How People Learn

What do you notice?
What do you wonder?
1
How (You Can Help) People Learn (Biology)

impaled by Yersinia on flickr CC-BY-NC-SA
slides and resources: tinyurl.com/HPLBiologyFa13

HOW PEOPLE LEARN
Peter Newbury, Ph.D.
Center for Teaching Development,
University of California, San Diego
pnewbury@ucsd.edu
@polarisdotca
ctd.ucsd.edu
#ctducsd

October 21, 2013
Survey
Which of these do you associate with a typical
university lecture?
A) listening
B) absorbing
C) note-taking
D) learning

3

How (You Can Help) People Learn (Biology)
The traditional lecture is based on the
transmissionist learning model

4

How (You Can Help) People Learn (Biology)

(Image by um.dentistry on flickr CC)
Let’s have a learning experience…

5

How (You Can Help) People Learn (Biology)
Here is an important new number
system. Please learn it.

1=

7=

2=

5=

8=

3=

6

4=

6=

9=

How (You Can Help) People Learn (Biology)
Test
What is this number?

7

How (You Can Help) People Learn (Biology)
New Number System
Here’s the structure of the “tic-tac-toe” code:

1

3

4

5

6

7

8

2

8

9

How (You Can Help) People Learn (Biology)
Test
What is this number?

9

How (You Can Help) People Learn (Biology)
Scientifically Outdated, a Known Failure

We must abandon the tabula rasa
“blank slate” and “students as
empty vessels” models of teaching
and learning.

10

How (You Can Help) People Learn (Biology)
Constructivist Theory of Learning
New learning is built on and from existing knowledge.

You store things in long term memory
through a set of connections that are
made with previous existing memories.

Creating memories (aka learning) involves
having neurons fire and neurons link up in
networks or patterns.
11

How (You Can Help) People Learn (Biology)

(Images by Rebecca-Lee on flickr CC)
12

How (You Can Help) People Learn (Biology)
What are the patterns of
how people learn?
How do we use them?
13

How (You Can Help) People Learn (Biology)
How People Learn
National Research Council (2000).
How People Learn: Brain, Mind,
Experience, and School: Expanded
Edition. J.D. Bransford, A.L Brown
& R.R. Cocking (Eds.), Washington,
DC: The National Academies
Press.
Available for free as PDF
www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=9853

14

How (You Can Help) People Learn (Biology)
Key Finding 1
Students come to the classroom with preconceptions about
how the world works. If their initial understanding is not
engaged, they may fail to grasp the new concepts and
information that are taught, or they may learn them for
the purposes of a test but revert to their preconceptions
outside of the classroom.
(How People Learn, p 14.)

15

How (You Can Help) People Learn (Biology)
Key Finding 2
To develop competence in an area, students must:
a) have a deep foundation of factual knowledge,
b) understand facts and ideas in the context of a
conceptual framework, and
c) organize knowledge in ways that facilitate
retrieval and application.
(How People Learn, p 16.)

16

How (You Can Help) People Learn (Biology)
Key Finding 3
A “metacognitive” approach to instruction can help
students learn to take control of their own learning by
defining learning goals and monitoring their progress in
achieving them.
(How People Learn, p 18.)

17

How (You Can Help) People Learn (Biology)
Aside: metacognition
Metacognition refers to one’s knowledge concerning one’s
own cognitive processes or anything related to them.
For example, I am engaging
in metacognition if I notice
that I am having more
trouble learning A than B.
([3], [4])

meta cognition

18

How (You Can Help) People Learn (Biology)
Key Finding 3
A “metacognitive” approach to instruction can help
students learn to take control of their own learning by
defining learning goals and monitoring their progress in
achieving them.
(How People Learn, p 18.)

