History of ext. edu.
- 1. EXTENSION EDUCATION IN INDIA DURING PRE- INDEPENDENCE PERIOD Rajinder Kaur Kalra Professor and Head (Retired) PAU Ludhiana 9814067709
- 2. Extension Service is divided into following different parts Purely government efforts with peoples’ cooperation. Rural Reconstruction efforts made in the country by individuals / organizations with or without government support.
- 3. A. Efforts by British Government Till last quarter of the 19th century, nothing was done for villages. A number of famines in the country, from 1875 to 1901 (18 of them) forced the British government to appoint commissions. Various Acts were passed which helped credit availability. Various development departments were also established in the states. Irrigation projects were also taken. In 1935, the rural development work transferred as a state subject. There is no people’s cooperation, participation and involvement.
- 4. B. Projects taken in hand by individual organizations with or without government Gurgaon experiment: 1920, By F L Brayne Objectives: Irrigation, Afforestation, Composting, Cattle improvement, improved seeds, implements, Improved methods of cultivation, health practices and social functions. Teaching Aids: Films, folk songs and drama. Base was force not persuation.
- 5. Marthandam Project – 1921. Spencer Hatch. Purpose: Spiritual, mental, physical, social and economic development of rural people. Achievements : Introduced – Improved practices in poultry, dairy, bee-keeping, Agriculture and cooperative movement to finance, sale and supplies to its members. Shriniketan Experiment :- 1921 Rabindranath Tagore in Bengal. Aim:- Cultural and social development of Bengal villages. emphasis was on village surveys, training of youth and village leadership and Adult Education. Line of activities: - Agriculture, Village welfare, Cooperation scout organizations, Industries Education etc.
- 6. Sevagram: 1920 By M K Gandhiji at Sevagram and later at Wardha in 1938 Objectives • Service of under privileged and villagers • Rebuilding of the villages. • Objectives were to be achieved on the basis of truth and non-violence. Rural Reconstruction Movement – 1932 By V T Krishnamachari at Baroda State Objectives: Rapid increase in standards of living, Industrialization and expansion of the Education system. To increase Agricultural production, provision of link roads and drinking water.
- 7. Firka Development scheme – 1946 in Madras in 34 selected Firkas and later extended to 108 Firkas in 1953. Aims – were based on Gandhian ideology by bringing about not only the educational, economic, sanitary and improvements of village life but also by making self confidence and self reliant. In October 1953, this scheme was merged with the community development programme. Activities – Village communication rural water supply, formation of panchayat, cooperation, electrification basic education and Khadi and cottage industries.
- 8. Reasons for the failures of rural development projects • Projects mostly based on individual initiative • Lack of Government and Financial support • Isolated uneven, and discontinuance • Ill defined objectives • Inadequate inexperienced, untrained staff • No Parallel programme of supplies, services, guidance and supervision • Lack of research and evaluation • Limited coordination with development departments • Lack of involvement of village people
- 9. Extension Service in India During Post Independence Period Nilokheri Experiment – 1947 S K Day. Aim: Rehabilitate 7,000 displaced persons from West Pakistan and later integrated with 100 surrounding villages. Self sufficiency for rural cum urban township in all essential requirements of life. Mr Dey worked on the saying “seeing is believing” and “Learning by doing”
- 10. Etawah Pilot Project – 1948 Mr Albert Mayer launched by government of Uttar Pradesh in 64 villages Objectives: To see the extent of improvement possible in Production, social improvement, development of initiative, self compliance and cooperation in an average district. Key person – Village level workers Activities: Increasing farm yields, soil conservation, Animal husbandry, Village sanitation and social Education. Achievements Success and the pattern was accepted for CDP Main Features Integrated approach to village life.
- 11. Community Development Projects (CDP) 1952 Aims To assess Public cooperation and gain administrative experience. Grow More Food Enquiry Committee made an elaborated study of the agricultural situation in India and recommended the establishment of National Extension Organization, for rural work, which could reach every farmer.This recommendation was accepted for opening more Blocks and it led to Govt to start diluted form of Community Development called the National Extension Services (NES – 1953) Achievements : - • Provision of Amenities in villages. • Awakened the rural people regarding their rights. • Increased the agricultural production. Failures : - • Focused much on amenities than economic development. • People did not participate equally and adequately. • Officers were not rural oriented. • Failed to solve food problems and enlarge agricultural base.
