1) The traditional lecture model is scientifically outdated as it treats students as empty vessels. Constructivist theory recognizes that students come to class with preexisting understandings and instruction must draw on these.
2) Learning requires interaction between students and engagement with their preconceptions. Students learn best when instruction is student-centered rather than focused on lectures.
3) For deep learning, students must develop factual knowledge within a conceptual framework and organize knowledge in a way that facilitates application. Instructors should provide opportunities for students to practice metacognition and monitor their own learning.