History Of Database Technology

History of Database Technology
History of Database Technology Past and Present
The term database was popularized with the growth of the computer industry and is typically
thought of as software used to store, index, manipulate, and retrieve information (Vaughn). Database
software has been in use since the Census Bureau used a punch card system to meet the
requirements for the collection, sorting, and reporting of data for the 1890 census (National
Research Council). These earliest databases were flat file databases. The flat–file style of database
works well for small amounts of data that need to be organized to be read and edited by hand. Flat
file databases are made up of tables that store a set number of characters in each field. The
individual tables are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For the most part these two are relatively similar. IDEA is an excellent data–manipulating utility that
permits auditors to translate data files to or from word processors, relational databases, spreadsheets,
and integrated accounting systems using a number of data formats. The purpose of IDEA is to allow
external auditors to examine and sample extracted data files. IDEA software incorporates a database
that produces statistics and summaries, by extracting data that meets a specified criterion being
queried. The user can then browse through data displaying it graphically, or by printing custom–
designed reports.
The ACL software uses a combination of data access, analysis and integrated reporting capabilities,
to reach data from virtually any source, across any system, through a consistent user interface. ACL
technology enables audit, financial, and control professionals to gain immediate insight into
transactional data underlying their business processes and financial reporting.
Another frequently used CAATT is the Generalized Audit Software (GAS), which allows data to be
extracted and analyzed. The main reasons for the widespread use of GAS is that it requires very
little specialized information systems knowledge, and its adaptability to a variety of environments
and users. Although auditors often have some degree of difficulty in preparing the data for its first
use, the end results is that it
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Database Indexes : Database Index
Database Indexes
Akhila Mupparaju
Wilmington University
IST–7000
April 23, 2015
Sten David.
Database Indexes A Database, support query optimization technique (Jeffery A. Hoffer, V. Ramesh,
Heikki Topi, 2010). An index is a pointer to the data in a table, and it is an access mechanism that
helps to find out where a record present. A database can have one or more indexes connected with it.
A database index is one type of data structure, it is used to improve the performance of the database,
and it can help quick retrieval operations in the database. An index can be created using one column
or multiple columns in a database table. Additionally, index is used to create table filed ... Show
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1. Factors for quality of an index and When & why to use indexes:
Factors for quality of an index: There are many factors for quality of an index like access type,
access time, insertion time, deletion time, and space overhead.
Access type: By using the access type factor, we can easily access the required record or data from
database table. In few situations, we didn't get the exact searching data from database table, in that
cases access type is used show a record that near to the record we want.
Access time: Access time is nothing but how much time does it take to find a selected record with
the help of an index.
Insertion time: Whenever a new record is entered into the file, then how much time does it take to
insert the details about the file or record in the index, and how much extra time does entry in the
index cost.
Deletion time: Whenever delete a record from a file, would have to delete the corresponding entry
from the index as well. So the time taken for this process is called deletion time.
Space overhead: Space overhead is defined as how much space does the index itself take in the
memory.
These are few factors for quality of an index in the database.
When and why to use indexes: Indexes are used to create sequential or non–sequential order of data.
In a physical database design, we must use attributes to create indexes. The database

Technical Guide : Database And Database Essay
Technical guide
Database
It is the collection of schemas, tables, queries, reports, views, and other objects. The data are
typically organized to model aspects of reality in a way that supports processes requiring
information, such as modelling the availability of rooms in hotels in a way that supports finding a
hotel with vacancies. It is a structured set of data held in a computer, especially one that is
accessible in various ways.
A database is a collection of information that is organized so that it can easily be accessed, managed,
and updated. In one view, databases can be classified according to types of content: bibliographic,
full–text, numeric, and images. In computing, databases are sometimes classified according to their
organizational approach. The most prevalent approach is the relational database, a tabular database
in which data is defined so that it can be reorganized and accessed in a number of different ways. A
distributed database is one that can be dispersed or replicated among different points in a network.
An object–oriented programming database is one that is congruent with the data defined in object
classes and subclasses.
Computer databases typically contain aggregations of data records or files, such as sales
transactions, product catalogues and inventories, and customer profiles. Typically, a database
manager provides users the capabilities of controlling read/write access, specifying report
generation, and analysing usage. Databases and

Database Security
– 1 –
Database Security *)
GÜNTHER PERNUL
Institut für Angewandte Informatik und Informationssysteme
Abteilung für Information Engineering
Universität Wien
Vienna, Austria
1. Introduction
1.1 The Relational Data Model Revisited
1.2 The Vocabulary of Security and Major DB Security Threats
2. Database Security Models
2.1 Discretionary Security Models
2.2 Mandatory Security Models
2.3 Adapted Mandatory Access Control Model
2.4 Personal Knowledge Approach
2.5 Clark and Wilson Model
2.6 A Final Note on Database Security Models
3. Multilevel Secure Prototypes and Systems
3.1 SeaView
3.2 Lock Data Views
3.3 ASD_Views
4. Conceptual Data Model for Multilevel Security
4.1 Concepts of Security Semantics
4.2 Classification ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
· Authorization, Access Controls
Authorization is the specification of a set of rules that specify who has which type of access to what
information. Authorization policies therefore govern the disclosure and modification of information.
Access controls are
– 3 – procedures that are designed to control authorizations. They are responsible to limit access to
stored data to authorized users only.
· Integrity, Consistency
An integrity policy states a set of rules (i. e. semantic integrity constraints) that define the correct
states of the database during database operation and therefore can protect against malicious or
accidental modification of information. Closely related issues to integrity and consistency are
concurrency control and recovery. Concurrency control policies protect the integrity of the database

in the presence of concurrent transactions. If these transactions do not terminate normally due to
system crashes or security violations recovery techniques are used to reconstruct correct or valid
database states.
· Auditing
The requirement to keep records of all security relevant actions issued by a user is called auditing.
Resulting audit records are the basis for further reviews and examinations in order to test the
adequacy of system controls and to recommend any changes in the security policy.
In this Chapter such a broad perspective of database security is not taken.
Instead, main focus is directed towards aspects related to

