Holistic dynamic theory
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Abraham Maslow's holistic-dynamic theory proposes a hierarchy of needs that motivates human behavior. It assumes people have an innate potential for psychological growth towards self-actualization. The hierarchy consists of physiological needs, safety needs, love and belongingness needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization needs. Lower needs must be satisfied before higher needs can motivate behavior. Maslow studied self-actualized individuals to identify qualities like embracing personal growth, creativity, and living according to humanistic values rather than deficiency needs. His theory views people as inherently motivated towards fulfillment and psychological health.
Holistic dynamic theory
- 1. HOLISTIC-DYNAMIC THEORY Abraham Harold Maslow (Abe) Brain Gyverne P. Agwilang, RPm agwilangbrain@gmail.com
- 2. Overview • Assumes that the whole person is constantly being motivated by one need or another and that people have the potential to grow toward psychological health, that is, self-actualization. • Humans have a higher nature than either psychoanalysis or behaviorism would suggest. He then spent the latter years of his life trying to discover the nature of psychologically healthy individuals.
- 3. Biography Name: Abraham H. Maslow Birthday: April 1, 1908 Birthplace: Manhattan, New York Father: Samuel Maslow Mother: Rose Schilosky Maslow Spouse: Bertha Goodman
- 4. Maslow’s View of Motivation 1. Holistic approach to motivation- the whole person, not any single part or function, is motivated 3. People are continually motivated by one need or another- when one need is satisfied, it ordinarily loses its motivational power and is then replaced by another need. 2. Motivation usually complex- a person’s behavior may spring from several separate motives 4. All people everywhere are motivated by the same basic need 5. Needs can be arranged on a hierarchy.
- 5. HIERARCHY OF NEEDS Self-Actualization Esteem Love and Belongingness Safety Physiological
- 6. Hierarchy of Needs • Lower needs must be satisfied or at least relatively satisfied before higher level needs become motivators. • CONATIVE NEEDS- they have a striving or motivational character • Lower level needs have prepotency over higher needs; that is they must be satisfied or mostly satisfied before higher level needs become activated.
- 7. Physiological Needs • Include food, water, oxygen etc. • Most prepotent of all Difference to other needs? 1. They are only needs that can be completely satisfied or even overly satisfied. 2. They are recurring in nature. Self-Actualization Esteem Love and Belongingness Safety Physiological
- 8. Safety Needs • Include physical security, stability, dependency, protection, etc. • They cannot be overly satiated • Children, however, are more often motivated by safety needs because they live with such threats such as darkness, animals, etc. • Adults feel relatively unsafe because they retain irrational fears from childhood that cause them to act as if they were afraid of parental punishment and can suffer basic anxiety. Self-Actualization Esteem Love and Belongingness Safety Physiological
- 9. Love and Belongingness • Desire for friendship, family, etc. • Includes some aspects od sex and human contact as well as the need to both give and receive. 3 Kinds of People 1. People who have had their love and belongingness needs adequately satisfied from early years do not panic when denied love. 2. People consists of those who have never experienced love and belongingness, and, therefore, are incapable of giving love. 3. People who have received love and belongingness only in small dose, because they receive only a taste of love and belongingness, they will be strongly motivated to seek it. Self-Actualization Esteem Love and Belongingness Safety Physiological
- 10. Esteem Needs • Includes self-respect, confidence, competence and the knowledge others hold them. 2 Levels of Esteem Needs 1. Reputation- perception of the prestige, recognition, or fame of a person has achieved in the eyes of the others. 2. Self-esteem- person’s own feelings of worth and confidence; it reflects a “desire for strength, for achievement, for adequacy, mastery and competence, confidence in the face of the world, and for independence and freedom. Self-Actualization Esteem Love and Belongingness Safety Physiological
- 11. Self-Actualization • Potent when esteem needs have been met • Includes self-fulfillment, the realization of all one’s potential, and a desire to become creative in the full sense of the word. • Maintain their feelings of self-esteem even when scorned, rejected, and dismissed by other people. • They become independent from the lower level needs that gave them birth. Self-Actualization Esteem Love and Belongingness Safety Physiological
- 12. • Maslow identified three other categories of need 1. Aesthetic 2. Cognitive 3. Neurotic Self-Actualization Esteem Love and Belongingness Safety Physiological
- 13. Aesthetic Need • Motivated by the need for beauty and aesthetically pleasing experiences. • Desire for beautiful and orderly surroundings, and when these needs are not met, they become sick.
- 14. Cognitive Needs • Desire to know, to solve mysteries, to understand, and to be curious. • Maslow’s Hierarchy is threatened if blocked. • Healthy people desire to know more, to theorize, to test hypotheses, to uncover mysteries or to find out how something works just for the satisfaction of knowing.
