Human computer Interaction- chapter 04 -
- 1. chapter 4 paradigms why study paradigms Concerns – how can an interactive system be developed to ensure its usability? – how can the usability of an interactive system be demonstrated or measured? History of interactive system design provides paradigms for usable designs What are Paradigms • Predominant theoretical frameworks or scientific world views – e.g., Aristotelian, Newtonian, Einsteinian (relativistic) paradigms in physics • Understanding HCI history is largely about understanding a series of paradigm shifts – Not all listed here are necessarily “paradigm” shifts, but are at least candidates – History will judge which are true shifts Paradigms of interaction New computing technologies arrive, creating a new perception of the human—computer relationship. We can trace some of these shifts in the history of interactive technologies.
- 2. The initial paradigm • Batch processing Impersonal computing Example Paradigm Shifts • Batch processing • Time-sharing Interactive computing Example Paradigm Shifts • Batch processing • Timesharing • Networking ??? @#$% ! Community computing Example Paradigm Shifts • Batch processing • Timesharing • Networking • Graphical displays % foo.bar ABORT dumby!!! C…P… filename dot star… or was it R…M? Move this file here, and copy this to there. Direct manipulation
- 3. Example Paradigm Shifts • Batch processing • Timesharing • Networking • Graphical display • Microprocessor Personal computing Example Paradigm Shifts • Batch processing • Timesharing • Networking • Graphical display • Microprocessor • WWW Global information Example Paradigm Shifts • A symbiosis of physical and electronic worlds in service of everyday activities. • Batch processing • Timesharing • Networking • Graphical display • Microprocessor • WWW • Ubiquitous Computing Time-sharing • 1940s and 1950s – explosive technological growth • 1960s – need to channel the power • J.C.R. Licklider at ARPA • single computer supporting multiple users
- 4. Video Display Units • more suitable medium than paper • 1962 – Sutherland's Sketchpad • computers for visualizing and manipulating data • one person's contribution could drastically change the history of computing Programming toolkits • Engelbart at Stanford Research Institute • 1963 – augmenting man's intellect • 1968 NLS/Augment system demonstration • the right programming toolkit provides building blocks to producing complex interactive systems Personal computing • 1970s – Papert's LOGO language for simple graphics programming by children • A system is more powerful as it becomes easier to user • Future of computing in small, powerful machines dedicated to the individual • Kay at Xerox PARC – the Dynabook as the ultimate personal computer Window systems and the WIMP interface • humans can pursue more than one task at a time • windows used for dialogue partitioning, to “change the topic” • 1981 – Xerox Star first commercial windowing system • windows, icons, menus and pointers now familiar interaction mechanisms
- 5. Metaphor • relating computing to other real-world activity is effective teaching technique – LOGO's turtle dragging its tail – file management on an office desktop – word processing as typing – financial analysis on spreadsheets – virtual reality – user inside the metaphor • Problems – some tasks do not fit into a given metaphor – cultural bias Direct manipulation • 1982 – Shneiderman describes appeal of graphically-based interaction – visibility of objects – incremental action and rapid feedback – reversibility encourages exploration – syntactic correctness of all actions – replace language with action • 1984 – Apple Macintosh • the model-world metaphor • What You See Is What You Get (WYSIWYG) Language versus Action • actions do not always speak louder than words! • DM – interface replaces underlying system • language paradigm • interface as mediator • interface acts as intelligent agent • programming by example is both action and language Hypertext • 1945 – Vannevar Bush and the memex • key to success in managing explosion of information • mid 1960s – Nelson describes hypertext as non-linear browsing structure • hypermedia and multimedia • Nelson's Xanadu project still a dream today
- 6. Multimodality • a mode is a human communication channel • emphasis on simultaneous use of multiple channels for input and output Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) • CSCW removes bias of single user / single computer system • Can no longer neglect the social aspects • Electronic mail is most prominent success The World Wide Web • Hypertext, as originally realized, was a closed system • Simple, universal protocols (e.g. HTTP) and mark-up languages (e.g. HTML) made publishing and accessing easy • Critical mass of users lead to a complete transformation of our information economy. Agent-based Interfaces • Original interfaces – Commands given to computer – Language-based • Direct Manipulation/WIMP – Commands performed on “world” representation – Action based • Agents - return to language by instilling proactivity and “intelligence” in command processor – Avatars, natural language processing
- 7. Ubiquitous Computing “The most profound technologies are those that disappear.” Mark Weiser, 1991 Late 1980’s: computer was very apparent How to make it disappear? – Shrink and embed/distribute it in the physical world – Design interactions that don’t demand our intention Sensor-based and Context- aware Interaction • Humans are good at recognizing the “context” of a situation and reacting appropriately • Automatically sensing physical phenomena (e.g., light, temp, location, identity) becoming easier • How can we go from sensed physical measures to interactions that behave as if made “aware” of the surroundings?