- 12. Intensive Agricultural District Programme (IADP) 1961 (also known as package programme) Aims: - To increase productivity of agricultural land. To develop the package of practices for different crops. To evolve effective Agricultural technology. Special Feature:- IADP was path finder and pace setter. The programme showed that the small farmers were as good as big farmers, if they were given the resources. Achievements :- Yield increased by 10-20%
- 13. Farm advisory service scheme (FASS) -1962 Developed by PAU Ludhiana at University level as well as at the district head quarter. Aims: - To promote quick transfer of technology research in different agro-climate situations in district of the farmers field. To get first hand feed back of their farm problems. To amend recommendations to the actual farm situations by the District Extension specialist of PAU. Activities : Adaptive research traits, front line demonstration, surveys of field crops, block and village level training camps, field days, demonstrations, campaigns and on the spot guidance.
- 14. The intensive Agricultural Area Programme ( IAAP ) 1964 Objectives: - • Increase the production and yield of main crops in selected areas through intensive efforts. High Yielding varieties programme (1966) (HYVP) Objectives: - • To achieve self sufficiency in cereal foods Under this programme Farmers training and education . Farm broad casts. National demonstrations.
- 15. National Demonstration Project (NDP) 1965 It is the first line project sponsored by the Ministry of Agriculture. (GOI) Objectives:- * To demonstrate the technology for Obtaining maximum yield per unit area per unit time by adopting all package of practices. Multiple cropping Programme (1967-68) Small farmers / Marginal farmers and Agricultural Labourers. Development agency (SFDA & MFALA) 1971-1972 Objective: To deal with the problem of small farmers by formulating specific programmes of crop husbandry, occupation to increase their ????? Functions of SFDA & MFALA : Identify small farmers on the basis of potential viability and investigate their problems Formulate economic programmes Promote rural industries Evolve adequate institutional, financial and administrative arrangements for implementing various programmes Promote and create common facilities for providing storage, marketing, etc. To strengthen the existing cooperative institutions.
- 16. Drought Prone Areas programme (DPAP) 1970-71 Objectives:- Promoting a more productive dry land agriculture on the basis of the soil, water, climate resources of the area. To create durable community assets. Components :- Irrigation, soil conservation and dry land farming, a forestation , livestock and fisheries development. Minikit Programme (1971) Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of India
- 17. Tribal Area Development programme (TADP) 1971-72 Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of India Objectives:- Study in depth the problems of tribal areas relating to communication, administration social services and economic development especially agriculture. To encourage to adopt poultry-dairy Agriculture and fisheries. Command Area Development Programme (CADP) 1974 Aim:- To reduce the wastage of water and to adopt crops in consonance with available water, soil and topography etc. Components :- Irrigation Land shaping and leveling Enforcing suitable cropping pattern Farm plans and inputs supply Stregthening extension services Installation of Tubewells.
- 18. Training and Visit System (T&V) 1974 By Deniel Benor Aim:- • To improve and expand agricultural extension services through an intensive system of training and visits. Characteristics of T&V • Single line of administration • Clear and specific functions and close supervision • ADOs have latest knowledge and their training is regular and continuous. • Full time responsibility of Agricultural Extension Work • Regular visits of ADOs to the farmers • Information about 3 or 4 crucial points is given • Coordination between research and extension • Operational area of ADO has been decreased
- 19. Time bound work It begins with simple practices and is developed into complex practices over time. Best use of local resources Strong feedback mechanism and more emphasis on management practices Recommendations according to ability Hill Area development Programme(HADP) 1975 Aim:- All round development of Agriculture and improvement in living conditions of the farmers in hilly areas.
- 20. Whole village Development Programme (WVDP) 1975 Components:- Overall land development planning through irrigation, support and restructuring of the cropping pattern. Operational research Project (ORP) 1975 Objectives :- To test, adopt and demonstrate new Agricultural technology on farmers field on area basis. To calculate critically the profitability of new Agril technology. To identify the socio- economics bottle necks.
- 21. Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVK) 1974 KVK’s are grass root level institutions designed to impart need based, skill-oriented, short and long term vocational training to farmers, extension workers and to male, female, rich/poor, illiterate, literate farmers. Who intend to go for self employment. Learning is provided through work experience. Learning is provided to work experience.
- 22. Objectives : To impart training to inservice extension personnel dealing with agriculture and allied disciplines. To impart training to the farmers and unemployed rural youth for increasing agricultural productivity and bringing them in subsidiary occupations to supplement the farm income. To organise frontline demonstrations to generate production data and feedback information. To collaborate with scientists of Regional Research Stations and State Extension Personnel in on Farm Testing.