Advantages Of Centralized Database
What is Centralized Database?
In a centralized database, a server or a mainframe computer is used to store all the data of an
organization. Through the Wide Area Network (WAN) users in distant locations access data using
the application programs available for data access. The centralized database is ought to be able to
accept and satisfy the entire requests that are received in the system, however, it could easily be
crammed. Therefore, the ability to place every single data in its place can ease the process of
maintaining and backing up. Moreover, when the data is stored in a centralized database, the
outdated data is not available anymore in other places, so it makes it easier to maintain data
integrity.
Centralized database is different from distributed database in having all its data on one ... Show
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Advantages of Distributed Database System
1. Increased reliability and availability – A distributed database system is strong to failure to some
extent. Hence, it is more reliable when compared to a centralized database system.
2. Local control – The data is dispersed in a way that every part of it is local to some sites (servers).
The site in which the part of data is stored is the owner of the data.
3. Modular growth (resilient) – Growth is easier. We do not need to interrupt any of the active sites
to introduce or add a new site. Hence, the expansion of the entire system is easier. Removal of site
as well does not cause much problems.
4. Lower communication costs (More Economical) – Data are spread in a way that they are
available near to the location where they are needed more. This decreases the communication cost
much more than a centralized system.
5. Faster response – Most of the data are local and in close to where they are needed. Consequently,
the requests can be answered quickly when compared to a centralized

Watchnow Theatres: Database And Database Analysis
WatchNow Theatres
Development of a Database
Submitted to:
Dr. Surya B Yadav
Rawls College of Business Administration
Lubbock, TX – 79409
Submitted by:
Group 10
Akshita Surakanti (R#: 11326738)
Bharathi Tokala (R#: 11335740)
Satya Prakash Enugula (R#: 11333931)
Table of Contents
Project Description 3
Application and Database Analysis 5
User Information Needs: 5
Business Rules: 6
Volume Needs: 7
Response Time 7
Security needs 7
Conceptual Data Model 7
Identification of Object Types: 7
Identification of Relationships: 8
Object Oriented Data Model in UML Notation: 9
Project Description
Any transaction in terms of purchasing and selling of goods or services that is done online across the
Internet is called ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Science Fiction
Adventure
Action
Comedy Identification of Relationships:

We have identified the following relationships between the object types based upon the business
rules and project problem:
Object Type Relationship Object Type
Company 1 0..* Employees
Company 1 0..* Cities
Cities 1 0..* Theatre
Theatre * * Movie
Theatre * * Distributor
Theatre * * Screens
Movie 1 0..* Ratings and Reviews
Movie 1 1 Movie Information
Movie Information 1..* * Cast & Crew
Movie 1 0..* Language
Movie 1 1 Genres
Customer 1 0..* Ticket
Ticket 1 1..* Ticket Item
Ticket Item * 1 Theatre Movie
Customer 1 0..* Card Details
Object Oriented Data Model in UML

Database and Page Ref
Database Processing, 13e (Kroenke/Auer)
Chapter 9: Managing Multiuser Databases
1) Database administration tasks have to be performed for single–user, personal databases.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 396
2) Database administration is more important but less difficult in multiuser database systems than in
single–user database systems.
Answer: FALSE
3) In general, the overall responsibility of the DBA is to facilitate the development and use of the
database system.
Answer: TRUE
4) The DBA has to find a balance between the conflicting goals of maximizing availability of the
database to users and protecting the database.
Answer: TRUE
5) The DBA ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 403–404
31) The transaction boundaries are the essential information that the DBMS needs from the
application programs to enforce different locking strategies.
Answer: TRUE
32) A durable transaction is one for which all committed changes are permanent.
Answer: TRUE

33) Transaction level consistency means that all rows impacted by any actions in a transaction are
protected from change during the entire transaction.
Answer: TRUE
34) A dirty read happens when one transaction reads a changed record that has not been committed
to the database.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 407–408 Fig 9–11
35) Nonrepeatable reads occur when a transaction rereads data it has previously read and finds
modifications or deletions caused by a committed transaction.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 407–408 Fig 9–11
36) Repeatable Read isolation is the most restrictive level of isolation.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 408 Fig 9–12
37) According to ANSI SQL, the serializable isolation level will not allow phantom reads, dirty
reads, and nonrepeatable reads.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 408 Fig 9–12
38) A static cursor processes a snapshot of the relation that was taken when the cursor was opened.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2 Page Ref:

Database Analysis : Database Management System
A database could be as simple as an alphabetical arrangement of names in an address book or as
complex as a database that provides information in a combination of formats. For example a library
can be considered a database because a library stores books therefore it is a database of books. But
computer databases collect information and organize such to enable efficient retrieval in formats
such as electronically, graphically, audibly, statistically or physically; printed on paper. Computers
process data in a database into information, a database allows users to search information in an
organized collection that is useful. In addition to documents, information can be in the form of
audio, images, and video. With database software often called database management system
(DBMS) users create a computerized database. DBMS users can add, modify, and delete data in the
database; create forms and reports from the data in the database. Most organizations realize that data
is one of their more valuable assets. At many organizations for example Boutwell and Owens,
employees must punch in the building and time clock with magnetic cards encrypted with an
assigned number. With the database approach many programs and users share the data in the
database. Building accesses are entered into the security's computer database while managers and
owners can also access this information from their computers. The time clock tracks the hours in the
Human Resources database for the period of time

Questions On Data And Database
Problem statement: When a user executes a query in a form–like online database, a large number of
valid tuples are not displayed to the user, these hidden databases are to be extracted.
Introduction:
The paper tries to provide a better technique to the user to query the database. There are many
interfaces that hide their data from the users and allow them to access the database in a controlled
manner i.e., when a query results in many number of tuples, not all tuples are displayed. While some
interfaces also provide the user with the count of tuples which satisfies the search condition and yet
are not displayed and in other scenario there are the alert messages about the overflow of tuples. To
encounter such scenarios, the authors have ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Where only a set of tuples are displayed with a ALERT notification for overflow.
b. Where only a set of tuples are displayed with the COUNT of other tuples matching the
description.
The interfaces which provide ALERT notifications regarding presence of other matching tuples are
called as "TOP–k–ALERT" interfaces and the ones which return the count of the matching tuples
are referred as "TOP–k–COUNT" interfaces. In order to achieve the goal the authors try to revisit
the problems encountered in the previous paper (Arjun Dasgupta et.al, "A random walk approach to
sampling hidden databases",2007): The MAIN FOCUS here is on TOP–k–COUNT interfaces.
The main objectives that a hidden database seeks to achieve are:
1. Sample bias: Here the users are provided with the tuples that are similar and does not deviate
from each other entirely so that the uniformity is maintained.
2. Efficiency: It is the measure of number of queries to be executed in order to get the sample tuples
of the desired size.
COUNT–DECISION–TREE
COUNT–DECISION–TREE is an algorithm for sampling a hidden database with TOP–k–COUNT
interface. In order to develop an algorithm, an attribute–order tree to a decision tree on the hidden
database is generalized, since the decision tree allows each level of it to contain different attribute.
With the help of figures 1 a) and b) in (Arjun Dasgupta et.al, 2009, 4),
the authors

