How to write a plan and design experiment
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The document outlines how to write a plan and design experiment for testing which color of lime (yellow or green) has a higher level of acidity. It includes sections for the problem statement, hypothesis, aim, apparatus and materials, method, variables, expected results, treatment of results, chemical principles, and sources of errors/assumptions/limitations. The hypothesis is that yellow limes have the highest acidity. The aim is to measure and compare the pH levels of lime juice from each color lime. Yellow lime juice is expected to give a lower pH reading, supporting the hypothesis that it has a higher acidity.
![How to write a plan and design experiment
Below is a sample of a P&D lab and all relevant sections to provide clarity on each section.
Date
Problem Statement
Students were given green limes and yellow limes and asked which limes would have the highest
level of acidity.
Hypothesis
Yellow limes have the highest level of acidity
Aim (based on procedure used)
To measure the pH level of lime juice obtained from yellow limes and from green limes (this
would be appropriate if the procedure involved the use of a pH meter)
To measure the volumes of standard NaOH solution used in the titration between the NaOH and
the lime juice from each colour lime (appropriate if the procedure involved a titration)
Apparatus and Materials
list all apparatus and materials that would be used based on the procedure e.g. with the lab using
a pH meter would involve pH meter, measuring cylinders, beakers, lime juice from different
colour limes
Method
instructional manner, logical sequence, feasible
Variables
controlled - volume of lime juice used, manipulated - types of limes used, responding - pH
reading (yes she said controlled but the term constant can be used as well)
Expected Results
Lime juice from yellow limes would give the lower pH reading
Treatment of results (linking of expected results to hypothesis)
If lime juice from yellow limes give the lower pH reading, then the lime juice of yellow limes is
more acidic and the hypothesis is correct
Chemical Principles (connect methodology to problem statement)
lime juice contain citric acid which are weak acids and thus contain free hydrogen ions when
dissolved in water.
A higher level of acidity means a higher concentration of hydrogen ions present in the aqueous
solution.
pH is related to hydrogen ion concentration via the formula pH = -log[H+]
This means the higher the hydrogen ion concentration, the lower the pH value
Sources of errors / Assumptions / Limitations (any two points from any area)](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/howtowriteaplananddesignexperiment-130223175606-phpapp02/85/How-to-write-a-plan-and-design-experiment-1-320.jpg)
How to write a plan and design experiment
- 1. How to write a plan and design experiment Below is a sample of a P&D lab and all relevant sections to provide clarity on each section. Date Problem Statement Students were given green limes and yellow limes and asked which limes would have the highest level of acidity. Hypothesis Yellow limes have the highest level of acidity Aim (based on procedure used) To measure the pH level of lime juice obtained from yellow limes and from green limes (this would be appropriate if the procedure involved the use of a pH meter) To measure the volumes of standard NaOH solution used in the titration between the NaOH and the lime juice from each colour lime (appropriate if the procedure involved a titration) Apparatus and Materials list all apparatus and materials that would be used based on the procedure e.g. with the lab using a pH meter would involve pH meter, measuring cylinders, beakers, lime juice from different colour limes Method instructional manner, logical sequence, feasible Variables controlled - volume of lime juice used, manipulated - types of limes used, responding - pH reading (yes she said controlled but the term constant can be used as well) Expected Results Lime juice from yellow limes would give the lower pH reading Treatment of results (linking of expected results to hypothesis) If lime juice from yellow limes give the lower pH reading, then the lime juice of yellow limes is more acidic and the hypothesis is correct Chemical Principles (connect methodology to problem statement) lime juice contain citric acid which are weak acids and thus contain free hydrogen ions when dissolved in water. A higher level of acidity means a higher concentration of hydrogen ions present in the aqueous solution. pH is related to hydrogen ion concentration via the formula pH = -log[H+] This means the higher the hydrogen ion concentration, the lower the pH value Sources of errors / Assumptions / Limitations (any two points from any area)
- 2. Limitations are not always recognisable depending on the type of P&D lab, therefore the markers/moderators are not stringent on the area that the two points are based. Assumption - there are no other substances besides citric acid present affects the acidity of the lime juice. Source of error - Not rinsing the pH meter thoroughly between testing of lime juice from different colour limes.