19

How (You Can Help) People Learn (Biology)
Please break into groups of 3-4...
Each set of cards has
 Key Findings 1, 2, 3
 3 Implications for Teaching
 3 Designing Classroom Environments
TASK: Sort your cards into 3 groups of 3 cards by
matching the Implication for Teaching and Classroom
Environment to each Key Finding:
Designing
Classroom
Environment

20

How (You Can Help) People Learn (Biology)
21
How (You Can Help) People Learn (Biology)
Key Finding 1
Students come to the classroom with preconceptions about
how the world works. If their initial understanding is not
engaged, they may fail to grasp the new concepts and
information that are taught, or they may learn them for
the purposes of a test but revert to their preconceptions
outside of the classroom.
(How People Learn, p 14.)

22

How (You Can Help) People Learn (Biology)
Implications for Teaching 1
Teachers must draw out and work with the preexisting
understandings that their students bring with them.
(How People Learn, p 19.)

23

How (You Can Help) People Learn (Biology)
New Coding System
Please memorize this code:
1=

4=

7=

1

2

3

2=

5=

8=

4

5

6

3=

6=

9=

7

8

9

unsupported, unfamiliar content

24

How (You Can Help) People Learn (Biology)

built on pre-existing
knowledge
(tic-tac-toe board)
Classroom Environments 1
Schools and classrooms must be learner centered.
(How People Learn, p 23.)

25

How (You Can Help) People Learn (Biology)
Learning requires interaction [2]

26

How (You Can Help) People Learn (Biology)
Learning requires interaction [2]
Learning gain:
100%

0.50

0

27

% of class time
NOT lecturing

How (You Can Help) People Learn (Biology)

pre-test

post-test
Learning requires interaction [2]
1

3
28

2

4

How (You Can Help) People Learn (Biology)
Key Finding 2
To develop competence in an area, students must:
a) have a deep foundation of factual knowledge,
b) understand facts and ideas in the context of a
conceptual framework, and
c) organize knowledge in ways that facilitate
retrieval and application.
(How People Learn, p 16.)

29

How (You Can Help) People Learn (Biology)
30
How (You Can Help) People Learn (Biology)
Implications for Teaching 2
Teachers must teach some subject matter in depth,
providing many examples in which the same concept is
at work and providing a firm foundation of factual
knowledge.
(How People Learn, p 20.)

Classroom Environments 2
To provide a knowledge-centered environment, attention
must be given to what is taught (information, subject
matter), why it is taught (understanding), and what
competence or mastery looks like.
(How People Learn, p 24.)
31

How (You Can Help) People Learn (Biology)
Development of Mastery [3]
Behavior

conscious

unconscious

incompetent

competent

Level of Expertise
32

How (You Can Help) People Learn (Biology)
Development of Mastery [3]

incompetent

competent

Level of Expertise
33

How (You Can Help) People Learn (Biology)
Development of Mastery [3]
Behavior

conscious

unconscious
adikko.deviantart.com

34

How (You Can Help) People Learn (Biology)
Development of Mastery [3]
Behavior

conscious

unconscious

incompetent

competent

Level of Expertise
35

How (You Can Help) People Learn (Biology)
Development of Mastery [3]
Behavior

conscious

unconscious

1
incompetent

competent

Level of Expertise
36

How (You Can Help) People Learn (Biology)
Development of Mastery [3]
Behavior

conscious

unconscious

2
1
incompetent

competent

Level of Expertise
37

How (You Can Help) People Learn (Biology)
Development of Mastery [3]
Behavior

conscious

unconscious

2

3

1
incompetent

competent

Level of Expertise
38

How (You Can Help) People Learn (Biology)
Development of Mastery [3]
conscious

Behavior

3

1

4

incompetent

unconscious

2

competent

Level of Expertise
39

How (You Can Help) People Learn (Biology)
Why Your Students Don’t Understand You
Expert brains differ from novice brains because novices:
 lack rich, networked connections so they cannot make
inferences
 cannot reliably retrieve information
 have preconceptions that distract and confuse
 lack automization, resulting in cognitive overload

40

How (You Can Help) People Learn (Biology)
Key Finding 3
A “metacognitive” approach to instruction can help
students learn to take control of their own learning by
defining learning goals and monitoring their progress in
achieving them.
(How People Learn, p 18.)