Relational Database And Relational Databases
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 Graph Databases
A graph database represents data and relationships between this data using concepts from graph data
structures like nodes, edges and properties. Nodes represents the data entities, properties represent
information about the nodes and edges which connect two nodes or a node and a property represent
the relationship between the connected elements. [1] Figure 3.1 Property Graph Model [2]
3.1.2 Triple stores
Triple store is a specific implementation of a graph database that is optimized for storing and
retrieval of triples. A triple is a representation of data in subject–predicate–object relationship. [3]
3.2 Comparison with Relational Database systems
3.2.1 Graph Database and Relational database
Relational databases have a fixed schema. Each table is a set of rows, each of which has a fixed set
of attributes. This type of structure implies that all the rows have values for all the attributes for this
representation to be efficient. However, in recent years, there has been an explosion of unstructured
information like tweets, product reviews, semantic web etc which cannot be represented in the
structured format demanded by the tables. Moreover, it becomes very difficult to find patterns in a
table as it would involve joins of many tables. In contrast, in graph databases, each element in the
database contains a direct connection to its adjacent element. This information helps us to easily find
the interconnectedness of the nodes and

Relational Database For Relational Databases
A simple, unpopular family–owned store has just created a website. On this website, they give their
customers the ability to create accounts, shop, buy products and have products shipped directly to
their homes. Every customer's personal, shipping and payment information as well as every
product's price, description and/or picture is needed to be stored and organized somewhere where it
could be easily processed. All this necessary data could most likely be found in a relational database
that the store uses to efficiently run all the necessary transactions. In this database, all the data is
collected and grouped into different pockets or tables that better categorize the information. Through
the relationships created between the tables, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It has become hard to scale relational databases in the direction and to the degree needed to manage
big data in a successful and less expensive way. Instead, a new system, known as "NoSQL" or "Not
Only SQL", has been created that makes the processing of terabytes and even petabytes of data
possible (Paghy, "RDBMS to NoSQL").
Many social networking and/or big data companies like Facebook, Twitter, Yahoo, Google and
Amazon are now known for using NoSQL databases. This is because NoSQL systems are non–
relational and do not structure their data in tables or typically manipulate or process the data with
SQL. Having less restrictions than a relational database, NoSQL has the ability to better handle huge
quantities of data in a more efficient way (Moniruzzaman, "NoSQL Database..."). This paper will
dig deeper in the several characteristics of NoSQL database systems that separate them from the
relational ones. It will also introduce the different models that make up the system as well and a few
examples that are currently being used and becoming popular today.
1. Characteristics of NoSQL
NoSQL is best known for typically being "non–relational", meaning that it can store and link data
without any structured restrictions (Paghy, "RDBMS to NoSQL"). This gives NoSQL databases the
ability to do so much more than a simple relational database could. It makes them scalable

The Database Dilemma Essay
The Database Dilemma Personal privacy today is a controversial and complex topic, which is
influenced by a number of factors. There is an integral role that databases play in this highly debated
topic. The fact that many people now carry out their transactions electronically is another important
factor. There is also pressure on personal privacy for increased national security around the world to
combat terrorism. In addition, personal privacy is even threatened by commercial factors and the
Internet. Personal information can consist of anything from a home address, telephone number,
social security number, income, credit card history, etc, any piece of information that can be tied to a
distinct individual. Once personal ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Databases allow us to easily store and retrieve data in a purely digital format. The strength of this is
that large amounts of data can be stored and retrieved with minimal effort on the part of the user.
Opposed to manually flipping through files, one can quickly pull up the requested data through a
computer program. Many systems that were conventionally paper and file based have been
converted to a digital format which are now stored in one or more databases. Databases can be used
by businesses for managing accounts, inventory, personnel information, customer information, and
any other record keeping needs. Phone companies have extensive databases for keeping track of
customer's calls for monthly statements, likewise with mobile phone companies. Banks transactions
are all recorded in databases. The DMV has records of all drivers and motor vehicles. IRS databases
contain income related information of everyone in the country. Ultimately, databases are
everywhere. One can only wonder how many records relating to you are stored across what is now a
forest of databases. The New Consumer During the past decade, we have undergone enormous
changes in the way that we conduct business. ATM check cards, credit cards, and preferred customer
cards are the most common buying tools today. Check, or debit, cards are ATM cards that function
just like cash. Customers can now make payments with their check cards

Database Analysis : Virtual Database Technology Essay
1. INTRODUCTION
Virtual database technology makes the Internet and other data sources behave as an extension of an
RDBMS system. According to some estimates, 85 % of the world 's data is outside of relational
database systems. Important data is fling across web sites and database systems. These data sources
organize the data sources in different ways, in the vocabulary they use, and in their data–access
mechanisms. Writing applications that combine data from these sources is a complex task as
heterogeneity is involved.
2.TECHNOLOGY ARCHITECTURE
I.The Virtual Database:
A simple Virtual Database (VDB) run– time view is as shown in Figure 1[1][2]. In this VDB the
contents of two bookstores are integrated and a unified schema with two tables, books and reviews
is presented. The database application operates on this unified schema, issuing SQL queries through
the JDBC or ODBC API; the application is built using standard RAD tools such as Power Builder
,Visual Basic, Delphi, or similar Java toolkits.
The VDB is approached through the VDB Server, and is managed through the browser–based VDB
Console. The VDB also consists each external data source, a wrapper that interfaces the data source
to the VDB server. A wrapper makes an random external data source, such as a web site, behave like
an RDBMS, while the VDB Server merges these separate relational databases into a one single
Virtual Database (VDB).
An individual wrapper in action is shown in Figure 2 [2]. The wrapper

