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10/26/55 BE 3:41 PMHow to Use the CAN SLIM Approach to Screen for Growth Stocks
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How to Use the CAN SLIM Approach to Screen for Growth
Stocks
AAII has been testing the performance of a wide range of screening systems for
over five years, and our interpretation of the CAN SLIM approach has been one
of the most consistent and strongest-performing screens during both bull and
bear markets.
CONTINUE
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O'Neil's C-A-N-S-L-I-M System
Growth Stock Selection: Covering All the Analysis Bases
Take an attention-grabbing book title, toss in an easy-to-remember acronym, and top
it off with a daily business newspaper that supplies information required for prelimi-
nary analysis: You’ve got the recipe for a popular investment strategy. The CAN
SLIM approach is presented by William O’Neil, publisher of Investor’s Business Dai-
ly, in his book titled “How to Make Money in Stocks: A Winning System in Good
Times or Bad.”
The second edition of “How to Make Money in Stocks” presented a stock selection
approach developed by studying 500 of the biggest stock market winners from 1953
to 1993. The CAN SLIM approach presented in the book was based upon the charac-
teristics that these winning stocks possessed prior to their big price run-ups. Recent-
ly, O’Neil extended his analysis of past market winners to 600 companies that per-
formed strongly from 1953 to 2001 and revised a number of CAN SLIM criteria. The
third edition of “How to Make Money in Stocks” was published last year and
presents the revised CAN SLIM rules (see Table 1). This article presents the CAN
SLIM approach with an eye toward the recent changes and its application using
AAII’s stock screening system—Stock Investor Pro. Additionally, the March/April
2003 issue of Computerized Investing presents how to apply the CAN SLIM stock
screen using Internet stock screening systems.
CAN SLIM OVERVIEW

The CAN SLIM approach seeks companies with a proven record of quarterly and an-
nual earnings and sales growth showing strong relative price strength and support
from leading institutions. O’Neil does not mind paying rich premiums for stocks
with good prospects. He feels that most strategies seeking stocks with low price-earn-
ings are flawed because they ignore the price trend determining the price-earnings
ratio, as well as the quality of the underlying earnings within the ratio. O’Neil be-
lieves that stocks generally sell for what they are worth and most stocks with low
price-earnings ratios are probably priced correctly by the market. O’Neil also asserts
that it is important to follow the market closely and try to lighten up your stock expo-
sure when going into a bear market.
C = CURRENT QUARTERLY EARNINGS
The CAN SLIM approach focuses on companies with proven records of earnings
growth that are still in a stage of earnings acceleration. O’Neil’s study of winning
stocks revealed that these securities generally had strong quarterly earnings per share
performance prior to their significant price run ups.
O’Neil recommends looking for stocks with a minimum increase in quarterly earn-
ings of 18% to 20% over the same quarterly period one year ago. When screening for
quarterly earnings increases, it is important to compare a quarter to the equivalent
quarter last year—in other words, this year’s second quarter compared to last year’s
second quarter. Many firms have seasonal patterns to their earnings, and comparing
similar quarters helps to take this into account.
Another item to watch for when screening for percentage changes is a meaningless
figure created by having a very small base number. For example, an increase from
one penny to 10 cents translates into a 900% earnings increase. It is always advisable
to look at the raw numbers of the company passing the screen. This allows you to
gauge the overall trend and stability in earnings and other items such as sales and
cash flow.
Whenever you are working with earnings, the issue of how to handle extraordinary
earnings comes into play. One-time events can distort the actual trend in earnings
and make the company performance look better or worse than a comparison against
a firm without special charges. O’Neil recommends excluding these non-recurring
items from the analysis.