- 23. Activities 1. Each KVK has a farm area which is used for raising foundation / certified seeds and providing lice demonstration for the trainees. 2. To impart practical oriented training in diversified areas of agriculture. No. Year Mansa Total KVK in India 564 2007 Punjab 18 2007 Gurdaspur Kapurthala Bahowal (Hoshiarpur)Langroya (Nawan Shahr) Rauni (Patiala) Kheri (Sangrur) Bathinda Faridkot Ferozepur Ropar Kalan Amritsar (Tarantaran) Moga Mohali Samrala Mukatsar Fatehgarh Sahib Barnala Jalandhar
- 24. Mandate of KVK Collaborate with subject matter specialist for on- farm testing, refining and documenting technologies. Organize training to update extension personnel in required areas. Organize long-term vocational training courses in agriculture for the rural youth. Organize Front Line Demonstrations in various crops. Antyodaya (1977) Objective: To solve poverty problems bit by bit , with family as a unit.
- 25. Desert Development Programme (DDP) 1977 Ministry of Agriculture Aims :- Control desertification, up grading the local resource endowments, income and employment Components:- A forestation Minor irrigation Soil and water conservation Livestock development
- 26. Food for Work Programme (1977) Objectives To generate additional gainful employment in rural areas, improve income and nutritional level. To maintain, create community assets and strengthen rural infrastructure to enhance production and improve living standards.
- 27. National Adult Education Programme (NAEP) 1978 Concept : Literacy and numeracy Functional development Social awareness Objectives: To identify requirements of different areas. To explore available resources. To orient the adult education properly. To motivate the illiterates. Economic and social development Development of personality of individuals
- 28. Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP) 1978 Centrally sponsored scheme funded in 50:50 basis by the center and the states Objectives:- To identify the poorest of the poor families in village and to provide them employment. Achievements :- • Subsidy is made available to small farmers @ 25% • And to marginal farmers Agricultural laborers rural artisans @ 33.5 % of the total project cost.
- 29. Lab to Land Programme 1979 (ICAR) Objectives :- To improve the overall economic conditions of the selected families To improve the overall farming system of selected families by transfer of technology (TOT) To impart skill to the farmers, farm women, farm rural youth in the latest Agricultural Technology To establish a strong and meaningful feed back process between scientists and the farmers
- 30. Training of Rural Youth for Self Employment (TRYSEM) 1979 Objective Training rural youth in the group of 18-35 belonging to families having an income of less than Rs. 4800/ per annum. Components : To train 40 rural youth per block per ;year. To pay monthly stipend, daily allowance. Grant of subsidy to the trained youth at the rate of 33.5 percent of the cost of the scheme. Subsidies - Rs.3000 - Non-DPAP Rs.4000 - DPAP areas Rs.5000 - ST families (Scheduled tribe) Emphasis: Strengthening of infrastructural facilities like marketing, provision of at least one composite training centre in every District and proper coordination among bank and Block authorities.
- 31. National Rural Employment Programme (NREP) – 1980 Objectives : Generate additional gainful employment for unemployed both men and women. Create durable community assets. Improve nutritional status and living standard of rural poor. National Agricultural Research Project (NARP) - 1979 by ICAR Indian Bank of Rural Development IBRD Aims : Strengthening regional research centers selected on the basis of specified local needs in given agro-climatic situation. Rationalizing of university research programmes, research organizations, research needs, linking research service with extension service.
- 32. Council for Advancement of Rural Technology (CART) 1982 Objectives : To act as the nodal point for coordination of all efforts for development and dissemination of technology. To act as a catalyst for development of technology by identifying the problems of rural people. To strengthen existing institutions of research and development. To act as a clearing house of information and a data bank. To disseminate knowledge of farm machinery technology to manufacture. To conduct a sponsor training programmes for trainers. To carry out research studies, surveys, evaluation etc. on the use of appropriate technology.
- 33. Front Line Demonstration “FLD” (1974) Objectives: • To demonstrate the newly released crop production and protection technologies and their management practices at the farmers’ field. • To prepare technical leadership in villages by way of imparting desired training. • To organize need based training programmes for SMS and farmers. Field demonstrations conducted under close supervision of the technology demonstrated first time by the scientists 2-4 hectares of land.
- 34. National Agriculture Extension Project (NAEP) – 1983 It is being launched with help of IBRD World Bank affiliate, to overcome the various constraints. Aim : To bridge the gap between well developed research system with extension system for faster transfer of technology. Further strengthen the capabilities of the State Department of Agriculture in context of overall development activities. Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Programme (RLEGP) – 1983 Objectives To improve and expand employment opportunities for rural landless. Creation of durable community assets for Strengthening the rural infrastructure.