Database Security
Journal of Information Technology Education:
Innovations in Practice
Volume 9, 2010
Database Security: What Students Need to Know
Meg Coffin Murray
Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, USA mcmurray@kennesaw.edu Executive Summary
Database security is a growing concern evidenced by an increase in the number of reported incidents
of loss of or unauthorized exposure to sensitive data. As the amount of data collected, retained and
shared electronically expands, so does the need to understand database security. The
Defense Information Systems Agency of the US Department of Defense (2004), in its Database
Security Technical Implementation Guide, states that database security should provide controlled,
protected access to the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Security Module, presented in this paper, allows students to explore such areas as access
control, SQL injections, database inference, database auditing, and security matrices.
The courseware was developed as part of a National Science Foundation grant and has been made
freely available at http://adbc.kennesaw.edu
Keywords: database security, data integrity, database courseware, database vulnerability, access
control. Introduction
Database technologies are a core component of many computing systems. They allow data to be
retained and shared electronically and the amount of data contained in these systems continues to
grow at an exponential rate. So does the need to insure the integrity of the data and secure the data
from unintended access. The Privacy Rights Clearing House (2010) reports that more than
345 million customer records have been lost or stolen since 2005 when they began tracking data
breach incidents, and the Ponemon Institute reports the average cost of a data breach has risen to
$202 per customer record (Ponemon, 2009). In August 2009, criminal indictments were handed
down in the United States to three perpetrators accused of carrying out the single largest data
security breach recorded to date. These hackers allegedly stole over 130 million credit and debit
card numbers by exploiting a well known database vulnerability, a SQL injection (Phifer, 2010).
The Verizon Business Risk Team, who have been reporting data breach

ER Diagrams and Databases
Since the beginning of the industrial revolution, people have been trying to make their life easier
using machines. This has led to huge technological breakthroughs that brought about computers,
cars, airplanes etc. Nowadays computers are widely used to perform various tasks on users' behalf.
Another people's passion since ancient times is to store and preserve information for the generations
to come (libraries, archives). During the 1960's people's desire to store and retrieve information was
combined with the opportunities that computers offered to create the first computerized database.
This turned out to be a milestone in the way people manage information. It offered many
advantages: Data can be organised easy; it takes up very little physical space; users can search the
data for specific information; The Database can be shared between different users; it can be accessed
remotely etc. Due to these advantages, the new modern way of collecting data gradually replaced
paper Databases. It became a much more cost–effective way for organisations and companies to
store their data. Currently, computer databases are being used everywhere: Facebook, online stores
such as Amazon and eBay, airports, hospitals, government institutions etc. Even the libraries that are
considered to be old–fashioned have stored their information electronically.
However, databases have to meet some challenges. Nowadays, the purpose of databases is to serve
the demands of large scale companies. These

Database Management Systems That Are Used For Non...
Overview
NoSQL is generally interpreted as "Not only SQL" [1]. It is a class of database management systems
that are used for non–relational database. Typically NoSQL database does not use two–dimensional
table to store data. The four generally categories of NoSQL database are key–values database,
column databases, document databases, and graph databases [2]. NoSQL database is an
indispensable part of big data. Most company choose NoSQL database because it yields better
performance when compared to relation database. Many relational databases have been existing for
more than 20 years, while most NoSQL databases have a history of less than 5 years. Because
NoSQL databases are so young, they exposes lots of security issues. Many NoSQL databases are
still focusing on adding features and improving performance, while strength security mechanism is
still a low priority task. There were already two data breaches happened in companies that are using
NoSQL databases (MongoHQ in 2013 and LinkedIn in 2012 [3]).
Detailed result
NoSQL database characteristics
The problem of relational database is that its performance degrade significantly while handling
exponential growth of semi–structured data or unstructured data [4]. The NoSQL databases possess
properties called BASE (Basically available, Soft state, and eventually consistent) that makes it
much more scalable than relational databases. As the CAP theorem [5] said, a database system
cannot have high consistency, high availability,

A Survey On Nosql Database And Relational Database
ABSTRACT
MIN HE. A survey on NoSQL database and relational database. (Under the direction of DR.
JIANPING FAN)
NoSQL database, also called as not only SQL database, is using a different data storage and retrieval
mechanism from the relational tables adopted by traditional relational database management system.
In the sense of CAP (Consistency, availability and tolerance) theorem, NoSQL database sacrifices
some consistency features to get more availabilities and partition tolerances. In most cases, NoSQL
database systems are distributed and parallel, although the RDBMS is still dominating the database
market, the NoSQL databases are becoming more and more popular and in a tendency of catching
up, especially in the domains of SNS and major Internet companies, which requires large–scale data
storage for massively–parallel data processing across a large number of commodity servers. The
purpose of this report is to understand main characteristics of the NoSQL database and compare the
strengths and weaknesses of NoSQL databases over the RDBMS. NoSQL database has witnessed
rapid development since it was first used by Carlo Strozzi in 1998. Various systems were
implemented by using different approaches: column, document, key–value, graph, etc. In this report,
I will also present the main features of those different models and compare their advantages and
disadvantages. Introduction Not only the development of Big Data brings big opportunities, but it
also brings big

Databases Essay
We live in a world where everything information is accissable almost every where. Most people
thing of technology as something that is connected to the satellite but we all know what it is in
reality. From the time that you are born to the time when your leave a country your information is
available to people. Today billions of people use facebook, google. Every time you make an account
you are supposed to give them your information but that not it there are so many other thigns that
are stored using technology. Your grades, passport, visa. Where are how do these information get
stored. They get stored computers or the technical term databases. Just like that the computers
database have also come a long way. Database existed since antient ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
For example, if some on had to listen to a song on a tape they would have to rewind it to the exact
spot of the tape to get the information that they needed.
That's is what caused the invention of file systems. The file system closely resembled a filing
cabinet. Just like a filing cabinet Information was stored in files or directories. These folders could
be placed in other folders thus creating hierarchy i.e. it eradicated a single directory or folder, and
this was the basis for the file hierarchy system. The reason File Systems are necessary is because it
ensures reliability in data storage and it also manages access and retrieving data much easier and
quicker. But this wasn't the end of databases, new technology kept coming into the market.
As computers grew in speed and capability the same had to be with information storage. In the
1960s, the term database management was coined in to existence. That's when two standards
emerged, the hierarchical model was by IBM's Information Management System and the other was
the Network model by Charles Bachman IDS (Integrated Data Store). With the introduction of these
two models indicated how serious business data was becoming to the world.
Then came relational database, Edgar Codd, who worked for the IBM's San Jose Research
Laboratory came up with a revolutionary database that would change the way information was
stored. He used a "A Relational Model of Data for Large

