How to apa format
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The document provides an overview of APA style formatting guidelines. It discusses the general structure of an APA formatted paper including using double-spaced text in a standard font with 1 inch margins. In-text citations and references are formatted according to APA style, with references listed alphabetically by author's last name. Headings are used to organize paper sections, with five heading levels indicated by formatting.
![should:
•be typed,
•double-spaced,
•have 1” margins,
•use 10-12pt. Standard font (ex. Times New Roman), and
•be printed on standard-sized paper (8.5”x 11”)
[Note: If you are writing a manuscript draft, APA suggests using two spaces
between sentences to aid readability (see pp.87-88 in the APA manual).]
General APA Format](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/howtoapaformat-180904215503/85/How-to-apa-format-5-320.jpg)
How to apa format
- 1. APA Formatting and Style Guide
- 2. The American Psychological Association (APA) citation style is the most commonly used format for manuscripts in the social sciences. APA regulates: • Stylistics • In-text citations • References What is APA Style?
- 3. Personal pronouns where appropriate •: “We conducted an experiment…” •: “The authors conducted an experiment….” Active voice rather than passive voice •: “We asked participants questions.” •: “The participants have been asked questions by the researchers.” Point of View &Voice
- 4. Language in an APA paper should be: • Clear: be specific in descriptions and explanations • Concise: condense information when you can • Plain: use simple, descriptive adjectives and minimize figurative language Language
- 5. should: •be typed, •double-spaced, •have 1” margins, •use 10-12pt. Standard font (ex. Times New Roman), and •be printed on standard-sized paper (8.5”x 11”) [Note: If you are writing a manuscript draft, APA suggests using two spaces between sentences to aid readability (see pp.87-88 in the APA manual).] General APA Format
- 6. Every page of your essay should: •Include a page header (Title, all caps) in the upper left- hand corner and •the page number in the upper right General APA Format
- 7. Title: (in the upper half of the page, centered) name (no title or degree) + affiliation (university, etc.) Page header: (use Insert Page Header) title flush left + page number flush right. Title Page
- 8. • Type and center the title of the paper at the top of the page • Type the text double-spaced with all sections following each other without a break • Identify the sources you use in the paper in parenthetical, in-text citations • Format tables and figures Main Body (Text)
- 9. • Center the title (References) at the top of the page. Do not bold it. • Double-space reference entries • Hanging Indent • Order entries alphabetically by the surname of the first author of each work Reference Page
- 10. • Invert authors’ names (last name first followed by initials) • EX:“Smith, J.Q.” • Capitalize only the first letter of the first word of a title and subtitle, the first word after a colon or a dash in the title, and proper nouns. Do not capitalize the first letter of the second word in a hyphenated compound word. • EX: The perfectly formatted paper: How the Purdue OWL saved my essay. References: Basics
- 11. • Capitalize all major words in journal titles • Italicize titles of longer works such as books and journals • Do not italicize, underline, or put quotes around the titles of shorter works such as journal articles or essays in edited collections References: Basics
- 12. APA is a complex system of citation. When compiling the reference list, the strategy below might be useful: 1. Identify the type of source: Is it a book? A journal article? A webpage? 2. Find a sample citation for this type of source Check a textbook or the OWL APA Guide: http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/ 3. “Mirror” the sample 4. Make sure that the entries are listed in alphabetical order and that the subsequent lines are indented (Recall References: Basics) Making the Reference List
- 13. In-text citations help readers locate the cited source in the References section of the paper. Whenever you use a source, provide in parenthesis: • the author’s name and the date of publication • for quotations and close paraphrases, provide the author’s name, date of publication, and a page number In-text Citation: Basics
- 14. Provide the author’s last name and the year of publication in parenthesis after a summary or a paraphrase. In-Text Citation: Summary or Paraphrase
- 15. Include the author’s name in the signal phrase, followed by the year of publication in parenthesis. In-Text Citation: Summary or Paraphrase
- 16. Introduce quotations with signal phrases, e.g.: According to Xavier (2008), “….” (p. 3). Xavier (2008) argued that “……” (p. 3). Use such signal verbs such as: acknowledged, contended, maintained, responded, reported, argued, concluded, etc. Use the past tense or the present perfect tense of verbs in signal phrases when they discuss past events. In-Text Citation: Signal Words
- 17. When the parenthetical citation includes two or more works, order them in the same way they appear in the reference list—the author’s name, the year of publication—separated by a semi- colon. In-Text Citation: Two or More Works
- 18. When citing a work with three to five authors, identify all authors in the signal phrase or in parenthesis. (Harklau, Siegal, & Losey, 1999) In subsequent citations, only use the first author's last name followed by "et al." in the signal phrase or in parentheses. (Harklau et al., 1993) In-Text Citation: Works with 3-5 Authors
- 19. When citing a work with six and more authors, identify the first author’s name followed by “et al.” Smith et al. (2006) maintained that…. (Smith et al., 2006) In-Text Citation: Works with 6+ Authors
