History of STS_Week 2, Science and Technology
- 2. What is Science? 🞇 Comes from the Latin word “scientia, meaning” Knowledge”
- 3. What is science? 🞇 Learning new facts (discoveries)
- 5. What is science? 🞇the intellectual and practical activity encompassing the systematic study of the structure and behavior of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment –Oxford dictionary
- 6. What is technology? 🞇Creating/inventing things
- 7. What is Technology 🞇 Application of scientific knowledge, laws, and services, principles to produce materials, tools, solving and real- machines aimed at world problems. - Comes from the Greek word techne, meaning “art, skill, or cunning of hand.”
- 8. What is technology? 🞇Things that fulfill our needs and desires or perform certain functions 🞇Application of understanding of natural laws to the solution of practical problems
- 9. “What defines a technological tool – one historical definition – is something that takes a human’s sense or ability and augments it and makes it more powerful. So, for example, I wear contact lenses or glasses; that is a technologythat enhances my human ability of vision and makes it better .” - Mark Zuckerberg
- 10. Further Reading The Medawar Lecture 1998: Is Science Dangerous? (Lewis Wolpert) 🞇 Reliable scientific knowledge has no moral or ethical value 🞇 It is meant simply to explain how nature and the universe work and that the obligations of scientists, besides studying the nature of the universe, is to explain the possible uses and applications of such scientific knowledge. 🞇 Science is not the same as technology. 🞇 The very nature of science is that it is not possible to predict scientific discoveries and how these discoveries may be applied.
- 11. Reflection: What is the role of S&Tin your life?
- 12. Role of Science and Technology
- 13. So how are science and technology related? 🞇 Provides fertile source of novel scientific question 🞇 justifies the allocation of resources needed to address these questions in an efficient and timely manner, extending the agenda of science 🞇 Source of otherwise unavailable instrumentation and techniques needed to address novel and more difficult scientific questions more efficiently
- 14. Science, Technology and Society 🞇 A relatively young field that combines previously independent and older disciplines, such as the history of science, philosophy of science, and sociology of science. 🞇 Generally, applies methods drawn from history, philosophy, and sociology to study the nature of science and technology and ultimately judge their value and place in the society
- 15. Reflection: What is the role of S&Tin your life?
- 16. Even if science and technology has brought about many useful and exciting things, there are still drawbacks to these.
- 17. Antibiotics were invented Overuse/ misuse of antibiotics Antibiotic resistance
- 18. 1. Science and Technology can be Misused 2. Inventions in Science and Technology can have a disturbing nature. 3. Science and Technology can be harmful because of the crazy experiments 4. Science and Technology can harm animals and people 5. New developments in Science and Technology can have unintended consequences
- 20. TOP 10 Ethical Dilemmas (2020) • Grinch Bots • Project Nightingale • Student Tracking Software • The Corruption of Tech Ethics • Deep Fakes • The pseudoscience of skincare. • AI and Gamification in Hiring • Predatory Journals • The HARPA SAFEHOME Proposal(Health Advanced Research Projects or HARPA is a to be established US government department and SAFEHOME stands for Stopping Aberrant Fatal Events by Helping Overcome Mental Extremes) • Class Dojo and Classroom Surveillance
- 21. Quick Question: What moral, ethical, and existential dilemmas brought about by S&T do you know?
- 22. Exercise 1. Reflection (Individual Activity) Instructions. Find an image that depicts an issue or problem in science and technology. Then, answer the following questions. 1. What is the issue or problem depicted in the image? 2. How does this particular issue or problem impact the well-being of humans today? 3. Why is it important for people to study and learn about STS as an academic field, especially in addressing the issue or problem depicted in the image
- 23. Exercise 2. Issues in Science in Technology (Group Activity) Instructions: Form groups with 3-4 members. From the list presented previously, choose one emerging ethical dilemma in science and technology. Research about the nature of the dilemma your group choose and be prepared to report the highlights of your research in class. Create a PowerPoint presentation (no more than 5 slides) to highlight of the summary. Use the guide questions below: 1. What is the emerging ethical dilemma about? 2. What factors or events led to this dilemma? 3. What are the societal implications of this dilemma? 4. Why is it important to question the moral and ethical issues surrounding innovations in science and technology? 5. In the face of this dilemma, why is it important to study STS?
- 24. A Brief History of Discoveries
- 25. S&T in the ancient times (through 599 BCE) Divided into 3 periods: 1.Stone Age (Paleolithic, Mesolithic, & Neolithic) 2.Bronze Age 3.Iron Age
- 28. THE STONE AGE
- 29. STONE AGE The stone age was the period during which stone was the most widely used material for making tools and weapons.
- 30. STONE AGE The stone age can be divided into The Paleolithic Age - Old Stone Age The Mesolithic Age –Middle Stone Age The Neolithic Age –New Stone Age
- 31. PALEOLITHIC AGE Paleolithic age was the longest part of stone age. It can be further divided into lower,middle,upper paleolithic age. The paleolithic men used rough and rude stone implements. Their main occupation was hunting and food gathering. Paleolithic men did not settle on one place for a long time. Cave paintings are the source of information about the early human life.