What A Database Is, Features Of A Relational Database, And...
Introduction: In this report I am going to explain what a database is, features of a relational
database, and the benefits of a relational database, purpose of primary keys and how they are used to
build relationships, and I am also going to focus on, what are foreign keys and how they are been
used, explain referential integrity and finally, how to apply referential integrity. I am also going to
backed up my views and opinions with the valid references.
Assessment introduction
Iain's & Co is a large building services company which currently employs a team of IT technicians
to manage their IT infrastructure and support the IT users. Recently, the company has taken over a
similar but smaller company which also employs technical support staff in the same way.
The company feels that it needs a centralised IT–based support system that will track, monitor and
report on the progress of the problems identified by users across the two sites generally improving
the IT support services.
The IT Support System needs to monitor the use if IT hardware, such as: keyboard, monitor, printer,
system unit, laptop, CD writer, mouse, in order to improve the service provided to users and ensure
the service is operated in an efficient way. You have already met with the network manager and he
has provided the main requirements of the system. The responsibility for monitoring each hardware
item is allocated to a specific employee.
I have decided to design a relational database for the IT support

Database Security And Concerns Of A Compromised Database
Database Security and Concerns In today's world, there is a growing amount of complexity when it
comes to databases. With that growing complexity, an increasing amount of security concerns arise,
such as: unauthorized access and SQL injection. SQL injection is used to attack data–driven
applications. SQL injections can manipulate or destroy databases depending on its purpose. Due to
the security breaches, measures are constantly put in place in order to prevent anymore from
happening. This paper's aim is to outline the importance of database security and the effects of a
compromised database. Information is essential when it comes to managing businesses. And in order
to interpret that information, data is organized into a database where it can be easily understood and
used. But without a database, data would be floating around without a clear organization. In effect, it
would hinder efficiency by a tremendous amount, causing a loss of revenue and structure to the
business structure itself just as if the database was compromised. In order to compromise the
database, vulnerabilities must be discovered and exploited. To prevent that from happening, safety
measures are put in to place. Safety measures must first be placed at the physical level and progress
right through to the data level (Burtescu, 449). Physical limitations must be put into place when
securing databases because if someone were able to access the site where all the data is stored, they
would be able to

No Sql Databases
INSY 5337 Data Warehousing – Term Paper
NoSQL Databases: An Introduction and Comparison between Dynamo,
MongoDB and Cassandra
Authored ByNitin Shewale Aditya Kashyap Akshay Vadnere Vivek Adithya Aditya Trilok
Abstract
Data volumes have been growing exponentially in recent years, this increase in data across all the
business domains have played a significant part in the analysis and structuring of data. NoSQL
databases are becoming popular as more organizations consider it as a feasible option because of its
schema–less structure along with its capability of handling BIG Data. In this paper, we talk about
various types of NoSQL databases based on implementation perspective like key store, columnar
and document oriented. This ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...

Soft State – Since the data is distributed, there is no assurance of consistency.

Eventually Consistent – The data would be consistent eventually, even if it's not at a given point in
time [5][6][10].
3. Features of NoSQL

Flexible Data Models – NoSQL allows horizontal data partitioning across different distributed
systems or processors. However, relational model has a fixed schema in
contrast to NoSQL. Applications based on NoSQL have data models explicitly designed and
augmented for them.

Partial Record Updates – Data models that use NoSQL emphasize on column based processing that
enable data aggregation on more than one attributes and entities.


Optimized MapReduce Processing – MapReduce, a native functionality for data movement and
mapping is a part of NoSQL.

Horizontal Scalability – It allows on–the–fly addition of the processors with their own resources.
Each node is fed with a subset of data to process, thus increasing the efficiency of the application.
Horizontal scalability is more achievable in NoSQL data model as compared to RDBMS [1].
4. Types of NoSQL Databases

Key Value –> Key value data stores references the data using a unique key. The unique key acts as a
link to the data that is randomly and independently stored on the disk.
Addition of new data values can be

Database Request Database Analysis
Prior to searching the ProQuest database one must take some things into consideration in order to
get the best retrievals possible for your informational needs. While searching on most databases
patrons are allowed to use subject and keyword searches. "Natural language is the language people
speak and write" (Chu 53). It is language that individuals use on a daily basis as opposed to
programmed language. It is more common for individuals to use search terms of a natural language
to search for items within the database. Chu states, that "Natural language allows the highest degree
of specificity and flexibility in representing and retrieving information" (17).
When conducting any type of search ProQuest looks for what you enter in the search box and will
search for any available abstract or full text or all documents in all selected databases. Whatever
search term you type in even if spelled incorrectly you may ask yourself if the database will be able
to still accurately interpret the intended search term and conduct an effective search if one or more
of the search terms are spelled incorrectly? A test was conducted using the search term Mozart due
to it being a common term that the database would be able to detect. When conducting the basic
search of the correct spelling of the word Mozart in the search box ProQuest ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
In several cases, even when using terms that are very close to the actual search term, little to no
search results were produced. ProQuest does provide suggestions to help improve your search
giving users related search terms to help find what you are looking for as you enter the search term
in the search box. ProQuest benefits users who may or may not know exactly what they are in
search of when finding articles and e–books by providing a great selection to choose

The Development And Design Of A Database
ABSTRACT The use of agile in database development has grown over the years with the goal of
improving the quality of the final product. This, however, has not always been the case. The
development and design of a database doesn't follow simple or single approach; it connects multiple
processes and individuals who collectively play key roles in the process. In some instances, database
development using agile methods engage in rushed deployments, neglecting the importance of
testing. There are daily deployments of databases without getting the key aspects right which can
create a lot of frustration. The agile process still has several benefits, though, which include the
elimination of unnecessary features, increased functionality, reduction in the time it takes to design
the database, and improved communication between different areas of an organization. Still, there
are some challenges that need to be addressed before the method can be used effectively.
INTRODUCTION The increasing importance of broadband speeds and online services have made it
necessary for businesses to demand real–time access to their databases. Organizations are always
striving to stay ahead of the curve by applying the most up to date technology and development
approaches so they can fully benefit from having 24/7 access to their content. The initial step in the
development process normally involves carrying out a plan which will serve as a guide in the
implementation of the functional specifications.