- 20. APA uses a system of five heading levels APA Headings Level Format 1 Centered, Boldfaced, Upper & Lowercase Headings 2 Left-aligned, Boldface, Upper & Lowercase Headings 3 Indented, boldface, lowercase heading with a period. 4 Indented, boldface, italicized, lowercase heading with period. 5 Indented, italicized, lowercase heading with a period. Headings
- 21. Here is an example of the five-level heading system: Headings
- 22. The Purdue OWL: http://owl.english.purdue.edu The Purdue Writing Lab @ HEAV 226 Composition textbooks Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th ed. APA’s website: http://www.apastyle.org Additional Resources
Editor's Notes
- #2: Welcome to “APA Formatting and Style Guide”. This Power Point Presentation is designed to introduce your students to the basics of APA Formatting and Style Guide. You might want to supplement the presentation with more detailed information posted on Purdue OWL http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/
- #3: Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th ed., contains detailed guidelines to formatting a paper in the APA style. APA style is most commonly used for formatting papers in the Social Sciences—business, economics, psychology, sociology, nursing, etc. Updates to APA are posted on the APA website www.apastyle.org. You may also reference the Purdue OWL: http://owl.english.purdue.edu/. APA format provides writers with a format for cross-referencing their sources--from their parenthetical references to their reference page. This cross-referencing system allows readers to locate the publication information of source material. This is of great value for researchers who may want to locate your sources for their own research projects. The proper use of APA style also shows the credibility of writers; such writers show accountability to their source material. Most importantly, use of APA style can protect writers from plagiarism--the purposeful or accidental use of source material by other writers without giving appropriate credit.
- #4: APA format is not limited by the rules of citing the sources- in-text citations and entries in the list of References. It also regulates the stylistics of conveying research. This slide introduces the basics of APA stylistics related to the point of view and voice in an APA paper, which encourages a writer to use personal pronouns and the active voice. The explanations are provided with examples. This slide can be supplemented by the relevant section from OWL http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/15/
- #5: This slide explains the APA requirements to language of an APA paper. Clarity and conciseness are the major concern when reporting research in APA . It is not easy to balance clarity (which requires providing clarification) and conciseness (which requires packing information). To achieve clarity, a writer should avoid vague wording and be specific in descriptions and explanations. To achieve conciseness, a writer should condense information. Because APA format is widely used in science-related papers, the language of APA format is plain and simple. A writer should avoid using metaphors and minimize the use of figurative language, which is typical for creative writing. This slide can be supplemented by the relevant sections from OWL http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/15/ http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/14/ and “Conciseness in academic writing” handout http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/572/01/
- #6: This slide presents the general format of an APA formatted paper: An essay should be typed and double-spaced on the standard-sized paper (8.5”x11”) with 1” margins on all sides. Times New Roman or similar font in 10-12 pt. size should be used. The document should include a page header indicating a short title of the essay and a page number in the upper right-hand of every page (including the title page).
- #7: This slide presents the general format of an APA formatted paper: An essay should be typed and double-spaced on the standard-sized paper (8.5”x11”) with 1” margins on all sides. Times New Roman or similar font in 10-12 pt. size should be used. The document should include a page header indicating a short title of the essay and a page number in the upper right-hand of every page (including the title page).
- #9: This slide provides the basic reminders about formatting the text: Make sure that the first text page is page number 3 (page#1 is a title page, page #2 is an abstract page). Start with typing the essay title centered, at the top of the page. Type the text double-space with all sections following each other without a break. Do not use white space between paragraphs. Create parenthetical in-text citations to identify the sources used in the paper. Format tables and figures. The following slides introduce APA formatting of references, in-text citations, and tables and figures.
- #10: This slide explains the format and purpose of a references page. The facilitator may stress that each source referenced within the paper should also appear on the reference page, which appears at the end of the paper. To create a references page, center the heading—References—at the top of the page; double-space reference entries; flush left the first line of the entry and indent subsequent lines. To use “hanging” feature of “Indent and Space” tab, go to “Paragraph” ”Indentation” choose “Hanging” in the ”Special” box. Order entries alphabetically by the author’s surnames. If a source is anonymous, use its title as an author’s surname. Note: Unlike MLA, APA is only interested in what they call “recoverable data”—that is, data which other people can find. For example, personal communications such as letters, memos, emails, interviews, and telephone conversations should not be included in the reference list since they are not recoverable by other researchers. For specific information about entries in the reference list, go to http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/05
- #11: This slide provides basic rules related to creating references entries.