- 35. Development of Women and Children in Rural Areas 1982-83 (DWCRA) It is a sub scheme of the Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP). Objectives: To provide income generating skills and activities to poor women in rural areas in order to improve their social and economic status. Enhancing the welfare and quality of life of the family and the community by improving the access of rural women to health, education, safe drinking water, sanitation and nutrition. Salient features Members group consists 10-15 women. Fund amounting to Rs 25,000/- per group.
- 36. Million Well Scheme (1988-89) MWS It is sub-scheme of the National Rural Employment Programme (NREP) and Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Programme (RLEGP). Both Programme (NREP and RLEGP) merge into Jawahar Rozgar Yojna (JRY) in 1989. MWS delinked from JRY and made an independent scheme from January,1996. Objectives: To provide open irrigation wells free of cost to poor, small and marginal farmers below the poverty line belonging to SC/STs. And freed bonded labourers.Expenditure Ratio: 80:20 (Central:State Govt.)
- 37. Jawahar Rozgar Yojana (JRY) 1989 Objectives Primary Objectives : Generation of employment. Secondary Objectives : Creation of sustained employment Creating Community and social assets Positive impact on wage levels. Overall development of rural areas. Salient features Employment : 30% reservation for women. Zila Parishad is responsible for implementation at District level Gram Panchayat at the village level.
- 38. Supply of Improved Tool Kits to Rural Artisans (1992) (SITRA) Objectives : Enabling rural artisans to enhance the quality of their products, increase their production and income and reducing their migration to the urban areas. DRDA: District Rural Development Agency is the nodal agency for implementation of the scheme.
- 39. Employment Assurance Scheme (1993) Objectives : To provide assured gainful employment. Creation of economic infrastructure. Maximum of two adults per family are provided employment under the scheme. Institution Village Linkage Programme (IVLP) 1994 by ICAR Objectives : To identify the gaps and problems in the existing farming system. To facilitate adoption of post harvest technologies. To monitor socio-economic impact of the technological intervention for different farm production system.
- 40. National Social Assistance Programme (1995) Components are : National Old Age Pension Scheme (NOAPS) National Family Benefit Scheme ( NFBS) National Maternity Benefit Scheme (NMBS)
- 41. National agricultural technology project (1998) NATP World Bank Aided Project. Launched by GOI. Ministry of Agriculture. Objectives : To revitalize the national technology generation, assessment, refinement and dissemination systems. To address location, specific production problems for which technical solutions exists. To strength frontier areas of research to take advantages of modern tools now available. To conserve natural resource base and enhance productivity of these resources. To strengthen management tools, procedures and development of information management systems, suited to national needs. To strengthen national capacity in research and extension management, policy planning, priority, monitoring and evaluation to meet current and emerging needs of agricultural development.
- 42. Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojana (JGSY) (1999) Objectives : Creation of demand driven community village infrastructure. (Wage Material ratio of 60 : 40) Generation of supplementary employment for rural areas. Swarna Jayanti Gram Swarozgar Yozana (SGSY) 1990 Objectives : Establishment of micro-enterprises.
- 43. Salient Features of Scheme It aims at establishing a large number of micro enterprises in the rural areas, building upon the potential of rural poor. The assisted families may be individuals (Swarozgaris) or groups(Self Help Groups). Emphasis is on group approach. It is proposed to cover 30% of the rural poor in each block in the next five years. It will target at least 50% SCs/STs, 40% women and 3% disabled. It will cover all aspects of self employment (SHGs) and their capacity building, planning of activity clusters, infrastructure build up, technology, credit and marketing.
- 44. It lays emphasis on activity clusters based on the resources, occupational skills of the people and availability of markets. Selection of key activities will be with the approval of Panchayat Samitis at the block level and the DRDAs/ZP at the district level. A group approach will be adopted for each key activity. In each Panchayat Samiti, at least half of the groups will be exclusively women groups. The Gram Sabha will authenticate the list of families below the poverty line. Identification of individual families for each key activity will be made through a participatory process.
- 45. INDIA Area Sq.Km. 33 lakh Population 11.41b Population growth rate 1.93 Population density 324 Literacy rate 64.84 Sex Ratio F/M 1.07 Life Expectancy 62.5 IMR 60 Birth rate 24.8 Death rate 8.9 Population below poverty 26 Unemployment rate 9.1
- 46. PUNJAB Area Sq.Km. 50,360 Population 2.5 crore Population growth rate Population density Literacy rate 69.70 Sex Ratio F/M 1.14 Life Expectancy IMR Birth rate 20.6 Death rate 7.0 Population below poverty Unemployment rate