The Security Of Database System
The Security Of Database
Introduction
In the contemporary times, it has been widely believed that the huge computer network platform is
considered to be extremely beneficial in terms of making the entire community more informative
(Martínez, et al, 2013). The technology of database has created a leading position for itself in the
computing environment. However, due to this drastic increase in the use of computer network
systems, it has been widely observed that there has been an aggravation in the aspects of network
intrusion and identity theft. And with many other words did he testify and exhort, saying, Save
yourselves from this untoward generation (Acts2:40, New King James Version). Therefore, the
database system is considered to be ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Thesis Statement
The aspect of computer database security is aggravating with the increase in intense influence of
technology in our routine lives. The paper aims to present some key security threats and the
effective solutions in order to counter such threats that are largely adopted by the companies in
today's world.
Various Types of Attacks on the Computer Network System
After the violation of several layers of protection, it has been observed that the attacker or hacker
may want to perform the below listed attacks.
Direct Attacks
This type of attack specifically means that the targeted data or sensitive information is attacked
directly. Due to this, it has been observed that these targeted attacks are considered to be extremely
obvious and they are successful only in the condition if the database is not protected by any sort of
protection mechanism (Ahmad, et al, 2011). In case there is any protection system installed at the
gateway, this type of attack is failed and the attacker proceeds to the next.
Indirect Attacks
In this type of attack, the attack is not aimed directly at the data or information, which is targeted.
Rather, in an indirect attack, information about the target and from the target is achieved through
various intermediate objects. Here, attackers usually use combination of keys as well as queries.
Some of them are even used for the purpose of misdirecting and cheating the secure mechanism of
database security (Ambler, 2012). These are

Deductive Databases
subsection{Deductive Databases}
In the field of deductive databases there has been extensive research on the optimization of queries
for Datalog (and its variants). The major interest has been the optimization of recursive queries. Ceri
et al~cite{ceri–gottlob–tanca–1989} provide an excellent summary of the field. The evaluation or
comparison of optimization strategies is typified by Bancilhon and
Ramakrishnan~cite{br1986,br1988} who develop analytical cost models for the optimization
strategies when applied to four queries (related to the parent and ancestor relations) and then
generate numerical data from the analytical models using synthetic data driven by three shapes ––
tree, inverted tree, and cylinder –– for the ``family ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
item A new genomics query benchmark framework is developed to help the evaluation of the
efficiency and effectiveness of the graph database system with visual queries in a standard and
systematic way. It consists of a genomics domain model, a benchmark database with the raw data
sets based on the real world genome sequencing and annotation scenarios, a set of test queries and
several performance metrics. The genomics benchmark database has five typical fungal species data
that are of interest to the fungal genomics research community.
item A visual query language is designed based on the existing visual metaphor of genome
browsers. Its semantics via an algebra and translation to SQL3 are provided. It incorporates a type
system for genomics data with a set of topological and logical operations. New operations can be
designed using function composition based on the data model. The operations have equivalent
translation to SQL3. The algebra provides the semantics for the visual query language and facilitate
a visual query language implementation based on this algebra. A database architecture using a visual
query language based on this algebra is proposed.
end{itemize}
section{Thesis Organization}
The rest of this thesis is organized as follows. Chapter 2 illustrates the background knowledge that is
related to this thesis work. Chapter 3 describes the implemented visual graph

Database Analysis : Database Management System
Summary:
Database Management System in easy terms we can say that set of data organized in a relative way.
It allows data for various entries, storage and retrieval of large quantity of information and provides
ways to manage how the information is stored. There is big number of database providers and each
different database has its own strength so while choosing a particular database we need to
understand what the business requirement is and match them with what DBMS can provide us to
make our data management conveniently and easily. Oracle Database has wide range of products
and services that they offer. The current recent version of oracle database is 12c in market. it has
multi–tenant architecture and it has very good resources to make it more efficient for users to use. It
has unlimited number of database size and user can take advantage of various functions in it like
data warehousing, big data architecture depending on the needs of the user organization.
Resource 2 Title and Reference:
DBMS – Microsoft SQL Server
Retrieved from:
Gravelle, R. (2014). An Overview of the MySQL Performance Schema – DatabaseJournal.com.
[online] Databasejournal.com. Available at: http://www.databasejournal.com/features/mysql/an–
overview–of–the–mysql–performance–schema.html Summary:
Database Management System is a kind of software used to manage complex and large data in a
related format. It allows us to pull the data from different sources, store and sort the data. It is a

Database Analysis : Database Design Essay
Additional Elements
Database is defined as "the collection of information organized in such way that a computer
program can quickly select the desired pieces of data." (Haithcoat, n.d.). In today's technological
world most of the processes is automated where database plays an important role to manage the data
across a system. A database can be considered as an electronic filing system. Traditional databases
are organized by fields, records, and files. A field is a single element of information; a record is one
complete set of elements; and a file is a collection of records. To manage these data across the
database system, DBMS came into play and the basic role was to create the management of
information across all the data. DBMS plays a critical and integral component of most successful
GIS and used to store, manipulate and retrieve data from the database. Although the range of DBMS
structures used in GIS includes inverted list, hierarchical, network and relation design.
Database Approach of Database Design
The approach taken in this paper is to understand the database design of the hotel reservation system
and the management across all the data accessing process. The hotel reservation system has not
provided a complete automation process as of now. Customer satisfaction is the biggest challenge
for the hotel industry. Software problems are considered as the prime issue for the hotel industry not
to be able to provide satisfactory service. Avoiding these problems and to put

Database Analysis : A Database
A database is defined as an organized collection of data, typically in electronic form. A properly
designed database provides access to accurate well organized information. This is essential to
achieve the goals that where outlined when the database was first planned. Certain principles are
required when designing a good database. One principle that is very important is the elimination of
duplicate data, also known as redundant data, which not only waste space but adds confusion.
According to the official Microsoft Office support site," A good database is one that: Divides your
information into subject–based tables to reduce redundant data, provides Access with information it
requires to join the information in the tables together as needed, helps support and ensure the
accuracy and integrity of your information, and accommodates your data processing and reporting
needs." When designing a database there are guidelines that need to be followed. These guidelines
are an essential part of making sure the database is well constructed and serves the intended
purpose. First is to determine the purpose of the database. It is a smart idea to write down what the
database is going to be used for. This will help with keeping on track on not getting away from the
intended purpose of the database. Second is finding and organizing the required information. Using
existing list such as ledgers or a list of customers will assist with getting the database started. Next
determine how this