- 32. CAVE PAINTINGS DRAWN BY PALEOLITHIC MAN Group dance,Bhimbetka Boar ,Altamira, Spain Bison, Chauvet, France Hunting, Bhimbetka
- 33. It consists of 127 human and animal figures engraved on the rock wall probably carved during the late Neolithic, or before 2000 BC. They are the oldest known work of art in the Philippines. The Angono - Binangonan Petroglyphs are petroglyphs carved into a rock wall in Binangonan, Rizal, Philippines.
- 38. It is the geological age between palaeolithic and neolithic ages. They used small stone tools with sharp points. These types of tools were used in the period subsequent to the Palaeolithic Age. This age is known as the Mesolithic Age .
- 40. Hunting became extensive in the Mesolithic Age. As a result many animals became extinct. Mammoth is an example for such a species. Man discovered new sources of food in this period. They ate edible grass, dolphin, otter, whale, fishes, and so on.
- 41. MAMMOTH :- Mammoths, who belong to the elephant family, lived around ten thousand years back.
- 42. CHARACTERISTICS
- 43. MESOLITHIC TOOLS
- 46. NEOLITHIC AGE -In the period subsequent to the Mesolithic Age, man began to use polished stone tools. -This period is called the Neolithic Age. -The beginning of cultivation was the major progress in this period that dates around eight thousand years back. -The change from food gathering to food production is a landmark in the history of human life. -Environmental changes, scarcity of food, population growth, etc. are pointed out as the major reasons that led to cultivation. -Man began to cultivate and settle down in the river valleys. -Gordon Childe, the historian, termed these changes as 'Neolithic Revolution
- 47. -In the Neolithic Age, human beings began to rear animals for food. -They began a settled life for the purpose of cultivation and domestication of animals. -Wheat, barley, jute, different kinds of tubers, paddy, plantain, etc. were the major crops of that age.
- 48. Neolithic site (cave painting edakkal cave- kerala)
- 51. TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE ATTAINED IN THE NEOLITHIC AGE
- 52. 🞇 Stone tools have been the first recognized technology (or craft?) - Wooden tools could have preceded stones by millions of years 🞇 Made by one of our direct ancestors (H. habilis or H. rudolfensis) 2,5000,000 years ago 🞇 Early tools were some broken pebbles, then improved by flaking pieces off a core, creating distinctive shapes with a single cutting edge S&T in the ancient times
- 53. 🞇 Characterized by: Hunting & gathering (or foraging?) Use of fire (man’s earliest conquest) Agricultural revolution (farming) - Use of metal, instead of stone tools, towards the end - Pottery and other ceramics, along with glass were dominant (Ceramics age) 🞇 Civilization began to arise (manufacturing, trading, villages have rulers, etc.) S&Tin the ancient times
- 54. “With the beginnings of metallurgy, the Stone Age of man comes to an end; with the beginnings of writing, prehistory comes to an end; with the beginnings of agriculture, man's parasitism on nature gives way to co- operation with nature” – R.J. Forbes
- 55. 🞇 Started with the rise of Greek civilization developed institutions such as the Academy, Lyceum, and Museum were the first to believe that humans could understand the universe using reason alone rather than through mythology or religion (philosophers) 🞇 Characterized by war between religion and science (Dark ages) S&Tin “Antiquity” (600through 529BCE)
- 56. 🞇 Decline of science in Europe Use of currency replaced by barter Trade ceased entirely Poverty was endemic and people suffered from wars, piracy, famine, and epidemics 🞇 Chinese philosophy developed theories on matter and living beings S&Tin the middle ages (530through 1452)
- 57. 🞇 Revival of Western science started during the last centuries of the first millennium 🞇 Technological revolution took place Vast improvements in communication and transportation S&Tin the middle ages (530through 1452)
- 58. 🞇 The depletion of the population of Europe (Black Death) motivated the smaller communities to find new ways to function New atmosphere encouraged the development of arts, science and technology States recognized the importance of technology for defense and trade Kings engaged engineers to improve their fortifications and weapons Renaissance and the Scientific revolution (1453through 1659)
- 59. 🞇 Technology became fully accepted Many artists, like Leonardo da Vinci, became architects and technologists Mathematics was introduced into universities (became the basis of the arts and technology) 🞇 Time of colonization, adventure, and exploration Renaissance and the Scientific revolution (1453through 1659)
- 60. The Scientific revolution 🞇 Started with the publication of Copernicus’s heliocentric theory and Vesalius’s anatomy Opposed by both Catholic Church and the Protestant Church of Martin Luther Much later, the Church lifted its ban on the publication of works that defended the Copernican system
- 61. The Scientific revolution Bunch, B and Hellemans, A. The History of Science and Technology. Houghton Mifflin Company. New York, USA. 2004. 🞇 Explorers discovered a wealth of previously unknown plants and animals 🞇 Mathematics introduced various symbols and conventions (became an almost universal language) 🞇 Galileo introduced experimentation into science 🞇 Factories operated, patent laws and the stock market began, and printed books became the means to spread technological developments 🞇 Design of machines developed into an art (gadgets)