41

How (You Can Help) People Learn (Biology)
Implications for Teaching 3
The teaching of metacognitive skills should be
integrated into the curriculum in a variety of subject
(How People Learn, p 21.)
areas.

Classroom Environments 3
Formative assessments — ongoing assessments designed
to make students’ thinking visible to both teachers and
(How People Learn, p 24.)
students — are essential.
Instructors need to provide opportunities for
students to practice being metacognitive: an
internal dialogue about their own thinking
42

How (You Can Help) People Learn (Biology)
traditional lecture
43

How (You Can Help) People Learn (Biology)

student-centered instruction
peer instruction with clickers
interactive demonstrations
What do you notice?
What do you wonder?
surveys of opinions
reading quizzes
worksheets
discussions
videos

44

How (You Can Help) People Learn (Biology)

student-centered instruction
Clicker Question
The molecules making up the dry mass of wood that
forms during the growth of a tree largely come from
A) sunlight.
B) the air.
C) the seed.
D) the soil.

Question credit: Bill Wood
45

How (You Can Help) People Learn (Biology)
Typical Episode of Peer Instruction (PI)
1. Instructor poses a conceptually-challenging
multiple-choice question.
2. Students think about question on their own and vote
using clickers, colored ABCD cards, smartphones,…
3. The instructor asks students to turn to their neighbors
and “convince them you’re right.”
4. After that “peer instruction”, the students vote again
and the instructor leads a class-wide discussion
concluding with why the right answer(s) is right and
the wrong answers are wrong.
46

How (You Can Help) People Learn (Biology)
In effective peer instruction
 students teach each other while
they may still hold or remember
their novice preconceptions
 students discuss the concepts in their
own (novice) language

students learn
and practice
how to think,
communicate
like experts

 the instructor finds out what the students know (and
don’t know) and reacts, building on their initial
understanding and preconceptions.

47

How (You Can Help) People Learn (Biology)
Veritasium (Derek Muller)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2KZb2_vcNTg

As you watch the
video, notice how
Derek talks to the
people he
interviews.

48

How (You Can Help) People Learn (Biology)
peer instruction with clickers
interactive demonstrations
What do you notice?
What do you wonder?
surveys of opinions
reading quizzes
worksheets
discussions
videos

49

How (You Can Help) People Learn (Biology)

student-centered instruction
Chemistry Day 4 by pennstatenews on flickr CC-BY-NC
50
How (You Can Help) People Learn (Biology)
Clicker question
A ball is rolling around
the inside of a circular
track. The ball
leaves the track
at point P.

C

B
A

D

P
Which path
does the ball
follow?
51

How (You Can Help) People Learn (Biology)

(adapted from Mazur)

E
peer instruction with clickers
interactive demonstrations
What do you notice?
What do you wonder?
surveys of opinions
reading quizzes
worksheets
discussions
videos

52

How (You Can Help) People Learn (Biology)

student-centered instruction
What do you notice?
What do you wonder?
53
How (You Can Help) People Learn (Biology)

impaled by Yersinia on flickr CC-BY-NC-SA
Active Learning in Discussion Sections
 peer instruction with clickers, colored ABCD cards, ABCDE
pdf on smartphones,…
 1-Minute papers: What is most confusing right now?
 Problem Solving in Groups
 Provide scaffold/structure
 Ask what steps would you take to solve problem
(versus actually solving them)
 Critique or “fix” sample work/problem
 overhead slides, document cameras, board?
 If there’s a skill expert biologists have (drawing,
identifying structures in diagram, etc.) give students a
worksheet which gives them practice doing it.
54

How (You Can Help) People Learn (Biology)
How People Learn
Learning is not about what the
instructor does. It’s about what
students do for themselves.