The first two screens require quarterly earnings growth greater than or equal to 20%
and positive earnings per share from continuing operations for the current quarter.
We used Stock Investor Pro, with data as of March 14, 2003, for the screen. Only 2,343
stocks out of an initial universe of 8,428 met these two criteria. Beyond looking for
strong quarterly growth, O’Neil likes to see an increasing rate of growth. An increas-
ing rate of growth in quarterly earnings per share is so important in the CAN SLIM
system that O’Neil warns shareholders to consider selling holdings of companies that
show a slowing rate of growth for two quarters in row. The next screen specified that
the earnings growth rate from the quarter one year ago compared to the latest quar-
ter be higher than a similar quarter one year earlier. This reduced the number of pass-
ing companies to 1,556.
As a confirmation of the quarterly earnings screen, O’Neil likes to see same-quarter
growth in sales greater than 25% or at least accelerating over the last three quarters.
This new screening requirement was added to the third edition of O’Neil’s book and
seeks to help confirm the quality of a firm’s earnings. Independently, 3,647 stocks
have a current quarterly sales growth greater than or equal to 25%, but combined
with the other filters the number of passing companies was reduced to 393.
The CAN SLIM system is not purely mechanical and O’Neil also likes to find at least
one other stock in the same industry group that shows strong quarterly earnings
growth as confirmation that the industry is strong.
TABLE 1. Revised CAN SLIM Rules

A = ANNUAL EARNINGS INCREASE
Winning stocks in O’Neil’s study had a steady and significant record of annual earn-
ings in addition to a strong record of current earnings. O’Neil’s primary screen for

annual earning increases requires that earnings per share show an increase in each of
the last three years. This filter has been loosened slightly from the prior edition,
which required earnings increases over each of the last five years.
In applying this screen in Stock Investor Pro, we specified that earnings per share from
continuing operations be higher for each year when compared against the previous
year. To help guard against any recent reversal in trend, a criterion was included re-
quiring that earnings over the last 12 months be greater than or equal to earnings
from the latest fiscal year. When screened by itself, 795 companies passed this filter
compared to the 469 companies that passed the second edition’s tighter filter. Adding
the filter requiring a year-by-year earnings increase for each of the last three years to
the current growth filters reduced the passing number of companies to just 60 stocks.
This is not surprising given the economic environment over the last few years.
O’Neil also recommends screening for companies showing a strong annual growth
rate of 25% over the last three years. This filter only cut an additional six stocks,
which is to be expected given the strict consistent year-by-year growth requirement.
Optimally, the consensus earnings estimate for the next year should be higher than
the latest reported year. Adding this filter reduced the number of passing companies
to 39. When working with consensus earnings estimates it is important to remember
that only the larger and more active firms will have analysts tracking them and pro-
viding estimates. About half of the stocks in Stock Investor Pro have consensus earn-
ings estimates, so this filter will also tend to screen out micro-cap stocks.
Another potential addition to the CAN SLIM screen is a requirement for high return
on equity (ROE: net income divided by shareholder’s equity). O’Neil’s studies
showed that the greatest winning stocks had ROEs of at least 17%. O’Neil uses this
measure to separate well-managed companies from poorly managed ones. Adding
this filter would have reduced the number of passing companies to 19 from 39. Our
testing over the last five years revealed that this requirement often led to a very small
number of passing stocks and hurt performance since 2001. The revised screen does
not make use of the return on equity filter.
N = NEW PRODUCTS, NEW MANAGEMENT, NEW HIGHS
O’Neil feels that a stock needs a catalyst to start a strong price advance. In his study
of winning stocks, he found that 95% of the winning stocks had some sort of funda-