- #12: This slide provides basic rules related to creating references entries.
- #13: APA is a complex system of citation, which is time-consuming to learn and difficult to keep in mind. To help students handle the requirements of APA format, this slide introduces a strategy of surviving APA. The facilitator should stress the importance of correct identification of a type of source: e.g., Is it an article from a newspaper or from a scholarly journal? Hard copy or electronic version? When the source type is identified correctly, it’s fairly easy to find a sample of a similar reference in the APA chapter of a composition book or in an on-line APA resource. The APA guide on the OWL website is particularly easy to browse since its links are organized by types of sources—scroll down to the box of links http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/ After a sample is found, all it takes is to mirror it precisely and arrange entries in the alphabetical order. Note: Many electronic library databases, e.g. Proquest, have citation feature. The useful strategy is to save and import into a references list citation entries (make sure you choose APA format) while doing literature search. You can always delete later reference entries of the sources you’re not going to use in the paper.
- #14: This slide explains the basics of in-text citations. In-text citations help establish credibility of the writer, show respect to someone else’s intellectual property (and consequently, avoid plagiarism). More practically, in-text citations help readers locate the cited source in the references page. Thus, keep the in-text citation brief and make sure that the information provided in the body of the paper should be just enough so that a reader could easily cross-reference the citation with its matching entry on the reference page; i.e., the body of the paper and the in-text citation together contains the author’s name and the year of publication. To avoid plagiarism, also provide a page number (in p.3 / pp.3-5 format) for close paraphrases and quotations.
- #15: APA format is not limited by the rules of citing the sources- in-text citations and entries in the list of References. It also regulates the stylistics of conveying research. This slide introduces the basics of APA stylistics related to the point of view and voice in an APA paper, which encourages a writer to use personal pronouns and the active voice. The explanations are provided with examples. This slide can be supplemented by the relevant section from OWL http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/15/
- #16: The following three slides provide instructions and examples of in-text citations with summary/ paraphrase. The facilitator should emphasize the importance of developing the skills of critical reading (which enables finding main claims in the text), summarizing, and paraphrasing. When paraphrasing or summarizing, the major concern should be fair and accurate representation of the ideas in the source. This slide can be supplemented by the “Quoting, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing” section from OWL http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/563/01/ and sections on APA in-text citations: http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/ http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/02
- #17: Acquiring a rich repertoire of signal words and phrases is the key to success in representing others’ ideas in academic writing. This slide provides a few examples of those and reminds that APA requires to use the past or present perfect tense of verbs in signal phrases. The facilitator might want to point to the chapter in the composition book that introduces and practices signal words.
- #18: This slide explains and exemplifies the specific cases of in-text citations. It might be supplemented with “Author/Authors” section from OWL http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/03/
- #19: This slide explains and exemplifies the specific cases of in-text citations. It might be supplemented with “Author/Authors” section from OWL http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/03/
- #20: This slide explains and exemplifies the specific cases of in-text citations. It might be supplemented with “Author/Authors” section from OWL http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/03/
- #21: This slide explains a system of five heading levels in APA. It might be supplemented by the section “APA Headings” from OWL http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/16/
- #22: Thus, if the article has four sections, some of which have subsection and some of which don’t, use headings depending on the level of subordination. Section headings receive level one format. Subsections receive level two format. Subsections of subsections receive level three format. In APA Style, the Introduction section never gets a heading and headings are not indicated by letters or numbers. Levels of headings will depend upon the length and organization of your paper. Regardless, always begin with level one headings and proceed to level two, etc.
- #23: There are many rules for following APA format, and the facilitator should stress that it is nearly impossible to memorize them all. Students’ best course of action is to utilize the official APA handbook or the APA section in an updated composition textbook as guides for properly using the documentation format. Since the American Psychological Association, a professional group of behavioral and social science professors and instructors, periodically updates the guide, students should be certain that they are using the most current information possible. There are other resources for finding current information on APA documentation style. The APA web site offers some limited information about recent format changes, especially regarding the documentation of World Wide Web and electronic sources. The Purdue University Writing Lab has a page on APA formatting and documentation style at its web site: http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/ For quick questions on APA format, students can also call the Writing Lab Grammar Hotline at 494-3723.