55

How (You Can Help) People Learn (Biology)
How People Learn
Learning is not about what the
instructor does. It’s about what
students do for themselves.

Students will not learn (just) by
listening to the instructor explain.

56

How (You Can Help) People Learn (Biology)
How People Learn
Learning is not about what the
instructor does. It’s about what
students do for themselves.

Students will not learn (just) by
listening to the instructor explain.
BE LESS HELPFUL
57

How (You Can Help) People Learn (Biology)
If in doubt, ask yourself…

Who is doing the work,
you or the students?

58

How (You Can Help) People Learn (Biology)
References
1.

2.

3.
4.

5.

6.
59

National Research Council (2000). How People Learn: Brain, Mind,
Experience, and School: Expanded Edition. J.D. Bransford, A.L Brown & R.R.
Cocking (Eds.),Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
Prather, E.E, Rudolph, A.L., Brissenden, G., & Schlingman, W.M. (2009). A
national study assessing the teaching and learning of introductory
astronomy. Part I. The effect of interactive instruction. Am. J. Phys. 77, 4,
320-330.
Sprague, J., & Stuart, D. (2000). The speaker’s handbook. Fort Worth, TX:
Harcourt College Publishers.
Flavell, J. H. (1976). Metacognitive aspects of problem solving. In L. B.
Resnick (Ed.), The nature of intelligence (pp.231-236). Hillsdale, NJ:
Erlbaum.
Brame, C. (2013). Thinking about metacognition. [blog] January, 2013,
Available at: http://cft.vanderbilt.edu/2013/01/thinking-aboutmetacognition/ [Accessed: 14 Jan 2013].
Mazur, E. (2009). Farewell, Lecture? Science, 323, 5910, 50-51.

How (You Can Help) People Learn (Biology)
slides and resources: tinyurl.com/HPLBiologyFa13

HOW PEOPLE LEARN
Peter Newbury, Ph.D.
Center for Teaching Development,
University of California, San Diego
pnewbury@ucsd.edu
@polarisdotca
ctd.ucsd.edu
#ctducsd

October 21, 2013

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How (you can help) People Learn (biology)

