History of automobile development and its progress through the time
- 1. HISTORY OF AUTOMOBILE CONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT LCdr SSUK Fernando Btech Mech Eng, AMIE (I),CEng(I),MRINA(UK),CEng(UK) Marine Engineering Department
- 2. CONTENT Early history of automobiles Power sources used in early eras Types of commonly used engines Comparison between IC engines and EC engines Classification of an automobile 2
- 3. EARLY HISTORY OFAUTOMOBILES The early history of the automobile can be divided into a number of eras, based on the prevalent means of propulsion. Later periods were defined by trends in exterior styling, size, and utility preferences In 1769 the first steam-powered automobile capable of human transportation was built by Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot In 1808, François Isaac de Rivaz designed the first car powered by the de Rivaz engine, an internal combustion engine that was fuelled by hydrogen In 1870 Siegfried Marcus built the first gasoline powered combustion engine and was the most sophisticated engine influence to build cars in later. The engine was two cycle combustion engine The four-stroke petrol (gasoline) internal combustion engine that still constitutes the most prevalent form of modern automotive propulsion was patented by Nikolaus Otto. The similar four-stroke diesel engine was invented by Rudolf Diesel In 1885, Karl Benz developed a petrol or gasoline powered automobile and the vehicle is single cylinder four stroke engine. Ford is the first vehicle manufacturing company produce mass production in 1913 (Ford model T) 3
- 4. POWER SOURCE USED IN EARY ERAS Steam powered vehicle Steam-powered self-propelled vehicles large enough to transport people and cargo were first devised in the late 18th century by Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot During the 19th century attempts were made to introduce practical steam powered vehicles. Innovations such as hand brakes, multi-speed transmissions and better steering developed Steam-powered road vehicles, both cars and wagons, reached the peak of their development in the early 1930s with fast-steaming lightweight boilers and efficient engine designs before WW II During post war in 1950s steam turbine cars were developed which were powered by small nuclear reactors Electric powered vehicle In 1828, Ányos Jedlik, a Hungarian who invented an early type of electric motor, created a tiny model car powered by his new motor 4
- 5. POWER SOURCE USED IN EARY ERAS English inventor Thomas Parker designed the first electric car powered by re chargeable battery in 1884 Flocken Elektrowagen of 1888 by German inventor Andreas Flocken as the first true electric car by many and the vehicle was four wheeled one Internal combustion engine In 1806, Swiss engineer François Isaac de Rivaz built an engine powered by internal combustion of a hydrogen and oxygen mixture In 1826, Englishman Samuel Brown tested his hydrogen-fuelled internal combustion engine by using it to propel a vehicle in south-east London It is generally acknowledged that the first really practical automobiles with petrol/gasoline-powered internal combustion engines were completed almost simultaneously by several German inventors working independently 5
- 6. TYPES OF ENGINES USED COMMONLY IN AUTOMOBILE There are two types of engines used commonly in Automobile industry Internal combustion engine External combustion engine Internal combustion engine An internal combustion engine is a heat engine in which the combustion of a fuel occurs with an air in a combustion chamber that is an integral part of the engine In an internal combustion engine, the expansion of the high-temperature and high- pressure gases produced by combustion applies direct force to some component of the engine such as piston, turbine blades etc. This force moves the component over a distance, transforming chemical energy into useful mechanical energy The first modern internal combustion engine was created in 1876 by Nikolaus Otto ICEs are usually powered by energy-dense fuels such as gasoline or diesel fuel, liquids derived from fossil fuels 6
- 7. CLASSIFICATION OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE Reciprocating engine by number of strokes Two stroke Fours stroke Six stroke engine by type of ignition Compression ignition Spark ignition Rotary engine Wankel engine - A type of internal combustion engine using an eccentric rotary design to convert pressure into rotating motion 7
- 8. Continuous combustion Gas turbine Rocket engine EXTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE An external combustion engine (EC engine) is a heat engine where a working fluid, contained internally, is heated by combustion in an external source, through the engine wall or a heat exchanger An external engine to be classified as follows considering the phase of working fluid Single phase – Only one type of working fluid used Eg. Stirling engine Dual phase - Dual-phase external combustion engines use a phase transition to convert temperature to usable work, for example from liquid to gas. The steam engine is the classic example for dual phase 8
- 9. COMPARISON BETWEEN ICE AND ECE 9 Internal combustion engine External combustion engine Combustion of fuel takes place inside the cylinder Combustion of fuel takes place outside the cylinder Working fluid may be Petrol, Diesel & Various types of gases Working fluid is steam or air Require less space Require large space Capital cost is relatively low Capital cost is relatively high Starting of this engine is easy & quick Starting of this engine requires time Thermal efficiency is high Thermal Efficiency is low Power developed per unit weight of these engines is high Power Developed per unit weight of these engines is low Fuel cost is relatively high Fuel cost is relatively low
- 10. CLASSIFICATION OF AN AUTOMOBILE An automobile (or automotive) is a vehicle that is capable of propelling itself and it can be classified as follows Based on purpose: Passenger vehicles – These automobiles carry passengers – e.g: Buses, Passenger trains, cars Goods vehicles – These vehicles are used for transportation of goods from one place to another. e.g: Goods lorry, goods carrier Based on capacity: Heavy Motor Vehicle (HMV) – Large and bulky motor vehicles – e.g: Large trucks, buses Light Motor Vehicle (LMV) – Small motor vehicles – e.g: Cars, Jeeps Medium Vehicle – Relatively medium sized vehicles – e.g: Small trucks, mini buses 10
- 11. CLASSIFICATION OF AN AUTOMOBILE Based on fuel source: Petrol engine vehicles – Automobiles powered by petrol engine – e.g: scooters, cars, mopeds, motorcycles Diesel engine vehicles – Automotives powered by diesel engine – e.g: Trucks, Buses Gas vehicles – Vehicles that use gas turbine as power source – e.g: Turbine powered cars Solar vehicles – Vehicles significantly powered by solar power – e.g: Solar powered cars Hydrogen vehicles – Vehicles that have hydrogen as a power source – e.g: Honda FCX Clarity Electric vehicles – Automobiles that use electricity as a power source – e.g: Electric cars, electric buses 11
- 12. CLASSIFICATION OF AN AUTOMOBILE Based on fuel source Steam Engine Vehicles – Automotive powered by steam engine – e.g: Steamboat, steam locomotive, steam wagon Hybrid Vehicles – Vehicles that use two or more distinct power sources – e.g: Hybrid buses, hybrid cars like Toyota Prius, Honda Insight Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) – Automobile that uses both Internal Combustion Engine and Electric Power Source to propel itself – e.g: Jaguar C-X75 Based on type of transmission: Automatic transmission vehicles – Automobiles that are capable of changing gear ratios automatically as they move – e.g: Automatic Transmission Cars Conventional transmission vehicles – Automotives whose gear ratios have to be changed manually Semi-automatic transmission vehicles – Vehicles that facilitate manual gear changing with clutch pedal 12
- 13. CLASSIFICATION OF AN AUTOMOBILE Based on number of wheels: Two wheeler – Automobiles having two wheels – e.g: Scooters, motorcycles Three wheeler – Automotive having three wheels – e.g: Tricycles, Auto rikshaws, Tempos Four wheeler – Vehicle having four wheels – e.g: Car, Jeep Based on the side of drive: Left hand drive automobile – Vehicle in which steering wheel is fitted on the left hand side – e.g: Automobiles found in USA, Russia Right hand drive automobile - Vehicle in which steering wheel is fitted on the right hand side – e.g: Automobiles found in India, Australia 13