mental spark to push the company ahead of the pack. This catalyst can be a new
product or service, a new management team employed after a period of lackluster
performance, or even a structural change in a company’s industry—such as a new
technology.
These are very qualitative factors that do not lend themselves easily to screening. A
second consideration that O’Neil emphasizes is that investors should pursue stocks
showing strong upward price movement. O’Neil says that stocks that seem too high-
priced and risky most often go even higher, while stocks that seem cheap often go
even lower. Stocks that are making the new high list while accompanied by a big in-
crease in volume might be prospects worth checking. A stock making a new high af-
ter undergoing a period of price correction and consolidation is especially interesting.
O’Neil’s newspaper, Investor’s Business Daily, highlights stocks within 10% of their
52-week high and this was the criterion established for the screen. One would expect
many companies to pass during a strong market expansion, while a smaller number
of companies would pass during a declining market. Given the weak market during
the first few months of 2003, it is not surprising that adding this filter reduced the
number of passing companies from 39 to four. As of March 14, 2003, a total of 1,037
stocks out of a universe of 8,428 were trading within 10% of their 52-week high.
S = SUPPLY AND DEMAND
O’Neil emphasized smaller-capitalization stocks more strongly in his earlier editions.
The third edition states that any size stock can be purchased using the CAN SLIM ap-
proach, but smaller companies will be more volatile with greater pop to the upside
and downside. Companies buying back their stock on the open market are preferred,
as well as companies with management stock ownership. No definitive screens now
come out of the S element of the CAN SLIM system, but Table 1 identifies a number
of factors to consider when analyzing passing companies.
L = LEADER OR LAGGARD
O’Neil is not a patient value investor looking for out-of-favor companies and willing
to wait for the market to come around to his viewpoint. Rather, he prefers to identify
rapidly growing companies that are market leaders in rapidly expanding industries.
O’Neil advocates buying among the best two or three stocks in a group. He feels that
you will be compensated for any premium you pay for these leaders with significant-

ly higher rates of return.
O’Neil suggests using relative strength to identify market leaders. Relative strength
compares the performance of a stock relative to the market as a whole. Relative
strength is reported in many ways and you must be careful to understand how the
relative strength figure is used in a given screening system. Companies are often
ranked by their price performance for a given period of time and their percentage
ranking among all stocks is calculated to show the relative position against other
stocks. Investor’s Business Daily presents the percentage ranking of stocks and
O’Neil recommends avoiding any stock with relative strength rank below 70% and
only seeking out stocks with a percentage rank of 80% or better—stocks that have
performed better than 80% of all stocks. While only about 1,680 firms (8,428 × 20%)
have a 52-week relative strength rank of 80% or greater, this filter did not further re-
duce the number of passing companies. In the market environment at the time of the
screen, the price as a percent of 52-week high proved to be a more stringent price
strength screen.
I = INSTITUTIONAL SPONSORSHIP
O’Neil feels that a stock needs a few institutional sponsors for it to show above-mar-
ket performance. Ten institutional owners is suggested as a reasonable minimum
number. This number refers to actual institutional owners of the common stock, not
institutional analysts tracking and providing earnings estimates on stocks.
Beyond looking for a minimum number of institutional owners, O’Neil suggests that
investors study the recent record of the institutions. The analysis of the holdings of
successful mutual funds represents a good resource for the individual investor be-
cause of the widely distributed information on mutual funds. Web sites such as
Morningstar.com (www.morningstar.com) and CNBC on MSN Money (moneycen-
tral.msn.com/investor) disclose the top mutual funds that own a given stock.
The next filter required a minimum of 10 institutional shareholders. About 5,500
stocks pass this filter independently. Adding it to the CAN SLIM filter in Stock In-
vestor Pro did not cut any additional stocks.
O’Neil also likes to see the number of institutional shareholders increasing for a giv-
en stock in the most recent quarters. Stock Investor Pro does not report the number of
institutional shareholders over time, but it does report on number of shares sold and