  • 1. How People Learn What do you notice? What do you wonder? 1 How (You Can Help) People Learn (Biology) impaled by Yersinia on flickr CC-BY-NC-SA
  • 2. slides and resources: tinyurl.com/HPLBiologyFa13 HOW PEOPLE LEARN Peter Newbury, Ph.D. Center for Teaching Development, University of California, San Diego pnewbury@ucsd.edu @polarisdotca ctd.ucsd.edu #ctducsd October 21, 2013
  • 3. Survey Which of these do you associate with a typical university lecture? A) listening B) absorbing C) note-taking D) learning 3 How (You Can Help) People Learn (Biology)
  • 4. The traditional lecture is based on the transmissionist learning model 4 How (You Can Help) People Learn (Biology) (Image by um.dentistry on flickr CC)
  • 5. Let’s have a learning experience… 5 How (You Can Help) People Learn (Biology)
  • 6. Here is an important new number system. Please learn it. 1= 7= 2= 5= 8= 3= 6 4= 6= 9= How (You Can Help) People Learn (Biology)
  • 7. Test What is this number? 7 How (You Can Help) People Learn (Biology)
  • 8. New Number System Here’s the structure of the “tic-tac-toe” code: 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 2 8 9 How (You Can Help) People Learn (Biology)
  • 9. Test What is this number? 9 How (You Can Help) People Learn (Biology)
  • 10. Scientifically Outdated, a Known Failure We must abandon the tabula rasa “blank slate” and “students as empty vessels” models of teaching and learning. 10 How (You Can Help) People Learn (Biology)
  • 11. Constructivist Theory of Learning New learning is built on and from existing knowledge. You store things in long term memory through a set of connections that are made with previous existing memories. Creating memories (aka learning) involves having neurons fire and neurons link up in networks or patterns. 11 How (You Can Help) People Learn (Biology) (Images by Rebecca-Lee on flickr CC)
  • 12. 12 How (You Can Help) People Learn (Biology)
  • 13. What are the patterns of how people learn? How do we use them? 13 How (You Can Help) People Learn (Biology)
  • 14. How People Learn National Research Council (2000). How People Learn: Brain, Mind, Experience, and School: Expanded Edition. J.D. Bransford, A.L Brown & R.R. Cocking (Eds.), Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. Available for free as PDF www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=9853 14 How (You Can Help) People Learn (Biology)
  • 15. Key Finding 1 Students come to the classroom with preconceptions about how the world works. If their initial understanding is not engaged, they may fail to grasp the new concepts and information that are taught, or they may learn them for the purposes of a test but revert to their preconceptions outside of the classroom. (How People Learn, p 14.) 15 How (You Can Help) People Learn (Biology)
  • 16. Key Finding 2 To develop competence in an area, students must: a) have a deep foundation of factual knowledge, b) understand facts and ideas in the context of a conceptual framework, and c) organize knowledge in ways that facilitate retrieval and application. (How People Learn, p 16.) 16 How (You Can Help) People Learn (Biology)
  • 17. Key Finding 3 A “metacognitive” approach to instruction can help students learn to take control of their own learning by defining learning goals and monitoring their progress in achieving them. (How People Learn, p 18.) 17 How (You Can Help) People Learn (Biology)
  • 18. Aside: metacognition Metacognition refers to one’s knowledge concerning one’s own cognitive processes or anything related to them. For example, I am engaging in metacognition if I notice that I am having more trouble learning A than B. ([3], [4]) meta cognition 18 How (You Can Help) People Learn (Biology)
  • 19. Key Finding 3 A “metacognitive” approach to instruction can help students learn to take control of their own learning by defining learning goals and monitoring their progress in achieving them. (How People Learn, p 18.) 19 How (You Can Help) People Learn (Biology)
  • 20. Please break into groups of 3-4... Each set of cards has  Key Findings 1, 2, 3  3 Implications for Teaching  3 Designing Classroom Environments TASK: Sort your cards into 3 groups of 3 cards by matching the Implication for Teaching and Classroom Environment to each Key Finding: Designing Classroom Environment 20 How (You Can Help) People Learn (Biology)
  • 21. 21 How (You Can Help) People Learn (Biology)
  • 22. Key Finding 1 Students come to the classroom with preconceptions about how the world works. If their initial understanding is not engaged, they may fail to grasp the new concepts and information that are taught, or they may learn them for the purposes of a test but revert to their preconceptions outside of the classroom. (How People Learn, p 14.) 22 How (You Can Help) People Learn (Biology)