- 62. Scientific Method: Measurement and Communication (1660through 1734) 🞇 Newton’s Principia became the basis of the scientific method used in the study of natural phenomena Theories were formulated from observations, these theories were used to predict other phenomena Natural phenomena were explained by mathematical laws, an approach to science not necessarily antagonistic to religion
- 63. 🞇 Separation of physics and metaphysics (philosophy) took place (Newton vs. Descartes on gravity) 🞇 Observation and experimentation became the pillars of scientific activity Scientists recorded phenomena in terms of numbers Classification of plants, animals, minerals, fossils became a trend Scientific Method: Measurement and Communication (1660through 1734)
- 64. 🞇 Science became a shared activity Societies and journals became the means of communication (printing press) Scientific Method: Measurement and Communication (1660through 1734)
- 65. 🞇 Emphasizing reasoning and order Critical evaluation of previous beliefs in the light of rationalism Began with Linnaean scheme for classifying organisms The Enlightenment and the Industrial revolution (1735through 1819)
- 66. 🞇 Profound change in philosophical thinking Emergence of “mechanical philosophy”, a belief that all phenomena could be explained by sets of simple mechanical laws Some materialistic philosophers denied the existence of a spiritual god and viewed nature entirely as a mechanical system The Enlightenment and the Industrial revolution (1735through 1819)
- 67. Two approaches to philosophy emerged: empiricism (knowledge comes from experience) and rationalism (knowledge comes from reasoning) reconciled b Immanual Kant “Great Chain of Being” envisioned all existence as continuous The Enlightenment and the Industrial revolution (1735through 1819)
- 68. The Industrial revolution (18th Century) Bunch, B and Hellemans, A. The History of Science and Technology. Houghton Mifflin Company. New York, USA. 2004. 🞇 Development of machines that would make work faster or more efficient Interest in thermodynamics rose as a result of the steam engine Concepts of work and power began to be formalized 🞇 Encyclopaedias were the new form of publication 🞇 The profession of engineer was one of the great inventions
- 69. 🞇 Much 19th century science started with the discovery of electromagnetism by Hans Christian Oersted 🞇 Science and the teaching of science underwent a number of changes Many new fields of science were born (Anthropology, Archaeology, Cell biology, Psychology, Organic Chemistry) Bunch, B and Hellemans, A. The History of Science and Technology. Houghton Mifflin Company. New York, USA. 2004. S&Tin the 19th Century (1820through 1894)
- 70. 🞇 Science became professional Occupation of science became a paid profession universities developed into centers where science flourished Teaching of science became linked to scientific research Publication of scientific information started Scientists started meeting at national scientific congresses The idea that science could ultimately explain all phenomena in nature became stronger Bunch, B and Hellemans, A. The History of Science and Technology. Houghton Mifflin Company. New York, USA. 2004. S&Tin the 19th Century (1820through 1894)
- 71. 🞇 The relationship between scientific education and technological progress became fully understood Technical schools were founded Scientific thought was much more generally known by the public (faced general public criticism of some scientific ideas, e.g. age of the Earth and the theory of evolution by Darwin) S&Tin the 19th Century (1820through 1894)
- 72. 🞇 Large number of scientists 🞇 Science became much more of a communal effort 🞇 Science started having an effect on society directly (the time span between a discovery and its technical application became shorter) 🞇 Science became highly successful in explaining the nature of matter, mechanisms of chemical reactions, fundamental processes of life, and the general structure of the universe Rise of modern S&T(1895through 1945)
- 73. 🞇 Quantum theory changed the way philosophers think about the universe 🞇 Technology did not remain confined to large enterprises only (became an important part of everyday life) 🞇 Enormous growth of automobile industry 🞇 Electricity revolutionized technology 🞇 Laboratories for testing and development of new products were established Rise of modern S&T(1895through 1945)
- 74. 🞇 Discoveries and inventions reached practical applications as a result of WW2 (synthetic rubber, radar, DDT, penicillin, fusion and fission bombs, jet powered aircraft, helicopter, ballistic missiles, nuclear weapons, and the electronic digital computer) Big science and the Post-industrial society (1946 through 1972)
- 75. Big science and the Post-industrial society (1946through 1972) 🞇 Science became “big” Equipment/instruments were shared (interdisciplinary) Even larger number of scientists, scientists having specialization 🞇 Science changed society Availability of automobiles changed how people migrate Automation allowed many manufacturing processes to be done by less skilled workers
- 90. The Information Age (1973 through present)
- 107. Activity: “Standing on the Shoulders of Giants” 🞇 What are the major achievements of S&T in the ancient, middle and modern ages? How about in the Philippines? 🞇 Semi-group activity 🞇 Each member chooses 1 major achievement of the assigned period (no member should pick the same achievement, as much as possible, achievements come from different fields) 🞇 Draw it and report on how it works and what pushed it to be invented or achieved (historical antecedent) 🞇 Time limit: 3 mins per member (max)
- 108. Rubrics