. skewed staggered 7.wye intersection 8.multiple intersection
  • 45. Road Intersection  Types off road intersection at grade:- 1.Cross intersection 2.T Intersection 3.staggered intersection 4.skewed intersection 5.cross skewed 6. skewed staggered 7.wye intersection 8.multiple intersection
  • 46. Road Intersection 2. Intersection at Separate Grade:- (Grade Separation) • The road intersection at which the separation in grade of the intersecting roads is achieved by providing a bridge is called grade separated intersection • This type of intersection causes least delay and obstruction to the crossing traffic. • The great separation may be achieved either by an over bridge or an underpass. • Transfer of root at grade separated intersection is provided by interchange facilities of ramps.
  • 47. Road Intersection  Types of grade separated intersection • The choice of type of grade separated intersection depends on topography, vertical alignment, drainage, economy aesthetic features for the major highways. • The various grade separated intersections are classified into the following two types 1. Over Pass 2. Under Pass 1. Over pass The grade separated intersection in which the major Highway is taken in embankment across the other Highway by constructing and over bridge called overpass or flyover • Types of Over Pass 1. Clover Leaf Flyover 2. Trumpt Type Flyover 3. Diamond Overpass
  • 48. Road Intersection  Types of Overpass 1. Clover Leaf Flyover
  • 49. Road Intersection  Types of Overpass 2.Trumpt Type Flyover
  • 50. Road Intersection  Types of Overpass 3. Diamond Overpass
  • 51. Road Intersection 2. Underpass • The grade separated intersection in which one highway is taken by depressing it below ground level across the highway by constructing and under bridge is called under pass • The underpass is advantages when the main Highway is taken along the existing grid without alteration of its vertical alignment and the crossroad is depressed and taken underneath by constructing and under Bridge.