  • 23. Implications for Teaching 1 Teachers must draw out and work with the preexisting understandings that their students bring with them. (How People Learn, p 19.) 23 How (You Can Help) People Learn (Biology)
  • 24. New Coding System Please memorize this code: 1= 4= 7= 1 2 3 2= 5= 8= 4 5 6 3= 6= 9= 7 8 9 unsupported, unfamiliar content 24 How (You Can Help) People Learn (Biology) built on pre-existing knowledge (tic-tac-toe board)
  • 25. Classroom Environments 1 Schools and classrooms must be learner centered. (How People Learn, p 23.) 25 How (You Can Help) People Learn (Biology)
  • 26. Learning requires interaction [2] 26 How (You Can Help) People Learn (Biology)
  • 27. Learning requires interaction [2] Learning gain: 100% 0.50 0 27 % of class time NOT lecturing How (You Can Help) People Learn (Biology) pre-test post-test
  • 28. Learning requires interaction [2] 1 3 28 2 4 How (You Can Help) People Learn (Biology)
  • 29. Key Finding 2 To develop competence in an area, students must: a) have a deep foundation of factual knowledge, b) understand facts and ideas in the context of a conceptual framework, and c) organize knowledge in ways that facilitate retrieval and application. (How People Learn, p 16.) 29 How (You Can Help) People Learn (Biology)
  • 30. 30 How (You Can Help) People Learn (Biology)
  • 31. Implications for Teaching 2 Teachers must teach some subject matter in depth, providing many examples in which the same concept is at work and providing a firm foundation of factual knowledge. (How People Learn, p 20.) Classroom Environments 2 To provide a knowledge-centered environment, attention must be given to what is taught (information, subject matter), why it is taught (understanding), and what competence or mastery looks like. (How People Learn, p 24.) 31 How (You Can Help) People Learn (Biology)
  • 32. Development of Mastery [3] Behavior conscious unconscious incompetent competent Level of Expertise 32 How (You Can Help) People Learn (Biology)
  • 33. Development of Mastery [3] incompetent competent Level of Expertise 33 How (You Can Help) People Learn (Biology)
  • 34. Development of Mastery [3] Behavior conscious unconscious adikko.deviantart.com 34 How (You Can Help) People Learn (Biology)
  • 35. Development of Mastery [3] Behavior conscious unconscious incompetent competent Level of Expertise 35 How (You Can Help) People Learn (Biology)
  • 36. Development of Mastery [3] Behavior conscious unconscious 1 incompetent competent Level of Expertise 36 How (You Can Help) People Learn (Biology)
  • 37. Development of Mastery [3] Behavior conscious unconscious 2 1 incompetent competent Level of Expertise 37 How (You Can Help) People Learn (Biology)
  • 38. Development of Mastery [3] Behavior conscious unconscious 2 3 1 incompetent competent Level of Expertise 38 How (You Can Help) People Learn (Biology)
  • 39. Development of Mastery [3] conscious Behavior 3 1 4 incompetent unconscious 2 competent Level of Expertise 39 How (You Can Help) People Learn (Biology)
  • 40. Why Your Students Don’t Understand You Expert brains differ from novice brains because novices:  lack rich, networked connections so they cannot make inferences  cannot reliably retrieve information  have preconceptions that distract and confuse  lack automization, resulting in cognitive overload 40 How (You Can Help) People Learn (Biology)
  • 41. Key Finding 3 A “metacognitive” approach to instruction can help students learn to take control of their own learning by defining learning goals and monitoring their progress in achieving them. (How People Learn, p 18.) 41 How (You Can Help) People Learn (Biology)
  • 42. Implications for Teaching 3 The teaching of metacognitive skills should be integrated into the curriculum in a variety of subject (How People Learn, p 21.) areas. Classroom Environments 3 Formative assessments — ongoing assessments designed to make students’ thinking visible to both teachers and (How People Learn, p 24.) students — are essential. Instructors need to provide opportunities for students to practice being metacognitive: an internal dialogue about their own thinking 42 How (You Can Help) People Learn (Biology)
  • 43. traditional lecture 43 How (You Can Help) People Learn (Biology) student-centered instruction
  • 44. peer instruction with clickers interactive demonstrations What do you notice? What do you wonder? surveys of opinions reading quizzes worksheets discussions videos 44 How (You Can Help) People Learn (Biology) student-centered instruction
  • 45. Clicker Question The molecules making up the dry mass of wood that forms during the growth of a tree largely come from A) sunlight. B) the air. C) the seed. D) the soil. Question credit: Bill Wood 45 How (You Can Help) People Learn (Biology)