purchased by institutions over the last quarter. Our last filter specified that the num-
ber of shares purchased should be greater than or equal to the number of shares sold
by institutions over the last quarter. This filter did not further reduce the number of
passing stocks, which are shown in Table 2.
TABLE 2. Stocks That Passed the CAN SLIM Screen
Company
(Exchange:
Ticker)
EPS
Grth
Last
Qtr
Vs
Yr
Ago
(%)
EPS
Grth
Prior
Qtr
Vs
Yr
Ago
(%)
Sales
Grth
Last
Qtr
Vs
Yr
Ago
(%)
Annual
EPS
Grth
Rate
(3-Yr)
(%)
Long-
Term
EPS
Grth
Est
(%)
Price
as %
of
52-
Wk
High
(%)
52-
Wk
Rel
Strgth
Rank
(%)
Inst’l
Share-
holders
(No.)
Net
Inst’l
Shares
Purch
(1,000s) Description
Third Edition CAN SLIM Screen
Apollo Group,
Inc (M: APOL)
72.2 50 35.4 37.8 24.3 99 93 1,142 6,126
adult
higher ed
FTI
Consulting, Inc
(N: FCN)
192.3 53.3 91.4 36.7 21 95 94 384 2,005
consulting
firm
International
Game Tech (N:
IGT)
42.3 10.8 76.4 70.5 17.3 97 88 980 2,102
casino
gaming
prods
Teva
Pharmaceutical
Indus (M:
TEVA)
73.3 20 35.8 49.9 23.8 95 91 942 11,210
major
theraputic
drugs
Second Edition CAN SLIM Screen
Commercial
Bankshares (M:
CLBK)
30 28.2 –3.2 16 8 96 94 27 21
bank
holding co
Oshkosh Truck
Corporation
(N: OSK)
28.8 –3.8 17.9 13.1 15.9 90 76 383 –121
specialty
trucks
Statistics are based on figures as of March 14, 2003. Exchange
Key:
N = New York Stock Exchange
M = Nasdaq National or Small-Cap
Markets
Data Source: AAII’s Stock Investor Pro / Market Guide, Inc.
and I/B/E/S.
M = MARKET DECISION
The final aspect of the CAN SLIM system looks at the overall market direction. While
it does not impact the selection of specific stocks, the trend of the overall market will

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have a tremendous impact on the performance of your portfolio. O’Neil tends to fo-
cus on technical measures when determining the overall direction of the marketplace.
Any good technical program or Web site, or even Investor’s Business Daily, should
provide you with the necessary tools to study market movement.
O’Neil finds it difficult to fight the trend, so it is important to determine if you are in
a bull or bear market. Table 1 summarizes the type of factors that O’Neil considers
when trying to gauge market strength.
SCREENING RESULTS
Table 2 displays the companies passing the CAN SLIM screen based upon our inter-
pretation of the rules presented in both the third and the second editions of O’Neil’s
book.
Four stocks passed the third edition screen compared to the
two passing the second edition screen. This is actually a rever-
sal of the normal pattern. We have backtested the revised
third edition screen and have found that, on average, five
stocks passed this screen every month compared to 12 stocks
passing the second edition screen on a monthly basis from De-
cember 1997 through March 2003. As many as 32 stocks have
passed the second edition screen, while the greatest number of
stocks passing the third edition screen was 15 over this time
period. On three occasions, no stocks passed the third edition screen, while as little as
one stock has passed the second edition screen.
Although it is difficult to draw conclusions with such a small sample, the stocks pass-
ing the third edition screen tend to be larger companies held by more institutional
owners, with stronger quarterly earnings and sales growth as well as stronger histori-
cal and expected annual earnings growth.
We have been testing the performance of a wide range of screening systems for over
five years now and our interpretation of the CAN SLIM approach has proven to be
one of the most consistent and strongest-performing screens during both bull and
bear markets. Figure 1 provides a quick view of the initial testing of the revised CAN
SLIM approach. The revised approach has proven to be a bit more volatile—rising
higher and faster in the bull market of the late 1990s but then giving up its lead in the

recent bear market. Both strategies will be tracked and reported on the in the Stock
Screens area of AAII.com as well as the semiannual review of strategies in the AAII
Journal.
CONCLUSION
The CAN SLIM system has great appeal to the active investor looking for growth
stocks. While the approach is specific, it also stresses the art of investing when inter-
preting the direction of the market. Here we have touched upon CAN SLIM rules
helpful in identifying promising stocks. It is important to keep in mind that ideas
from a computer screen merely represent a starting point that requires further analy-
sis before action.
John Bajkowski is AAII’s financial analysis vice president and editor of Computerized In-
vesting.
More articles by John Bajkowski
© AAII Journal April 2003, Volume XXV, No. 3
BOOKMARK AAII.COM
© 2004 American Association of Individual Investors
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