1. The rise of the middle class contributed to nationalism becoming popular. As the middle class grew in size and influence, they wanted more control over their nation and government.
2. People were exposed to new nationalist ideas through mass media like newspapers and books. This helped spread nationalist sentiments among the population.
3. After the Napoleonic Wars, there was a desire among many people for stronger national identities to unite their countries and prevent future foreign domination.
4. The development of new ideologies like liberalism and conservatism promoted the idea that people should be loyal to the nation-state rather than just their