- 15. Neurotic Needs • Lead to stagnation and pathology • Nonproductive • Reactive; they serve as compensation for unsatisfied basic need
- 16. General Discussion of Needs Physiological 85% Safety 70% Love and Belongingness 50% Esteem 40% Self-actualization 10% • The more the lower level need is satisfied, the greater the emergence of the next level need. • Needs, therefore, emerge gradually, and a person may be simultaneously motivated by needs from two or more levels. Hypothetical Average Person
- 17. Reversed order of needs • Fro some people, the drive fro creativity may take precedence over safety and physiological needs. • Reversals, however, are usually more apparent than real, and some seemingly obvious deviations in the order of needs are not variations at all.
- 18. Unmotivated Behavior • Some behaviors are not motivated. • Some behavior is not caused by needs but by other factors such as conditioned reflexes, maturation, or drugs. • “Expressive behavior” is unmotivated.
- 19. Expressive and Coping Behavior Expressive Behavior • an end in itself and serves no other purpose than to be. • Unconscious and usually takes place naturally and with little effort. • Can continue even in the absence of reinforcement and reward. • A person, for example, may express a methodical, compulsive personality simply because she is what she is and not because of any need to do so. • Usually unlearned, spontaneous, and determined by forces within the person rather than by the environment.
- 20. Coping Behavior • Ordinarily conscious, effortful, learned, and determined by the external environment. • It involves the individual’s attempts to cope with the environment.
- 21. Deprivation of Needs Need Deprivation Physiological Need Malnutrition, fatigue, loss of energy, obsession with sex, etc. Safety Fear, insecurity, dread Love and Belongingness Defensive, overly aggressive, socially timid Esteem Self-doubt, self-deprecition, lack of confidence Self-actualization Pathology, metapathology Metapahology- absence of values, that lack of fulfillment, and loss of the meaning of life
- 22. Instinctoid Nature of Needs • Some human needs are innately determined even though they can be modified by learning.
- 23. 1. One criterion from separating instinctoid needs from noninstinctoid needs is the level of pathology upon frustration. 2. Second criterion is that instinctoid needs are persistent and their satisfaction leads to psychological health. Noninstinctoid needs, in contrast, are usually temporary and their satisfaction is not a prerequisite for health. 3. The third distinction is that instinctoid needs are species-specific. Only humans can be motivated by esteem and self-actualization. 4. Though difficult to change, instinctoid needs can be molded, inhibited, or altered by environmental influences.
- 24. Comparison of Higher and Lower Needs • Degree and not of kind. 1. Higher level needs are later on the phylogenetic or evolutionary scale. 2. Higher level needs produce more happiness and more peak experiences, although satisfaction of lower level needs may produce a degree of pleasure.
- 26. Criteria for Self-Actualization 1. They were free from psychopathology. 2. They had progressed through the hierarchy of needs and therefore lived above the subsistence level of existence and had no ever=present threat to their safety. 3. They embrace the B-values. 4. Full use and exploitation of talents, capacities, potentialities, etc.; they fulfilled their needs to grow, to develop, and to increasingly become what they were capable of becoming.
- 27. Values of Self-Actualizers • Motivated by b-values- indicators of psychological health and are opposed to deficiency needs, which motivate non self- actualizers. • Metamotivation- motives of self- actualizing people; are capable of giving and receiving love, possess a great amount of confidence and self-esteem, and yet to fail to pass over the threshold to self- actualization. TRUTH GOODNESS BEAUTY UNITY ALIVENESS UNIQUENESS PERFECTION AND NECESSITY COMPLETIO JUSTICE AND ORDER SIMPLICITY RICHNESS EFFORTLESSNESS PLAYFULNESS SELF-SUFFICIENCY MEANINGFULNESS B-VALUES
- 28. Characteristics of Self-actualizing People • People must be regularly satisfied in their other needs and must also embrace the B-values. • Maslow listed 15 tentative qualities that characterizes self-actualizing people.
- 29. 15 Qualities of Self-actualizing People 1. More efficient perception of reality 2. Acceptance of self, others, and Nature 3. Spontaneity, simplicity, and naturalness 4. Problem-centering 5. The need for privacy 6. Autonomy 7. Continued freshness of appreciation 8. The peak experience
- 30. 9. Gemeinschaftsgefuhl 10. Profound interpersonal relations 11. The democratic character structure 12. Discrimination between means and ends 13. Philosophical sense of humor 14. Creativeness 15. Resistance to enculturation
- 31. Reference • J. Feist et al (2018) Theories of Personality, New York: McGraw-Hill Education
- 32. THANK YOU