  • 46. Typical Episode of Peer Instruction (PI) 1. Instructor poses a conceptually-challenging multiple-choice question. 2. Students think about question on their own and vote using clickers, colored ABCD cards, smartphones,… 3. The instructor asks students to turn to their neighbors and “convince them you’re right.” 4. After that “peer instruction”, the students vote again and the instructor leads a class-wide discussion concluding with why the right answer(s) is right and the wrong answers are wrong. 46 How (You Can Help) People Learn (Biology)
  • 47. In effective peer instruction  students teach each other while they may still hold or remember their novice preconceptions  students discuss the concepts in their own (novice) language students learn and practice how to think, communicate like experts  the instructor finds out what the students know (and don’t know) and reacts, building on their initial understanding and preconceptions. 47 How (You Can Help) People Learn (Biology)
  • 48. Veritasium (Derek Muller) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2KZb2_vcNTg As you watch the video, notice how Derek talks to the people he interviews. 48 How (You Can Help) People Learn (Biology)
  • 49. peer instruction with clickers interactive demonstrations What do you notice? What do you wonder? surveys of opinions reading quizzes worksheets discussions videos 49 How (You Can Help) People Learn (Biology) student-centered instruction
  • 50. Chemistry Day 4 by pennstatenews on flickr CC-BY-NC 50 How (You Can Help) People Learn (Biology)
  • 51. Clicker question A ball is rolling around the inside of a circular track. The ball leaves the track at point P. C B A D P Which path does the ball follow? 51 How (You Can Help) People Learn (Biology) (adapted from Mazur) E
  • 52. peer instruction with clickers interactive demonstrations What do you notice? What do you wonder? surveys of opinions reading quizzes worksheets discussions videos 52 How (You Can Help) People Learn (Biology) student-centered instruction
  • 53. What do you notice? What do you wonder? 53 How (You Can Help) People Learn (Biology) impaled by Yersinia on flickr CC-BY-NC-SA
  • 54. Active Learning in Discussion Sections  peer instruction with clickers, colored ABCD cards, ABCDE pdf on smartphones,…  1-Minute papers: What is most confusing right now?  Problem Solving in Groups  Provide scaffold/structure  Ask what steps would you take to solve problem (versus actually solving them)  Critique or “fix” sample work/problem  overhead slides, document cameras, board?  If there’s a skill expert biologists have (drawing, identifying structures in diagram, etc.) give students a worksheet which gives them practice doing it. 54 How (You Can Help) People Learn (Biology)
  • 55. How People Learn Learning is not about what the instructor does. It’s about what students do for themselves. 55 How (You Can Help) People Learn (Biology)
  • 56. How People Learn Learning is not about what the instructor does. It’s about what students do for themselves. Students will not learn (just) by listening to the instructor explain. 56 How (You Can Help) People Learn (Biology)
  • 57. How People Learn Learning is not about what the instructor does. It’s about what students do for themselves. Students will not learn (just) by listening to the instructor explain. BE LESS HELPFUL 57 How (You Can Help) People Learn (Biology)
  • 58. If in doubt, ask yourself… Who is doing the work, you or the students? 58 How (You Can Help) People Learn (Biology)
  • 59. References 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 59 National Research Council (2000). How People Learn: Brain, Mind, Experience, and School: Expanded Edition. J.D. Bransford, A.L Brown & R.R. Cocking (Eds.),Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. Prather, E.E, Rudolph, A.L., Brissenden, G., & Schlingman, W.M. (2009). A national study assessing the teaching and learning of introductory astronomy. Part I. The effect of interactive instruction. Am. J. Phys. 77, 4, 320-330. Sprague, J., & Stuart, D. (2000). The speaker’s handbook. Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt College Publishers. Flavell, J. H. (1976). Metacognitive aspects of problem solving. In L. B. Resnick (Ed.), The nature of intelligence (pp.231-236). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Brame, C. (2013). Thinking about metacognition. [blog] January, 2013, Available at: http://cft.vanderbilt.edu/2013/01/thinking-aboutmetacognition/ [Accessed: 14 Jan 2013]. Mazur, E. (2009). Farewell, Lecture? Science, 323, 5910, 50-51. How (You Can Help) People Learn (Biology)
  • 60. slides and resources: tinyurl.com/HPLBiologyFa13 HOW PEOPLE LEARN Peter Newbury, Ph.D. Center for Teaching Development, University of California, San Diego pnewbury@ucsd.edu @polarisdotca ctd.ucsd.edu #ctducsd October 21, 2013