Database Application For A Database
A database is a collection of information that is organized so that it can easily be accessed, managed,
and updated. In one view, databases can be classified according to types of content: bibliographic,
full–text, numeric, and images (Rouse, n.d.). Prior to this class I really never worked with any type
of database software before. I have always wanted to learn about using Access and explore to
features it had but I never accomplished that before. In my prior school I had the basic computer
classes. I taught myself Excel and Word and those classes built on what I had learned to the point
where all my finances in the house and bills, etc. are on spreadsheets and all I have to do is input the
information and the sheet does the rest. It ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Many database management systems use the Structured Query Language (SQL) standard query
format (Chapple, n.d.). Queries are a great way of searching for and also compiling data from one or
more tables. Running a query is like asking a detailed question of your database. When you build a
query in Access, you are defining specific search conditions to find exactly the data you want.
Queries are also far more powerful than the simple searches that someone might carry out within a
table. While a search would be able to help you find the name of one customer at your business, you
could run a query to find the name and phone number of every customer who 's made a purchase
within the past week (Access 2013, n.d.). A well–designed query can give information you might
not be able to find just by looking through the data in your tables. This is way building a query is a
must for anyone doing any kind of database. Right now our company has everything on excel sheets
and they are stored on a weak server. They also just jot things down on paper and then when we do
production runs we are scratching our heads thinking, do we have this or that? This is why I believe
some kind of database would be a big help. This way we can keep accurate production logs as well
as inventory of the raw materials we have so we know if we even have what we need to

Database Management Systems : Role Of Database
Chapter 5
Topic 1
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS:
ROLE OF DATABASE IN SQL SERVER:
A database management system (DBMS) is a collection of programs that enables you to store,
modify, and extract information from a database. There are many different types of database
management systems, ranging from small systems that run on personal computers to huge systems
that run on mainframes
1) It is a suite of programs for constructing and maintaining the database.
2) Offering ad hoc query facilities to multiple users and applications.
3) A query language provides a uniform interface to the database for users and multiplications.
4) Database systems provide efficient access to large volumes of data and are vital to the operation
of many organizations.
It also usually enables access controls to be specified over a wider range of commands, such as to
select, insert, update, or delete specified items in the database. Thus, security services and
mechanisms are needed that are designed specifically for, and integrated with database systems.
Statements from database management systems generally plays protecting role for the digital assets.
In this the operating systems mechanisms typically control read and write access to entire files So
they could be used to allow a user to read or to write any information.
TOPIC 2:
PRIMARY KEY AND FOREIGN KEY:
PRIMARY KEY:

A table typically has a column or combination of columns that contain values that uniquely identify
each row in the

Questions On Database Security And Database Systems
DATABASE SECURITY
Submitted to the Faculty of American Public University
By
Loren Robert Hensley
In Partial Fulfillment of the
Requirements for the Course of INFO620 Enterprise Database Systems
November 2014
American Public University
Charles Town, WV Abstract
This paper explores the different aspects of security as it pertains to database systems. It will provide
an overview of security concerns such as access control, user authentication, reliability and data
integrity, as well as how IT professionals might mitigate the risk associated with each. By examining
the methodology by which attacks on database systems occur, we are able to take a comprehensive
approach to prevent or limit the extent of such attacks and the impact they may have on a DBMS
environment. Finally, we will review industry best–practices of the implementation of security
countermeasures.
Introduction Over the past ten to fifteen years, there has been tremendous growth in the utilization
of database systems. One reason for this is because of the growth E–Commerce has experienced.
Businesses must have a reliable method of storing a customer's information safely and efficiently.
We often hear of a data breach which results in customers' credit card information being stolen.
There are inherent risks associated with storing financial information in an online capacity, such as
hackers and ill–intentioned employees. Given the diverse nature of the interconnectivity of these
systems, there is a

Database Management Systems And Databases
Abstract:
NoSQL Databases also referred as Not only SQL databases. These NoSQL database have these days
gained much attention and reputation because of their performance and high scalability. The
advantage of NoSQL database is to store efficiently unstructured data. These days use of e–
commerce websites, social networking sites etc. has been increased. These usage made to create the
need to store the large data. Some companies have adopted NoSQL databases, as their data is
growing. Dynamo, Big table, Voldemort, Cassandra are the NoSQL databases that are used by
Amazon, Google, and LinkedIn and Facebook respectively. Facing these huge data has become
challenging for Relational Database Management Systems. Hence NoSQL database came into
existence. Mostly Relational Database Management System satisfies ACID properties, through
NoSQL database we can achieve high level of Scalability and performance. As a lot of sensitive data
is stored in NoSQL databases security issues becomes growing concerns. This Paper explains about
overview of NoSQL databases like Cassandra, mongo dB and their security features.
Introduction:
Database Management Systems has some basic requirements. They are confidentiality, integrity and
Availability. Availability means the stored data should be available when needed. These data should
be available only to the authorized entities called as Confidentiality. If that data is modified by the
authorized entities it is called as integrity. The traditional

Database And Database Management System Essay
Ashraf Zalgaonkir
Pearson Cape Town Campus
Introduction to Databases project
Student Number: MB2014–0413
Teacher: Andrew Davies
Due Date: 23/09/2016
2
Contents Page
Page 1..................................................Cover Page
Page 2...................................................Contents Page
Page 3–5....................................................Question 1
Page 6–12...................................................Optional Access Screenshots
Page 13–18.................................................Question 2
Page 19.........................................................References and Bibliography
3
Question 1
1.1)
Database
Database is defined as a set of related data in many tables and uses links through something called
foreign keys. In a Database product you can create and modify several databases.
DBMS
It stands for Database Management System, it is a concept of rules that all the latest and major
database systems follow. So most databases systems follow these rules but some only follow
specific rules.
To summarize, a database is an organized data collection or information that happens to be easily
accessible, changed or updated. A DBMS is a type of software that may manage and control
databases on a PC.
1.2)
Event: Going to the doctor for a check–up.
Database Event: In going for a check–up, the secretary will first see your old computerized records
on her PC. She will thus update the record as I go for the
4
check–up. The doctor may check the database records to show him what illnesses or medical
problems the patient has been through the previous time the patient went to the doctor. The

