How Typology Survey Lecture Note Part Four
Download as PPT, PDF0 likes31 views
The document discusses the significance of housing typology surveys in urban development, emphasizing their role in defining spatial relationships, adapting homes to individual needs, and reflecting generational tastes. It highlights the evolution of typology influenced by technological advancements and current demands for sustainability and energy performance in buildings. Additionally, the document outlines guidelines for conducting typology surveys, focusing on the identification of building types, uses, and construction practices to improve energy efficiency and promote sustainable development.
How Typology Survey Lecture Note Part Four
- 1. Ethiopian Civil Service University College of Urban Development & Engineering How typology Survey By : Goitom A. (PhD) Week Four
- 2. How typology Survey The purpose of conducting housing typology is related with the importance of housing typology. The use of housing typology gives a different character to urban neighborhood. It defines the spatial relationships between households and even between members of the same household. It defines whether one can adapt one’s home to his or her needs. The use of typology is a reflection of the tastes, needs and priorities of a generation. Typology has evolved with technological advances, including the rise of the automobile in the 1920s and the introduction of industrialized building components in the 1940s. And typology has also changed according to the needs of the developers who have been building housing. Today there are many forces affecting the use of typology: the needs for high densities, mixed communities and the reuse of urban sites. The pieces that follow explore the question of typology in relation to issues of privacy and community, housing density and quality, and the adaptability of living spaces.
- 3. How typology Survey…Cont’d Housing typology survey provides the basic criteria for development of the element specifications. The task will focus on the majority of buildings that in a first round might be regarded as suitable: • Study and identify the majority of building stock potentially suitable for renovation • Detail and classify building types according to an agreed standard approach • Identify the basic building related specifications for element development The energy performance of buildings correlates with a number of parameters including the year of construction, the building size and the neighbor situation, the type and age of the supply system and the question of already implemented energy saving measures. If these features are known for a given building it will be possible to quickly give an estimation of its energy performance. This principle can also reduce the effort for the energy assessment of a total building portfolio (municipalities, housing companies) or a national building stock, as far as typological criteria are known.
- 4. Sustainable Building Requirements A sustainable building, is an outcome of a design philosophy which focuses on increasing the efficiency of resource use — energy, water, and materials — while reducing building impacts on human health and the environment during the building's lifecycle, through better sitting, design, construction, Sustainable construction are designed to have a lower environmental impact over their entire lifetime, while providing a normal level of comfort, durability and functionality for occupants. In business situations, this allows companies to grow, without growing at the expense of the environment. Developing sustainable buildings minimizes the use of water, raw materials, energy and land. It also reduces emissions, waste and pollution in the environment and protects employees’ health.
- 5. •The reason why typology survey conducted is also related with understanding of sustainable building requirements. Here are a few specifics of sustainable building requirements : •Lifecycle Approach •Building design and material specification play a key role in determining longevity of a building and how sustainable a building is. •These design decisions must take into consideration the entire lifecycle of building products from how and where materials are harvested to how they are treated, such as manufacturing and transportation of the materials all along the production and retail chain, before being used in the building. • . While designers have greater control over the construction of a building, attention must also be paid to how a building is maintained and repaired during its productive life. •Consideration should be given to which elements of the building will need to be replaced or repaired and how this could be achieved in a more sustainable manner. •By taking a long term view designers should also consider how a building is ‘disassembled’ after its productive life and which elements could be reused in other buildings. Sustainable Building Requirements…Cont’d
- 6. Sustainable Building Requirements…Cont’d Life cycle assessment considerations include: extraction and manufacture Sourcing construction/installation Performance waste disposal/recycling/reuse The choice of materials for a project requires considerations of aesthetic appeal and initial and ongoing costs, life cycle assessment considerations (such as material performance, availability and impact on the environment) and the ability to reuse, recycle or dispose of the material at the end of its life. The aim when selecting materials should therefore be to use: materials from renewable or replaceable sources recycled materials that are in plentiful supply materials with a lower environmental impact across their whole life cycle.
- 7. Sustainable Building Requirements …Cont’d Material Selection : The selection of building materials can play a critical part in achieving good levels of sustainability. Materials must be used sustainably – this means the present use will not compromise future use by running out or harming the environment at any time One of the primary objectives is to specify and source materials responsibly to minimize adverse impacts on people and the environment. The potential solutions include: • Reuse / recycle deconstructed or demolition material on site to reduce both waste to landfill and raw material consumption; • Use local salvage / recycling centers to maximize beneficial reclamation of materials locally and reduce transport; • Design for future deconstruction to maximize reuse and recycling opportunities at the end of the building life; • Renewable materials – such as timber to reduce consumption of non-renewable materials; • Materials with high recycled content to reduce both waste to landfill and raw material consumption; • Locally sourced materials to reduce impacts of transport and support the local economy; • Maximize use of materials with low life cycle impacts; and • Pre-fabrication to minimize waste during construction.
- 8. Sustainable Building Requirements …Cont’d Future Proofing Buildings . Future proofing means designing and constructing buildings in a traditional way whilst at the same time ensuring that they can be easily upgraded in time and fitted with sustainable technologies without a lot of work to the physical envelope of the building. This ensures that when sustainable technologies, such as solar panels, become more affordable they are simply installed and “plugged into” the existing systems to make the building more sustainable and reduce running costs for the occupants. This requires buildings to: Have at least one roof sloping northwards to allow for the installation of solar panels / solar water heating units. This roof must be designed to be able to withstand the additional loading; Sleeves and conduits need to be built and delivered as part of the original building to allow for the technologies to be installed and plumbed without modification to the superstructure; Roof falls and the location of down pipes should allow for the future installation of rainwater buts and tanks; Apartment buildings should be designed to support rain / grey water tanks on the roof for irrigation and toilet flushing; and Designers should identify suitable locations for gas bottles within / outside the residential unit with conduits built into the fabric of the building allowing for the future installation of gas fuelled appliances kitchens.
- 9. Sustainable Building Requirements …Cont’d The building envelope is the physical barrier between the exterior and interior environments enclosing a structure. Generally, the building envelope is comprised of a series of components and systems that protect the interior space from the effects of the environment like precipitation, wind, temperature, humidity, and ultraviolet radiation. The internal environment is comprised of the occupants, furnishings, building materials, lighting, machinery, equipment, and the HVAC (heating, ventilation and air conditioning) system. Improving the building envelope of houses is one of the best ways to get better energy efficiency.
- 10. Sustainable Building Requirements …Cont’d Continued Monitoring, Evaluation and Improvement It will be useful to gather information on the performance and impact of sustainable initiatives within neighborhoods so as to continue to improve environmental performance. This starts with an evaluation of a building’s performance immediately after completion and regularly monitoring certain performance indicators thereafter. Monitoring systems showed be designed from the outset so that these are an integral part of the construction and operation process. It also includes raising awareness and educating users of the benefits of these technologies and how to use them properly. performance of green building systems by setting targets and providing support and maintenance where required. At a practical level and as part of the Health and Safety file for each building or unit should be a full operational manual compiled to assist inhabitants to use and maintain buildings and technologies in optimal working order.
- 11. Sustainable Building Requirements …Cont’d Design brief of the building should state how a building is intended to perform in practice, how well does it actually work? Overall performance of a building should assessed by the combined performance of the building as it affected by technical capabilities of the building, technological environment and its process and perhaps most importantly the individual involve All buildings require, throughout their life, a level of performance and a standard of management that can provide and sustain conditions suitable for the well-being of their users. The approaches to building performance consist of built ability; flexibility; maintainability; adaptability; and marketability. There are at least three perspectives evaluating the building performance : •Occupants, and how well their needs are met •Environmental performance, normally energy and water efficiency •Whether the building makes economic sense, such as value for money or return on investment
- 12. Sustainable Building Requirements …Cont’d Building performance efforts seek to improve the energy performance of existing buildings by taking a comprehensive approach to improving their energy efficiency, comfort and productivity. Building performance initiatives address building systems (HVAC, lighting, etc.) as well as operations and maintenance (O&M). The comprehensive approaches to evaluate building performance are: Health and safety during the life of the building: Some materials give off emissions or allow run-off or leaching of chemicals that can be harmful to the health of building occupants. Structural capability: Materials must be selected or designed for their ability to support the loads imposed by the building over the whole life of the building. Durability and maintenance: The Building Code sets minimum required levels of durability for different building elements, and this will be a primary driver for materials selection. Beyond this, durability and maintenance requirements should be considered together across the expected service life of the building.
- 13. Sustainable Building Requirements …Cont’d Moisture resistance: Selected materials must be protected from moisture. Some materials have a natural moisture resistance while others must be fully protected from moisture. Material deterioration/decay: Some materials deteriorate rapidly, particularly in a moist environment or if they are continuously wet, generally due to the growth of moulds or fungi, so it is essential that materials selected have the durability required for their area of use. Thermal performance: Building design and material selection must contribute to good thermal performance and reduced energy demand by including insulation and thermal mass in the building. Sound insulation: Building design and material selection must contribute to the sound insulation of the building, both from exterior noise and sound transmission within the building. Fire performance: Building design and material selection must be in accordance with the requirements of Building Code clause Protection from fire including fire compartment separations, allowing the occupants safe escape from the building and allowing fire service personnel safe access to the building.
- 14. Guidelines for Housing Typology Survey The guidelines in working documents have set important criteria for the identification of relevant typologies in each city: 1) Building Types (terraced houses, detached houses, semi-detached houses, multifamily buildings). 2) Building Uses (exclusively residential or mixed uses) 3) Construction Period (relates to the building practices of each period and materials used) 4) Building height / number of floors 5) Average ratio of glazing/envelope area 6) Roof type: flat, sloped (relevant for the identification of energy performance improvement scenarios). We can conclude that first set of questions related to general buildings features (age, height, type, location) and households’ socio economic profile (occupancy, income, households age, etc.) are generally answered in the surveys.
- 15. Guidelines for Typology Survey…Cont’d What methods should be used? A large number of techniques have been used for building evaluation Expert walk-throughs, with informal discussions. Measuring technical performance of building fabric, services and systems. Assessing environmental performance, usually energy but increasingly water and indoor air quality. Occupant survey questionnaires. Structured discussions interviews with participants.. A visual record such as photographic record of design features, including videos and other related images where appropriate can help highlight features and identify problems.
- 16. Guidelines for How Typology Survey…Cont’d In choosing methods, these requirements stand out: Techniques should be relatively inexpensive and not too intrusive or time- consuming. Methods should cover basic user needs such as occupant comfort and control, use of space, storage, heating, lighting, cooling, noise, perceived health and productivity at work, image, location and safety. Methods should incorporate a ‘drill-down’ approach(moving from summary/aggregate information to detailed data via a particular focus) so that more detail can be called upon or added, if needed. For example, if the occupant survey uncovers problems with thermal comfort, the diagnosis can be improved by reviewing the responses, say, floor by floor, and following up with discussions, technical checks, and possibly more detailed comfort surveys. Focus on the building in use, rather than on the design process. Obviously, lessons learned from the building in use should feed into the design process for future buildings.
- 17. Thanks