computerized records will have information such as:
Previous date

What A Nosql ( Not Only Sql ) Database And Document...
Table of Contents
1. Introduction 2
1.1 Purpose 2
1.2 Background 2
1.3 Resources 2
2. Body of Discussion 2
2.1 What are NoSQL Databases 2
2.2 CAP 2
2.3 Base 3
2.4 Polygot Persistence 3
2.5 MongoDB 4
Conclusion 4
References 4
1. Introduction
1.1 Purpose
The purpose of this report will be to understand what a NoSQL (Not Only SQL) database and
document database is, specifically MongoDB while looking at the document database.
1.2 Background
According to (Edlich, P. 2015) he states that "The original intention has been modern web–scale
databases. The movement began early 2009 and is growing rapidly." When describing why NoSQL
databases were created.
1.3 Resources
This report will feature references to websites, books, slides and lecture documents for the
information used.
2. Body of Discussion
2.1 What are NoSQL Databases
NoSQL databases are databases designed to run on clusters of computers/servers, built for the ever–
increasing data storage needs for websites. Devised as a way of scaling databases horizontally which
is a challenge with traditional relational databases. Scaling horizontally is the ability to add more
computers/servers as nodes to a database. These "clusters" work well with write–heavy systems and
allow increase storage and processing power limited only by the number of connections you can
have on the network. Defined as No–Schema, No–SQL data structures mean they are not limited to
the original data structure. Objects and fields etc can be implemented at

Database Protection System For The Security Of The...
Abstract:
In the last 5 years the usage of internet has increased vastly. Internet attacks has been increasing. As
attacks are increasing there is no security for the network related data bases. We need urgently a
database protection system against the attacks in order keep the data securely.
This paper reviews about the SQL attacks, database protection system which is used between the
database and web application. There are different protective measures for the different users to
provide effective security of the database.
Introduction:
Since the rapid increase of use of Internet, computer network technology has rapid growth. Now a
day's internet is used in almost every fields like governments, business and health care and schools
etc. made the rapid development of the computer network technology.
Networks play key role in these computer era. It brings convenience, along with it also brings the
malicious attackers. Network attackers are targeting the network database, to get the secured data.
The most common attack are SQL attacks. SQL statements are the tools of SQL attacks.
SQL Attacks:
The Principles of SQL attacks:
The most common attacks on the web are SQL attacks. SQL means Structured Query Language.
SQL is used by the relational databases to perform the database operations. Generally web servers
use databases to store the information. Every site on the web mostly uses the databases. SQL is also
one type of programming language which helps to interact with the

Database Vs. Database Systems
Database Systems
There are two types of database first one is Non–Relational and second one is Relational. Non–
relation where all data is stored in one single table and relational database contain two or more table
where all the data is stored in many table and table link together. A database is set the data that is
stored in tables, which is also structured through objects and data is organized in fields. Databases
can store large amounts of data easily because it stored hard drive; it is easy to search the database
when you sort up the data. The database has many objects for example table, form, queries and
report. Queries allow to easily searching the data. However database is difficult for non–technical
users, also it cost for their database package and when they want to update the data they need
technical knowledge. To make a database for this type to having the records of on a computer and
computer makes the whole system for you more professional and also the database is easy to use
and multiple purposes. There are many use of database they can help company and organization
with their activities.
What is a Relational Database?
Relational database contain two or more table where all the data is stored in many tables and the
table is link together. Each table have record and each record is going in filed and the filed is where
the data is stored in table such rows and columns. Furthermore every table must share filed with a
another table to create relationship and it

Key / Value Database Is A Type Of Nosql Database
1. Introduction
1.1 Executive Summary
Key/Value Database is a type of NoSQL Database. NoSQL Database stands for Not Only SQL
Database which means that the database can store heterogeneous data. The Key/Value database does
not follow the conventional relational database way of storing the data. Every piece of data that
needs to go into the DB, gets a key associated with it. Additionally, few other metadata also gets
attached to the data. It stores data as hash table where each key is unique and the value can be string,
array of strings, integer etc. Initially, data is stored in in–memory, but after particular time intervals
or depending upon some specified condition, data is moved to disk in the form of Shards. Shards are
nothing but XML ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
1.2 Requirements and Responsibility
Below are few of the requirements and responsibilities of the Key/Value database are listed below.
Shall implement a generic key/value in–memory database where each value consists of Metadata
and Data. Metadata will consist of the following.
 Name String
 Text description of the item
 Date–Time string recording the date and time the value was written to the database.
 A finite number (possibly zero) of child relationships with other values. Each element of the child
relationships collection is the key of another item in the database. Any item holding a key in this
collection is the parent of the element accessed by the key.
The data will consists of an instance object of the generic type. This might be a string, list,
collection, custom collection.
Shall support addition and deletion of key/value pairs.
Shall support editing of values which includes the addition, deletion of relationships, editing
metadata, and replacing an existing value 's instance with a new instance.
Editing keys is not allowed. Keys will be generated by the application and the keys shall be unique.
Shall, on command, write the database contents to an XML file. Shall make sure that the process be
reversible, e.g., the database can be restored or augmented from an existing XML file as well as
write its contents out to an XML file.
Shall accept a positive time interval or number of writes after which

Types Of Database For Flat File Database
Types of Database
1. Flat File Database
A flat file database is an excellent way of storing a pretty small amount of records. Flat file can be a
plain text file. Flat file are generally not a structural relationships between the records. For example
a spread sheet application such as Excel can be used as a flat file database. Each row in a worksheet
can be a record and each column and a field. Flat file database can also be stored in a dedicated
database application such as Access.
Installing database in flat file database has the following advantages:
All record are storing in one place
Easy to set up using a number of standard office applications
Easy to understand
Simple siting of records can be carried out
Record can be viewed or extracted on the basis of criteria
Flat file database has a few disadvantages:
One of the most important ones is the data often repeated many times
There is no referential integrity
Harder to update
Almost no security
Harder to change data format
A flat file database looks something like this:
2. Relational Database
Relational Databases is a structural collection of records in a computer system. Relational Databases
has more than one table and the tables are connected using a unique identifier for a database record.
For example a library database could have three tables such as customer, books and landing.
The following advantaged of relational database:
The book 's details and the customer 's details need

History Of Database Technology

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